ZIGIR, a Granule-Specific Zn2+ Indicator, Reveals Human Islet α Cell Heterogeneity.

ABSTRACT

Numerous mammalian cells contain abundant Zn2+ in their secretory granules, yet available Zn2+ sensors lack the desired specificity and sensitivity for imaging granular Zn2+. We developed a fluorescent zinc granule indicator, ZIGIR, that possesses numerous desired properties for live cell imaging, including >100-fold fluorescence enhancement, membrane permeability, and selective enrichment to acidic granules. The combined advantages endow ZIGIR with superior sensitivity and specificity for imaging granular Zn2+. ZIGIR enables separation of heterogenous ß cells based on their insulin content and sorting of mouse islets into pure α cells and ß cells. In human islets, ZIGIR facilitates sorting of endocrine cells into highly enriched α cells and ß cells, reveals unexpectedly high Zn2+ activity in the somatostatin granule of some δ cells, and uncovers variation in the glucagon content among human α cells. We expect broad applications of ZIGIR for studying Zn2+ biology and Zn2+-rich secretory granules and for engineering ß cells with high insulin content for treating diabetes.