First report of dieback on fig (Ficus carica L.) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae in North Al-Batinah governorate of Oman.

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is widely grown in Oman mainly for its nutritional value and health benefits. In May 2020, survey was conducted for fig trees which were showing symptoms of decline in three farms where more than 1500 fig trees were grown. The incidence of the disease was 3 to 4 % of fig trees showing symptoms of dieback of the twigs, death of entire branch and discoloration of vascular tissues were observed in Sohar, North Al-Batinah governorate of Oman. The disease severity was range between 25 to 40 % in most of the infected tree. The death of severely affected trees was observed in about 3 % of the orchards. Symptomatic samples were collected and isolation of the causal agent was performed. Infected tissues were cut into small pieces and surface-sterilized with 1 % NaOCl for 3 min. The tissues were rinsed with sterile distilled water 3-4 times, blotted dry on sterile filter paper and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium under aseptic conditions. After 2-3 days of incubation of plates at 27°C, pure culture of the fungus was obtained by hyphal tip isolation technique. Two identical isolates were grown in the PDA medium. The fungal colony was dark grey to black colored on PDA medium and the fungus produced dense aerial mycelium and numerous dark colored pycnidia in 25 days at ambient temperature range between 23-25 ℃ and nature photoperiod. Pycnidia were raptured and 20 emerged conidia were measured. The mature conidia were 1-septate, brown, ellipsoid, with thick cell wall and having longitudinal striation. The average measurement of the length of 20 conidia was 22.5-25 (24.9 µm) however the width measured was 12.5-15 (15 µm). To identify the fungus, DNA was extracted from the mycelium using phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method, following Al-Mahmooli et al. (2015). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) gene were amplified using ITS-4 and ITS-5 primers for ITS (White et al. 1990), EF1-983F and EF1-2218R and EF1-728F and EF1-986R primers for TEF (Alves et al. 2008), respectively and the amplified products were sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the ITS sequence of the fungal isolate revealed 100% identity with reference sequences of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl (MT075438.1). The sequence of TEF gene was 99% identical to the sequences of L. theobromae (XM_035519539.1 and MN461169.1). The nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank and accessioned with (MW590660) for ITS and (MZ159970, MZ159971, OM654917) for TEF gene. For phylogenetic analysis, we constructed a combined ITS-TEF dataset, following (Alves et. 2008). Using Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS-TEF dataset, our specimen falls in a clade formed by the members of L. theobromae (Supplementary materials). Pathogenicity of the fungus of three replicates (three fig seedlings) was established by artificial inoculation of 2- to 3-month-old potted fig seedlings with the fungus by making pin prick injuries on the stem at 5 cm above the soil level with a sterile inoculation needle, placing mycelial discs containing spores and pycnidia (15 × 15 mm) from 20-days old colonies grown on PDA on the injured surface and wrapping with parafilm which removed 48 hrs after establishing of infection. The three inoculated plants showed withering and drying of leaves 14 days after inoculation (DAI) begins near to the inoculation site expend to the younger leaves. Eventually, seedlings were showing dieback and death of entire seedling occurs in 25-28 DAI. The mock-inoculated plants remained symptomless. The fungus re-isolated from the diseased plants was confirmed by sequencing of ITS regions. The prevalence of dieback could be a potential threat to cultivation of fig in Oman. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of dieback disease caused by L. theobromae on fig in Oman.