Integrated Omics Approaches Revealed the Osmotic Stress-Responsive Genes and Microbiota in Gill of Marine Medaka.

Aquatic fishes face osmotic stress continuously, and the gill is the first tissue that senses and responds to the external osmotic challenges. However, the understandings of how the gill microbiota could respond to osmotic stress and their potential host-bacterium relationships are limited. The objectives of the current study are to identify the hypotonic responsive genes in the gill cells and profile the gill microbiota communities after fresh water transfer experiment via transcriptome sequencing and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Transcriptome sequencing identified 1,034 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as aquaporin and sodium potassium chloride cotransporter, after the fresh water transfer. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis further highlighted the steroid biosynthesis and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis pathways in the gill. Moreover, the 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified Vibrio as the dominant bacterium in the seawater, which changed to Pseudomonas and Cetobacterium after the fresh water transfer. The alpha diversity analysis suggested that the gill bacterial diversity was lower in the fresh water transferred group. The KEGG and MetaCyc analysis further predicted the alteration of the glycosaminoglycan and chitin metabolisms in the gill bacteria. Collectively, the common glycosaminoglycan and chitin pathways in both the gill cells and gill microbiota suggest the host-bacterium interaction in gill facilitates the fresh water acclimation. IMPORTANCE This is the first study using the transcriptome and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to report the hypotonic responsive genes in gill cells and the compositions of gill microbiota in marine medaka. The overlapped glycosaminoglycan- and chitin-related pathways suggest host-bacterium interaction in fish gill during osmotic stress.