Polyamine Oxidase Expression Is Downregulated by 17ß-Estradiol via Estrogen Receptor 2 in Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

Polyamine levels decrease with menopause; however, little is known about the mechanisms regulated by menopause. In this study, we found that among the genes involved in the polyamine pathway, polyamine oxidase (PAOX) mRNA levels were the most significantly reduced by treatment with 17ß-estradiol in estrogen receptor (ESR)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Treatment with 17ß-estradiol also reduced the PAOX protein levels. Treatment with selective ESR antagonists and knockdown of ESR members revealed that estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2; also known as ERß) was responsible for the repression of PAOX by 17ß-estradiol. A luciferase reporter assay showed that 17ß-estradiol downregulates PAOX promoter activity and that 17ß-estradiol-dependent PAOX repression disappeared after deletions (-3126/-2730 and -1271/-1099 regions) or mutations of activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding sites in the PAOX promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that ESR2 interacts with AP-1 bound to each of the two AP-1 binding sites. These results demonstrate that 17ß-estradiol represses PAOX transcription by the interaction of ESR2 with AP-1 bound to the PAOX promoter. This suggests that estrogen deficiency may upregulate PAOX expression and decrease polyamine levels.