[Crisis and nurses]. / Crisis y enfermeras.

Nobody can escape that we are in crisis. Already are responsible every day media, risk agencies and abstract but crucial markets reminded us. In this crisis, deep, prolonged and distressing health systems have been in the spotlight of national Governments and corporations, as key elements of building and resolution of the crisis. Generation because it interprets its inefficiency is responsible for much of the crisis. Resolution because it is understood that actions that envelope the same are carried out they shall foster the output. So then we have two key elements: crisis and health systems, which combine very differently but which inevitably and unfortunately have been associated on a permanent basis. To understand this symbiosis and try to analyze it I operate the simple formula of semantically understanding what is crisis and what health crisis.

[Evolution of primary health care in Spain]. / Evolución de la Atención Primaria en España. A través de 35 anos de la revista rol de enfermería.

Coinciding with the celebration of the 35th anniversary of the journal of nursing, invented in 1977, conducted a systematic review of all issues published (371) to identify items (222) and news (94) related to primary care health. Events are arranged temporarily and refer to accompanying the evolution of primary care model. The Analysis Shows the evolution of primary care, since its inception in 1978, has been reflected in the type of articles and the content of news published, be an excellent indicator of its development and contribution for the nurses.

[Associationism and nursing]. / Asociacionismo y enfermería.

Author personal reflection on the importance of association in the nurse profession as one of the most important tools of development; also that notices the necessity to use mass media like bridge of connection with the society.

[Communitary nursing versus nursing in schools]. / Enfermera comunitaria versus enfermera escolar.

The necessities which schools now pose in terms of health issues and the manner how to deal with them, and who should deal with them, has recently opened an interesting debate about the necessity, opportunity and/or convenience to implant the figure of a nurse in schools. Current Spanish circumstances regarding sanitary and educational contexts clearly differ from those countries which can use these contexts as an argument to defend the need for nurses in schools. The existence of Community Nursing perfectly consolidated in Primary Health Care, despite the lack of development in some aspects like dealing with health issues in schools, and the current development of the specialty of Family and Community Nursing do not, on principle, seem to justify the need for such a figure.

Family and community nursing, chronology of a specialty. / Enfermería familiar y comunitaria, cronología de una especialidad.

More the 30 years have passed since the first Royal Decree that regulated nursing specialties was published in 1987. It is the Royal Decree published in 2005 that really allowed the training development of part of the specialties recognized in it (family and community nursing, paediatric nursing, geriatric nursing and occupational health nursing) since the obstetric-gynaecological specialist nurses (midwives) and mental health specialists had long since already started their training processes through the resident internal nurse model, today, training in the specialty of family and community nursing has been implemented in all the autonomous communities, but has not had the same development in terms of the incorporation of specialists in the health institutions of the respective health services of the autonomous communities This circumstance is generating a great lack of motivation among community nurses, both specialists and those who hope to obtain the qualification through a specialty exam. Many of the objectives achieved to date have been made possible thanks to the work of the scientific societies of community nursing (Association of Community Nursing [AEC] and Federation of Associations of Community Nursing and Primary Care [FAECAP]), which have allowed progress to be made and the process not to be halted, although there are still many achievements to be made on which the aforementioned scientific societies continue to work. In a society in which nursing care is increasingly necessary and demanded, it must have greater consideration and position in health policies, since it has demonstrated its effectiveness and can be the model that allows the health system to be sustainable. Therefore, nurses who specialize in family and community nursing must cease constituting an opportunity and become a reality.

Crisis, work and nursing: an ethnographic narrative of the coronavirus pandemic in Primary Care in Spain / Crisis, trabajo y enfermería: una narrativa etnográfica de la pandemia de coronavirus en Atención Primaria en España / Crise, trabalho e enfermagem: narrativa etnográfica da pandemia por coronavírus na Atenção Primária da Espanha

ABSTRACT Objective: to narrate the experience of facing a long economic and political crisis and the experience of the arrival process of the coronavirus pandemic in a Spanish healthcare center. Methods: this is a descriptive qualitative study with ethnographic analysis, with data collection through interviews, participant observation and field diary records. Results: the immersion in the context allowed us to identify two axes of domain: "The crisis, work in the community and the territory in Primary Care"; "The inevitability of being a nurse in facing a health crisis". Final considerations: the narrative portrays the ethics in field research, tensions and values of nursing work in crisis situations. Nurses' experiences are presented in narratives of dissatisfaction and difficulties, but with the support of values related to guaranteeing assistance to users and cooperation and solidarity in the collective organization of workers to face the COVID-19 crisis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: narrar la experiencia de afrontar una larga crisis económico-política y la experiencia del proceso de llegada de la pandemia de coronavirus en un centro sanitario español. Métodos: se trata de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo con análisis etnográfico, con recolección de datos a través de entrevistas, observación participante y registros de diario de campo. Resultados: la inmersión en el contexto permitió identificar dos ejes de dominio: "La crisis, el trabajo en la comunidad y el territorio en Atención Primaria"; "De la inevitabilidad de ser enfermero ante la crisis sanitaria". Consideraciones finales: la narrativa retrata la ética en la investigación de campo, las tensiones y los valores del trabajo de enfermería en situaciones de crisis. La experiencia de las enfermeras se presenta en narrativas de insatisfacción y dificultades, pero con el respaldo de valores relacionados con garantizar la asistencia a los usuarios y la cooperación y solidaridad en la organización colectiva de los trabajadores para enfrentar la crisis del COVID-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: narrar a experiência do enfrentamento de uma longa crise econômico-política e a vivência do processo da chegada da pandemia do coronavírus em um centro de saúde espanhol. Métodos: trata-se de estudo descritivo qualitativo com análise etnográfica, com coleta de dados por entrevistas, observação participante e registros em diário de campo. Resultados: a imersão no contexto permitiu identificar dois eixos de domínio: "a crise, o trabalho na comunidade e o território na Atenção Primária"; "da inevitabilidade do ser enfermeiro no enfrentamento da crise sanitária". Considerações finais: a narrativa retrata a ético na pesquisa de campo, tensões e valores do trabalho da enfermagem em conjuntura de crise. A experiência dos enfermeiros é trazida em narrativas de insatisfação e dificuldades, porém com a sustentação de valores relacionados à garantia da assistência aos usuários e de cooperação e solidariedade na organização coletiva dos trabalhadores para enfrentamento da crise da COVID-19.

[Nursing, simply complicated]. / Enfermería sencillamente complicado.

From a very young age, we played doctors and nurses. Back then, society was positive that a nursing profession existed. Now, is society's vision adequate? Evidently not. But, Why does this distortion exist? Fundamentally this occurs because the professionals themselves do not have a clear identity regarding their profession. And Why is this? Because the education transmitted has important lacks, the sanitary system dampens innovation and creativity, there are no appropriate leaders, lobbies transform into "wolves", and neither do we have a tradition which facilitates association and cooperation amongst professionals. These are some of the factors which the author develops in this deep, brave analysis about the reality of the nursing profession in order to arrive at the conclusion that we must have clear in our minds what nursing power is, a power which interacts with the community, and that this is important not only as a power in itself but rather as a means to increase the intrinsic value of nursing, none other than providing care.

Perceptions of Spanish nurses on economic crisis and the impacts on health care system / Percepciones de enfermeras españolas acerca de la crisis económica y sus impactos en el sistema sanitario / Percepções de enfermeiras espanholas sobre a crise econômica e os impactos no sistema de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the perceptions of Spanish nurses regarding the country's economic crisis situation, and its impacts on nursing work, health system and population's health. Methods: qualitative approach, with data collection using an internet-based questionnaire and individual in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed according to Thematic-Categorical Content Analysis, supported by Historical and Dialectical Materialism perspective. Results: the categories produced discuss themes as: cutbacks in health care and the consequences of workforce non-replacement and work overload; salary impact; care model changes; negative impacts on population health. The impact on population health and work was discussed, especially regarding vulnerable groups, as well as in assistance model reconfiguration, reinforcing the biomedical and assistance perspective.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las percepciones de las enfermeras españolas en cuanto a la coyuntura de crisis económica vivenciada por el país y sus impactos en el trabajo, en el sistema de salud y en la salud de la población. Métodos: enfoque cualitativo, con recolección de datos por medio de un cuestionario publicado en Internet y a partir de entrevistas individuales en profundidad. Los datos fueron analizados con base en el Análisis de Contenido Temático-Categorial, con suporte teórico del Materialismo Histórico y Dialético. Resultados: las categorías discuten temas como: los cortes financieros y sus impactos de no-reposición de la fuerza de trabajo, sobrecarga de trabajo, impacto salarial y en las plazas de trabajo; énfasis en un modelo asistencial biomedico; impactos negativos en la salud de la población. Se discutieron los impactos en el trabajo y la salud de la población, sobre todo en los grupos vulnerables, así como en la reconfiguración del modelo asistencial, reforzando la perspectiva biomédica y asistencial. Consideraciones finales: la perspectiva de la enfermería española apunta hacia el agravamiento de las políticas liberales y su expresión en la salud, y para el papel de la enfermería en los sistemas universales de salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as perceções de enfermeiras espanholas quanto à conjuntura de crise econômica e seus impactos no trabalho, no sistema de saúde e na saúde da população. Método: abordagem qualitativa; coleta de dados por questionário publicado na internet e em entrevistas individuais. Análise com base na Análise de Conteúdo Temático-Categorial, apoiada pela perspectiva teórica do materialismo histórico-dialético. Resultados: as categorias produzidas abordam temas como: cortes financeiros e seus impactos de não reposição da força de trabalho, sobrecarga de trabalho, impacto salarial e na oferta de emprego; ênfase em um modelo de saúde biomédico; impactos negativos na saúde da população. Discussão: destacam-se impactos no trabalho e na saúde, sobretudo nos grupos vulneráveis, assim como sobre o modelo assistencial reforçando a perspectiva biomédica. Considerações finais: as percepções da enfermagem espanhola apontam para o acirramento das políticas liberais e sua expressão na saúde e para o papel da enfermagem nos sistemas de saúde.

[Coming out of the closet. The difficult decision of taking on a new identity: from technical nursing assistant to nurse]. / Salir del armario. La difícil decisión de asumir una nueva identidad. De ATS a enfermera.

Essentially, this article is a personal reflection whose fundamental objective consists in shaping the happenings, realities and experiences arising from transcendental part in the history of Spanish nursing which many, like myself, undergo. Nonetheless, this article is not a nostalgic tale, an incursion into one's personal memories nor an organized set of anecdotes. This is a true, reasoned and docuented attempt to connect the past and the future to our present professional situation from a personal perspective, not without subjectivity yet loaded with common sense, necessary in the logical evidence of proofs which grant objectivity and foundations, since, as Rosa Maria Alberdi says it is not possible--although we ingenuously believe it so--to limit our expressions exclusively to the scientific or to the fictitious.

[Nursing and Europe]. / Enfermería y Europa.

A European environment is a reality; therefore, nurses should adjust their working patterns to conform with this context. The variables which shall determine the future of nursing are: globalization, governmental sanitary policies, demographic changes, and new treatment necessities. Indispensable elements to confront the future as one should include having a clear idea what one's own treatment role is and knowing what are the treatment necessities which our continually more complex population demands.

Manipulación política y competencia política enfermera / Political manipulation and political competences of nurses / Manipulação política e competência política de enfermeiros

Objetivo: desarrollar una reflexión acerca del debate político en la actualidad, el cual se encuentra empobrecido y dicotomizado, y la relación con la profesión y la práctica enfermera. Contenido: el debate presentado sobrepasa la política y trasciende a la vida social cotidiana, a la que permanentemente alimenta. Aspectos como el simplismo, el individualismo, la corrosión de la ciudadanía y el pensamiento único son comentados como parte de procesos de manipulación política. La enfermería, como profesión y práctica social que se ancla en principios ético-políticos y humanísticos, ha quedado al margen del debate político y tiende a tener su actuación abducida por el discurso político engañoso. Conclusión: Es un imperativo ético que enfermeras desarrollen su competencia política a fin de participar de modo activo e imprescindible en sociedades marcadas por el pluralismo de ideas y el multiculturalismo, para la prestación de cuidados dignos. Al asumir la competencia política, se puede contribuir a los cambios sociales, a partir de los cuidados, y a través de los cuidados enfermeros.

Objective: to reflect on current political debate, which is impoverished and dichotomized, and on its relation to nursing as profession and practice. Content: the debate presented goes beyond politics and transcends everyday social life, into which it feeds constantly. Factors such as simplism, individualism, the corrosion of citizenship, and one-track thinking are commented on as forming part of processes of political manipulation. Nursing, as a profession and social practice anchored in ethical, political, and humanistic principles, has been marginal to political debate, and its activities tend to be abducted by deceitful political discourse. Conclusion: it is an ethical imperative for nurses, in order to provide decent care, to develop their political skills in order to become indispensable, active participants in societies characterized by a pluralism of ideas and multiculturalism. By developing political competence, nurses can contribute to social change on the basis of care and through nursing care.

Objetivo: desenvolver reflexão sobre o debate político atual, empobrecido e dicotomizado, e a relação com a profissão e a prática de enfermagem. Conteúdo: o debate apresentado ultrapassa a política e transcende a vida social cotidiana, à qual permanentemente alimenta. Aspectos como o simplismo, o individualismo, a corrosão da cidadania e o pensamento único são comentados como parte de processos de manipulação política. A enfermagem, como profissão e prática social que se ancora em princípios ético-políticos e humanísticos, tem ficado à margem do debate político e tende a ter sua atuação abduzida pelo discurso político enganoso. Conclusão: É um imperativo ético que os enfermeiros desenvolvam sua competência política a fim de participar de modo ativo e imprescindível em sociedades marcadas pelo pluralismo de ideias e pelo multiculturalismo, para a prestação de cuidados dignos. Ao assumir a competência política, se pode contribuir para as mudanças sociais, a partir dos cuidados, e por meio dos cuidados de enfermagem.

Especialidad de enfermería familiar y comunitaria. La historia interminable / No disponible

No disponible

Asociación Latinoamericana de Escuelas y Facultades de Enfermería (ALADEFE). Internacionalización del Conocimiento Enfermero / No disponible

No disponible