Workplace incivility and the professional quality of life in nurses.

BACKGROUND: Workplace Incivility is a common issue in the nursing profession. Nurses who are affected by such behaviors may experience distress. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the relationship between workplace incivility and nurses' professional quality of life. RESEARCH DESIGN: This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2021 in "Tehran". Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Nursing Incivility Scale (NIS), and the Professional Quality Of Life scale (ProQOL). Data analysis was performed through the Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression, using the SPSS v.16. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Participants were 200 nurses randomly recruited from selected hospitals of "TUMS". ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The study obtained research ethics approval and all participants were informed of the voluntary and anonymous nature of their participation. FINDINGS: The mean age of participants was 32.30 ± 7.22, and 76.5% were female. There was a significant correlation between the professional quality of life and workplace incivility (r = -0.23, p = .001). Multiple regression analysis between the subscales of workplace incivility and professional quality of life demonstrated that the incivility from the supervisor (ß = -0.29, p = .001) and incivility from patients (ß = -0.27, p < .001) can predict the compassion satisfaction dimension. The incivility from the supervisor (ß = 0.24, p = .001) and incivility from patients (ß = 0.26, p < .001) can explain burnout. The incivility of the patients can explain secondary traumatic stress (ß = 0.14, p = .02). CONCLUSION: This study showed that workplace incivility is significantly related to professional quality of life. Therefore, the reduction of behaviors of incivility can lead to the improvement of the professional quality of life.

HRH dimensions of community health workers: a case study of rural Afghanistan.

INTRODUCTION: There is ample evidence to indicate that community health workers (CHW) are valuable human resources for health in many countries across the globe, helping to fill the gap created by a chronic health workforce shortage. This shortage is not only in number but also in workforce distribution and skill mix. There remains a lack of evidence, however, concerning the size and distribution of CHWs and their relationship to the professionally regulated and recognized health workforce, such as physicians and nurses, and the unregulated and unrecognized health workforce, such as traditional birth attendants and traditional healers. This is particularly the case in low-income, under-resourced countries, such as Afghanistan. METHOD: We conducted a descriptive qualitative analysis involving fieldwork in Afghanistan between 2013 and 2014. We undertook participant observation and in-depth interviews with community members, CHWs, health managers, and policymakers, in an attempt to add more depth to our knowledge of how CHWs function, or could function better, as a recognized health worker. RESULTS: We found that the number of CHWs has increased dramatically in recent years and that CHWs play a variety of roles, including work generally associated with professional providers, such as referral, education, and counseling. Although not a replacement for professional health providers, CHWs, in places where the number of and access to such providers is low, become the only option to meet basic health needs of the population. In places where professional providers are available, CHWs have the potential to extend the services to marginalized populations, provide community health services, and become a recognized member of the health provider team. A limitation of their role in health system strengthening is their lack of integration and a clear career path including into more recognized professional roles. CONCLUSION: CHWs provide a critical human resources for health role in Afghanistan, but there are opportunities for improved integration with other providers which can increase their potential to improve service delivery.

A hermeneutic study of integrating psychotherapist competence in postnatal child health care: nurses' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: There is a considerable prevalence of and an increasing attention to emotional problems in families with infants. Yet, knowledge is scant of how to create efficient and accessible mental health services for this population. The study qualitatively explored public health nurses' conceptions of a clinical project, in which psychotherapists provided short-term consultations and supervisions for nurses at Child Health Centres in Stockholm. METHODS: In-depth interviews with fifteen nurses. The guideline of the interviews contained open-ended questions that were analysed applying a hermeneutical approach. RESULTS: Four main themes crystallized; The nurses' conceptions of their psychosocial work, Trespassing on another professional role, Interprofessional collaboration at the Child Health Centre, and The nurses' conceptions of the psychotherapist's function. In a second step, an analysis that clustered the nurses' attitudes towards handling mental health problems yielded one last theme with three "Ideal types"; nurses who expressed "I don't want to", "I want to but I cannot", and "I want to and I can" (take care of families' emotional problems at the CHC). CONCLUSION: The nurses appreciated the easy referral and accessibility to the psychotherapists, and the possibilities of learning more about perinatal mental illness and parent-infant interactions. For a successful cooperation with the nurses, the therapist should be a team member, be transparent about his/her work, and give feedback about cases in treatment. The study also shows how the organization needs to clarify its guidelines and competence to improve psychological child health care. The paper suggests improvements for an integrated perinatal mental health care.

Nurses' perceptions of the dynamics and impacts of teamwork with physicians in labour and delivery.

Interprofessional teamwork is touted as essential to positive patient, staff, and organizational outcomes. However, differing understandings of teamwork and divergent professional cultures amongst healthcare providers influence the success of teamwork. In labour and delivery, nurse-physician teamwork is vital to safe, family-centered maternity care. In this focused ethnography, the perceptions of obstetrical nurses were sought to understand nurse-physician teamwork and the features that facilitate or impede it. These nurses acknowledged working in a normative hierarchy, with physicians ultimately responsible for patient care decision-making. They described myriad ways in which they navigated traditional power dynamics and smoothed working relationships with physicians, such as circumventing disrespectful behaviors, venting with each other, highlighting their own autonomy, using tactical communication, and managing unit resources. According to these nurses, key facilitators of functional nurse-physicians relationships were time, trust, respect, credibility, and social connection. Further, the nature of their working relationships with physicians influenced their perceptions regarding intent to stay, workplace morale, and patient outcomes.

Simulation-based Interprofessional Education (IPE) for Enhanced Attitude and Teamwork of Anesthesiology Residents and Nurse Anesthesia Students in Iran.

Introduction: Simulation-based interprofessional education (IPE) provides the basis for the necessary competencies for interprofessional collaboration. This study aimed to examine the effects of this educational approach on anesthesia students' attitude and teamwork. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 72 anesthesiology residents and nurse anesthesia students consisting of 36 participants in the intervention and 36 in the control group. The intervention group participated in a simulation-based interprofessional season, including three scenarios in the induction phase of anesthesia. The control group received routine education. We used the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) to measure attitude and the KidSIM Team Performance Scale to assess teamwork. The data were analyzed by Analysis of Covariance, paired T-test, Chi-square, and Fischer's exact test in SPSS software, version 22. Results: Comparing post-test scores by ANCOVA showed a significant difference between groups (p=0.001) because there was a significant positive change in the overall attitude score in the intervention group after receiving simulation-based IPE. Regarding the quality of teamwork, the intervention group's scores in all three sub-scales changed significantly after intervention (p<0.05). Conclusions: The simulation-based IPE is recommended to promote a teamwork culture and train empowered anesthesia professionals.

How healthcare workers are coping with mental health challenges during COVID-19 pandemic? - A cross-sectional multi-countries study.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has a social and psychological impact among healthcare workers worldwide and appropriate coping strategies are essential to avoid the negative mental health effects. This study aimed to investigate the coping strategies among the healthcare workers from different countries and their attitude towards teamwork during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by using an online, web-based questionnaire, which was distributed to healthcare workers from 32 countries during April and May 2020. The respondents were recruited by the non-random convenience sampling method. RESULTS: A total of 2166 respondents responded to the survey and the majority were working in low- and middle-income countries. Among them, 36% were doctors, 24% were nurses and 40% worked in other healthcare sectors. More than 70% of the respondents answered that "getting family support" and "positive thinking" were coping methods for them during the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately half of the respondents worshiped according to their belief and conducted prayers (58.4%) and had adequate sleep and food intake (48.2%). The significant associations were observed between attitude score towards interprofessional teamwork and gender (p = 0.009), age (31-45 years) (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), working experience (2-5 years) (p = 0.005), current workplace (clinics) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The local healthcare authorities should promote coping methods and develop an innovative way to encourage practicing among healthcare workers. Digital mental health support interventions or workplace mental health support teams should be accessible to protect mental wellbeing among healthcare workers.

Clinical Pharmacist Integration Into Veterans' Primary Care: Team Members Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: With the restructuring of primary care into patient-centered medical homes (PCMH), researchers have described role transformations that accompany the formation of core primary care teamlets (eg, primary care provider, registered nurse care manager, licensed practical nurse, medical support assistant). However, few studies offer insight into how primary care teamlets, once established, integrate additional extended team members, and the factors that influence the quality of their integration. METHODS: We examine the process of integrating Clinical Pharmacy Specialists (CPS) into primary care teams in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We conducted semi-structured interviews with CPS (n = 6) and clinical team members (n = 16) and performed a thematic analysis of interview transcripts. RESULTS: We characterize 2 ways CPS are integrated into primary care teamlets: in consultative roles and collaborative roles. CPS may be limited to consultative roles by team members' misconceptions about their competencies (ie, if CPS are perceived to handle only medication-related issues like refills) and by primary care providers' opinions about distributing responsibilities for patient care. Over time, teams may correct misconceptions and integrate the CPS in a more collaborative role (ie, CPS helps manage disease states with comprehensive medication management). CONCLUSIONS: CPS integrated into collaborative roles may have more opportunities to optimize their contributions to primary care, underscoring the importance of clarifying roles as part of adequately integrating advanced practitioners in interprofessional teams.

Psychological Case Conference Following the Death of a Patient With Neuromuscular Disease: A Source of Emotional Support for Participating Medical Staff.

Healthcare professionals involved in the treatment and care of patients with intractable diseases, such as muscular dystrophy, increasingly encounter situations that can elicit emotional distress for them as well as the patients. Therefore, medical professionals also need support. This article describes a psychological case conference of multidisciplinary professionals involved in the treatment of a deceased patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The conference aimed to support medical professionals in reflecting on and sharing their thoughts, feelings, and conflicts. Such a practice could support medical professionals in reflecting patients' thoughts and sharing their personal experiences with other staff members, which may alleviate emotional and personal conflicts. Reflecting on their interactions and dealings with patients serves this supportive function. Psychological case conferences for medical staff may serve as an opportunity for participants to feel emotionally supported and may perhaps help prevent burnout.

Complementing or conflicting? How pharmacists and physicians position the community pharmacist.

BACKGROUND: Interprofessional collaboration between pharmacists and physicians in primary care has been linked to improved patient outcomes. How professionals position themselves and each other can shed light upon their relationship, and positioning theory can be used as a tool to better understand intergroup relations. OBJECTIVES: 1) To identify how community pharmacists position themselves, and how they are positioned by general practitioners. 2) To assess how well these positions correspond, how the positions align with a proactive position for the pharmacists, and discuss how the positions could potentially impact collaboration. METHODS: In this qualitative study, data were collected through six focus group interviews held between June and October 2019, three with pharmacists and three with physicians. The focus group interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the Systematic text condensation method. Positioning theory was used as a theoretical framework to identify the positions assigned to community pharmacists by the pharmacists themselves and by the physicians. RESULTS: Twelve pharmacists and ten physicians participated. The pharmacists positioned themselves as the "last line of defense", "bridge-builders", "outsiders" - with responsibility, but with a lack of information and authority - and "practical problem solvers". The physicians positioned pharmacists as "a useful checkpoint", "non-clinicians" and "unknown". CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed both commonalities and disagreements in how community pharmacists position themselves and are positioned by general practitioners. Few of the positions assigned to pharmacists by the physicians support an active role for the pharmacists, while the pharmacists´ positioning of themselves is more diverse. The physicians´ positioning of pharmacists as an unknown group represents a major challenge for collaboration. Increasing the two professions´ knowledge of each other may help produce new positions that are more coordinated, and thus more supportive towards collaboration.

Iranian Nurses' Attitudes Toward Nurse-Physician Collaboration and its Relationship with Job Satisfaction.

Introduction: Although nurses and physicians are known to share the common goal of improving the quality of health care, there has traditionally been a relational gap between them. The aim of the present study was to investigate the attitude of Iranian nurses about physician-nurse collaboration and its relationship with their job satisfaction. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 232 nurses were recruited from three educational hospitals of Zanjan University of medical sciences. Three questionnaires were used in this study; (a) Demographic data questionnaire, (2) Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration (JSAPNC), and (3) Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Results: In this study, the mean age of the participants was 33.22(SD= 6.13) years, 83.8% of nurses were female, 90.8% had a baccalaureate degree in nursing, and 82.5 % had rotational work shifts. The mean score of physician-nurse collaboration was found to be 48.07 (SD= 8.95) (ranged from 15 to 60), and the mean score of job satisfaction scale was 57.78 (SD = 14.67) (ranged from 20 to 100). There was a significant positive correlation between the attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration and job satisfaction among the nurses (r=0.59, P≤0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated that the collaboration between nurses and physicians increases the job satisfaction of nurses working in clinical settings. Therefore, nurses and physicians should develop a new culture of collaboration with each other with the mutual goal of high quality patient care. Moreover, health care administrators should implement the strategies that strengthen the development of physician-nurse collaboration.

Effect of interprofessional education of medication safety program on the medication error of physicians and nurses in the intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: The safety of hospitalized patients in the intensive care units (ICUs) is threatened due to incidents and adverse events, including medication errors. Medication error refers to any preventable event at different stage of medication process, such as prescription, transcription, distributing medication, and administration, which can lead to incorrect use of medicines or damage to the patient. This study aimed at investigating the effect of the interprofessional education of medication safety program on medication errors of physicians and nurses in the ICUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted using a quasi-experimental method (single group, before and after) in 2017. The setting of the study included one ICU of selected teaching hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences located in the Central Iran with a total of 23 beds. Participants included 50 members of the health-care team (physician, nurse, and clinical pharmacist) with at least 1 year of work experience in the ICUs. Participants were selected using censuses sampling method. Data were collected using a two-section self-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed through descriptive, analytical statistics, and version 16 of the SPSS software (P < 0.05). RESULTS: According to reporting of physicians, nurses, and clinical pharmacist, the medication error 1 month after implementation, the interprofessional education of medication safety program was significantly lower than before the implementation of it (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interprofessional education helps to improve interprofessional collaboration and patient care through the promotion of various professions of health to increase interprofessional collaboration compared to single profession education, which individuals learn in isolation and merely in their profession. Therefore, interprofessional education of medication safety program can reduce medication error and promote patient safety in the ICUs.

Resident physicians' perceptions of ambulatory care pharmacy.

BACKGROUND: Physicians' acceptance of clinical pharmacy services is dependent on exposure to those services, with use increasing as resident physicians progress through their training. Resident physicians train within environments that have a multidisciplinary teaching and clinical care approach, working closely with other healthcare professionals. Ambulatory care pharmacists are increasingly working with resident physicians in clinic settings as part of the multidisciplinary team, and identification of resident physicians' perceptions may influence future collaboration. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research is to evaluate the perception of ambulatory care clinical pharmacy services from the perspective of resident physicians. METHODS: A statewide network of ambulatory care pharmacists was identified and received an electronic questionnaire. Pharmacists working within clinics that serve as training sites for resident physicians then completed and distributed questionnaires to the resident physicians within their clinical site. Items related to demographics and perception of involvement and interactions with clinical pharmacists. RESULTS: Forty-five resident physicians responded from four unique clinical sites (response rate = 42%). They agreed or strongly agreed that pharmacists help patients obtain their therapeutic goals (97.8%), are able to educate patients effectively (95.6%), provide high quality care (97.8%), and do a good job helping co-manage patients (91.1%). Previous exposure to pharmacists was limited primarily to the drugstore (48.9%) and hospital (51.1%) settings. Resident physicians in the third year of training and those reporting a friend was a pharmacist, were more likely to have a positive perception of the pharmacist's role as a resident educator (p=0.048 and p=0.044, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Resident physicians with a longer duration of exposure and personal friendship with a pharmacist are more likely to express positive perceptions. Areas for further enhancements in this interprofessional relationship related to perceptions about pharmacist autonomy and patient relationships were identified.

Evaluation of students' attitudes towards pharmacist-physician collaboration in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To measure undergraduate pharmacy and medical students' collaborative attitudes regarding Pharmacist-Physician collaboration. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from September 2016 to February 2017 in Northeast Brazil. Pharmacy and medical students from the first and the last year of courses were invited to complete Portuguese version of Scale of Attitudes Toward Pharmacist-Physician Collaboration (SATP2C). Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed using IBM SPSS (22 version). Differences were considered significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: Three hundred seventy students completed the SATP2C. Overall, the students had positive attitudes towards physician-pharmacist collaboration. There was no significant correlation between age and score (p=0.79). Women showed a more positive collaborative attitude than men (53.1, SD=6.8 vs. 55.1, SD=6.3). Pharmacy students had a higher score than medical students (57.5, SD=4.7, vs. 51.1, SD=6.4). The first-year medical students had a higher score than last-year medical students (52.3, SD=6.0 vs. 49.5, SD=6.6; p<0.007). There was no significant difference in the attitudes between the first and last year pharmacy students (p<0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy and medical students showed positive attitudes towards physician-pharmacist collaboration. However, pharmacy students presented more collaborative attitudes than medical ones. Additionally, the first-year medical students had more collaborative attitudes than last-year medical students. Studies should be conducted to provide recommendations to improve interprofessional education efforts to further enhance the positive attitudes toward physician-pharmacist collaboration.

EDUCACIÓN Y PRÁCTICA COLABORATIVA INTERPROFESIONAL EN SALUD: APLICACIONES Y DESAFÍOS PARA LA ENFERMERÍA / INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE IN HEALTH: APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR NURSING

OBJETIVO: reflexionar sobre la educación y práctica colaborativa Interprofesional en salud desde su aplicación y desafíos para la enfermería. METODOLOGÍA: reflexión teórica sobre la educación interprofesional y el trabajo en salud, fundamentado en la perspectiva de la enfermería. RESULTADOS: fue desarrollado en tres tópicos: Necesidad de promover la educación y la práctica colaborativa interprofesional en salud; Competencias en educación y práctica colaborativa interprofesional en salud; y, Desafíos para la educación y la práctica colaborativa interprofesional desde la perspectiva de enfermería. Los cambios culturales y la historia de la enfermería dificultan el reconocimiento y la identidad profesional, pudiendo influir en el desarrollo de lógicas de trabajo interprofesional. Una regulación que promueva la educación y la práctica colaborativa interprofesional en enfermería podría traer avances importantes para la profesión. CONCLUSIONES: se reconoce la relevancia de la educación y práctica colaborativa interprofesional en los resultados en salud. Existen factores que influyen en su desarrollo en algunas profesiones como lo es enfermería. El riesgo a perder reconocimiento y posición frente a otras profesiones se puede convertir en un obstáculo para adoptar lógicas de trabajo interprofesional. Es fundamental abordar la educación y el trabajo interprofesional para entender qué es realmente la interprofesionalidad y por qué es importante.

OBJECTIVE: to reflect on the role of interprofessional education and collaborative practice in healthcare, based on its application and challenges for nursing. METHODOLOGY: theoretical reflection on interprofessional education and work in health from the nursing perspective. RESULTS: development occurred in three areas: The need to promote interprofessional education and collaborative practice in health; Competencies in education interprofessional and collaborative practice in health; and, Challenges for interprofessional education and collaborative practice from a nursing perspective. Cultural changes and the history of nursing hinder professional recognition and identity, which may influence the development of interprofessional working relations. A regulation that promotes education and interprofessional collaborative practice in nursing could bring important advances to the profession. CONCLUSIONS: the relevance of interprofessional education and collaborative practice for health outcomes is recognized. There are factors that influence its development in some professions, such as nursing. The perceived lack of recognition and position relative to other professions may become an obstacle to the adoption of interprofessional working relations. It is essential to address interprofessional education and collaborative practice to understand what interprofessionalism really is and why it is important.

Barreiras à implementação da educação interprofissional: uma análise do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) / Implementation barriers to interprofessional education: an analysis of the Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde Program (PET-Saúde)

Resumo Este estudo analisa as barreiras para a implementação da educação interprofissional de cursos de graduação em saúde do estado do Rio de Janeiro participantes do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde). Foi conduzido um estudo de caso exploratório e qualitativo, com 32 participantes do PET-Saúde, que busca promover mudanças curriculares nos cursos da saúde. Dados foram coletados em 2020 mediante entrevistas individuais e submetidos à análise temática. Foram identificadas barreiras sociopolíticas, institucionais e relacionais. As sociopolíticas incluem o sucateamento do sistema público de saúde e a violência nos territórios de atuação das equipes de atenção primária, enquanto as institucionais incluem a rigidez curricular, a rotatividade dos gestores universitários e a incipiência dos processos de avaliação das experiências inovadoras de ensino. Na dimensão relacional, o elemento central é a força dos silos profissionais e das relações de hierarquia e poder entre os diferentes profissionais de saúde. A superação dessas barreiras implica a mobilização de políticas públicas intersetoriais, maior integração entre os sistemas profissionais, de saúde e de educação, e o reconhecimento de que a educação interprofissional é uma rota potencial para melhorar a saúde da população, reduzir os custos da assistência e garantir satisfação e segurança aos profissionais.

Abstract This study analyzes the barriers undergraduate health courses participating in the Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde), in Rio de Janeiro, face to implement interprofessional education. An exploratory and qualitative case study was conducted with 32 participants from PET-Saúde, a program that promotes curricular changes in undergraduate health courses. Data were collected in 2020 by means of individual interviews. Thematic analysis of the data identified sociopolitical, institutional, and relational barriers. Degradation of the health system and the regional violence hindering healthcare activities were the main sociopolitical barriers. In turn, institutional barriers included curriculum rigidity, university administrator turnover, and lack of evaluation methods for innovative interprofessional education. As for relational barriers, professional silos hindering collaborative efforts, top-down power hierarchies resistant to feedback, and unsatisfactory communications among stakeholders were the main complaints. Overcoming these barriers requires intersectoral public policies, greater integration among professionals, healthcare, and education systems, and recognizing that interprofessional education can improve public health, reduce healthcare costs, and ensure professional satisfaction and work safety.

Interconsulta médico-enfermeiro na Atenção Primária à Saúde: discursos do sujeito coletivo / Doctor-nurse interconsultation in primary health care: collective subject discourses / Interconsulta médico-enfermero en la atención primaria de la salud: discursos del sujeto colectivo

Objetivando compreender a interconsulta entre médicos e enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), empreendeu-se um estudo exploratório e descritivo, qualitativo, com a técnica de grupo focal, analisado à luz do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Participaram quatro enfermeiras e três médicos, cujos discursos sobre sua compreensão da interconsulta e seus formatos originaram quatro ideias centrais: 1. a interconsulta é um trabalho integrado e complementar entre categorias, protagonizado por quem iniciou o atendimento, baseado na comunicação e buscando a integralidade; 2. seu formato depende da segurança dos profissionais, do tempo trabalhando juntos, do ambiente e da demanda do paciente; 3. é importante manter o protagonismo da Enfermagem, rompendo com a lógica centrada no médico; e 4. o modelo "ping-pong" de interconsulta não é funcional. Revelou-se a interconsulta como dispositivo de cuidado bem-sucedido, desafiando a lógica centrada no médico pela atuação integrada e complementar de médicos e enfermeiros da APS.(AU)

With the aim of understanding doctor-nurse interconsultation in primary health care, we conducted a descriptive exploratory qualitative study using focus groups. The data were analyzed using collective subject discourse. Four nurses and three doctors participated in the study, whose discourses on their understanding of interconsultation and its different formats gave rise to four central ideas: interconsultation is integrated and complementary across professions, instigated by the person who began the appointment, communication-based and seeks to promote comprehensiveness; format depends on professional confidence, length of time working together, the environment and patient demands; it is important to maintain nurse protagonism, breaking with doctor-centered logic; the "ping-pong" interconsultation model does not work. The findings reveal that interconsultation is a successful care tool that challenges doctor-centered logic by promoting integrated and complementary working between doctors and nurses.(AU)

Con el objetivo de comprender la interconsulta entre médicos y enfermeros en la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS), se realizó un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, cualitativo, con la técnica de grupo focal, analizado a la luz del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Participaron cuatro enfermeras y tres médicos, cuyos discursos sobre su comprensión de la interconsulta y sus formatos originaron cuatro Ideas Centrales: la interconsulta es un trabajo integrado y complementario entre categorías, protagonizado por quien comenzó la atención, con base en la comunicación y buscando la integralidad; su formato depende de la seguridad de los profesionales, del tiempo trabajando juntos, del ambiente y de la demanda del paciente; es importante mantener el protagonismo de la enfermería, rompiendo con la lógica médico-centrada; el modelo "ping-pong" de interconsulta no es funcional. La interconsulta se reveló como un dispositivo de cuidado exitoso, desafiando la lógica médico-centrada por la actuación integrada y complementaria de médicos y enfermeros de la APS.(AU)

Exploration of the process of interprofessional collaboration among nurses and physicians in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: The development of interprofessional collaboration is of great significance for facilitating the flow of information and provision of collaborated services. In fact, only one single profession cannot respond to all demands. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate clinical nurse-physician collaboration in Iran. METHODS: This study was performed with nurses and physicians of university hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, during September 2013-March 2015, using grounded and synthesis theory. The data were obtained using semi-structured interviews and field notes, and MAXQ DA version 10 was employed for data analysis. RESULTS: The core variable was defined as "management of strategic goals", and the main categories included perception of challenging organizational structures, providing a comprehensive supportive net for patients, seeking professional communication, and building solid confidence. Based on views of the participants, they were aiming to apply a stress management strategy, while maintaining their position in the organization, by making passive compromises to protect themselves against the perceived threats. CONCLUSION: The participants were trying to overcome barriers through reducing and managing the tension, while maintaining their position in the organization using forced, passive coping strategies to protect themselves against the perceived threats.

Interprofessional Error Disclosure Training for Medical, Nursing, Pharmacy, Dental, and Physician Assistant Students.

INTRODUCTION: Errors that harm patients often have many contributing factors and ideally should be disclosed by a team rather than an individual provider. However, most health professions students learn about errors and error disclosure in a single-profession class. METHODS: We developed a 2-hour small-group session in which our students practice discussing and disclosing a medical error that involves several professions, following a communication map. As they practice, students gain an understanding of the roles, skills, and perspectives of the other professions represented in the group. RESULTS: Over the last 5 years, student evaluations have been very positive. In 2016, our students strongly agreed that "The small group skills practice was a useful and interesting learning opportunity," "Learning with other professional students was valuable," and "Thinking about error disclosure from a team perspective was helpful." Student comments consistently indicated that they learned both about disclosing medical errors as well as other professionals' roles and perspectives. DISCUSSION: This activity has met both of our major goals. The first was to bring health professions students together to learn with, from, and about each other. The second was to practice a critical and challenging communication skill. This activity has been successfully implemented at other institutions, and can be adapted to fit other groups of students.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation to Brazil of the scale of attitudes toward physician-pharmacists collaboration.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing complexity of medication therapies and the expansion of pharmaceutical clinical services to optimize patient care working in collaboration with physicians. In this sense, interdisciplinary education has been encouraged. However, no instrument is available to measure attitudes toward collaborative relationships. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-cultural adaptation and validation an instrument to measure collaboration attitudes toward students of medicine/pharmacy and physicians/pharmacists. METHODS: The process of cross-cultural adaptation was carried out using international recommendations and was performed from January 2014 to April 2015. The instrument under consideration was translated and re-translated. A panel of experts compared the generated documents and the translation was evaluated for 20 undergraduate students of Pharmacy, 20 undergraduate students of Medicine and professionals (20 pharmacists and 20 physicians). RESULTS: The process of cross-cultural translation and validation result in the Portuguese version. Modifications to the grammatical structures were made in order to establish a cross-cultural similarity between the English and Portuguese versions. Regarding the evaluation of the expert panel, six questions required modifications. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometric evaluation demonstrated and confirmed the validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese version to assess collaborative attitudes among pharmacists and physicians. Moreover, the scale can be used to evaluate undergraduates and postgraduates and foster the development of teaching methods that promote comprehensive attitudes in patient care.

Physician-pharmacist agreement about off-label use of medications in private clinical settings in Baghdad, Iraq.

OBJECTIVE: 1) To evaluate the relationship between physician-pharmacist agreement about the off-label drug use and 2) and to identify the most common off-label medication category/indications and prescriber clinical disciplines in private settings in Baghdad area, Iraq. METHODS: This study evaluated 980 off-label use requests in the private clinical settings within Baghdad area, Iraq from October 2013 to September 2015. The efficacy, safety, and convenience of each drug request and its alternative options were evaluated according to the patient health and demographic characteristics and standard guidelines. RESULTS: Of the 980 physician off-label requests, only 22.7% were approved by the pharmacists. Rheumatology and Nephrology accounted for the highest ratio of off-label use requests for adults (30.3% and 26.3%). The pharmacist rejection ratio of off-label use was comparable between the two groups (p>0.05). Most of the issued requests were attributed either to unapproved indication or to combination of more than one drug (38% and 35.3%). A low acceptance rate was reported in the requests issued for treatment in different clinical lines to the authorized one (11.9%). The lowest rate of acceptance was reported in the requests that had very low evidence level (9.1%). The mostly prescribed medications were musculoskeletal agents (28.9%). Finally, 78.2% of the requests came from clinical branches for adults. Although the agreement rate for requests in adults was higher than that in pediatrics, the two rates were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Community pharmacists should effectively take responsibility for assessing off-label drug requests in Iraqi private settings. The quality of evidence does not represent the major factor influencing the approval rate of off-label drug use. The availability of safer and/or affordable alternatives and prescribing for a different patient age category highly impacted the pharmacists' approval rate.