International guidelines to inform policy development to address client violence in South Africa: an ATA-document analysis.

BACKGROUND: Research shows that the most typical response to client violence has been to implement policies that safeguard social workers at their workplaces. This article examined, through a document analysis, the international norms for the protection of social workers. The goal of the document analysis was to inform policy development in South Africa against client violence. METHODS: The researchers found, selected, analysed, and synthesised 17 international policies, frameworks, protocols, guidelines, and legislative frameworks using the applied thematic analysis (ATA) approach. The data was analysed at three levels, and open coding yielded 18 codes. RESULTS: The codes were refined into three main themes and subthemes related to protecting social workers from client violence: (1) employers inspired a culture of safety and security within the work-environment, (2) social workers prioritised their safety by using their clinical skills, and (3) actively implementing initiatives to ensure the safety of social workers. CONCLUSIONS: The research highlighted social work safety while providing services at an office, visiting sites, or traveling. Examining these practicalities provided valuable data that can inform policy development processes in different countries.

A comparative study of job satisfaction among nurses, psychologists/psychotherapists and social workers working in Quebec mental health teams.

BACKGROUND: This study identified multiple socio-professional and team effectiveness variables, based on the Input-Mediator-Output-Input (IMOI) model, and tested their associations with job satisfaction for three categories of mental health professionals (nurses, psychologists/psychotherapists, and social workers). METHODS: Job satisfaction was assessed with the Job Satisfaction Survey. Independent variables were classified into four categories: 1) Socio-professional Characteristics; 2) Team Attributes; 3) Team Processes; and 4) Team Emergent States. Variables were entered successively, by category, into a hierarchical regression model. RESULTS: Team Processes contributed the greatest number of variables to job satisfaction among all professional groups, including team support which was the only significant variable common to all three types of professionals. Greater involvement in the decision-making process, and lower levels of team conflict (Team Processes) were associated with job satisfaction among nurses and social workers. Lower seniority on team (Socio-professional Characteristics), and team collaboration (Team Processes) were associated with job satisfaction among nurses, as was belief in the advantages of interdisciplinary collaboration (Team Emergent States) among psychologists. Knowledge sharing (Team Processes) and affective commitment to the team (Team Emergent States) were associated with job satisfaction among social workers. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the need for mental health decision-makers and team managers to offer adequate support to mental health professionals, to involve nurses and social workers in the decision-making process, and implement procedures and mechanisms favourable to the prevention or resolution of team conflict with a view toward increasing job satisfaction among mental health professionals.

Extreme Risk Protection Orders in Washington State: Understanding the Role of Health Professionals.

Objective: Extreme Risk Protection Orders (ERPO) allow a petitioner to file a civil order to temporarily restrict access to firearms among individuals ("respondents") deemed to be at extreme risk of harming themselves, others, or both. Although unable to file ERPOs for their clients in most states, health professionals may play a pivotal role in the ERPO process by recommending an eligible petitioner initiate the process. We describe the process of filing an ERPO when a healthcare, mental health, or social service professional contacted an ERPO petitioner. Method: Court documents of ERPOs involving health professionals in Washington State between December 8th, 2016 and May 10th, 2019 were qualitatively analyzed (n=24). We constructed pen portraits from the documents and analyzed them using an inductive qualitative thematic approach. Results: Themes included factors influencing the process by which each professional evaluated respondent behaviors, factors considered during assessment, factors influencing interpretation of respondent behaviors and subsequent provider response during a crisis. These influenced the outcome of the crisis event that led to ERPO filing. Conclusions: Each professional group differed in their approach to risk assessment of respondent behaviors. Strategies to better coordinate and align approaches may improve the ERPO process.

Co-design, implementation, and evaluation of an expanded train-the-trainer strategy to support the sustainability of evidence-based practice guides for registered nurses and social workers in primary care clinics: a developmental evaluation protocol.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of evidence-based innovations is incentivized as part of primary care reform in Canada. In the Province of Québec, it generated the creation of interprofessional care models involving registered nurses and social workers as members of primary care clinics. However, the scope of practice for these professionals remains variable and suboptimal. In 2019, expert committees co-designed and published two evidence-based practice guides, but no clear strategy has been identified to support their assimilation. This project's goal is to support the implementation and deployment of practice guides for both social workers and registered nurses using a train-the-trainer educational intervention. METHODS/DESIGN: This three-phase project is a developmental evaluation using a multiple case study design across 17 primary care clinics. It will involve trainers in healthcare centers, patients, registered nurses and social workers. The development and implementation of an expanded train-the-trainer strategy will be informed by a patient-oriented research approach, the Kirkpatrick learning model, and evidence-based practice guides. For each case and phase, the qualitative and quantitative data will be analyzed using a convergent design method and will be integrated through assimilation. DISCUSSION: This educational intervention model will allow us to better understand the complex context of primary care clinics, involving different settings and services offered. This study protocol, based on reflective practice, patient-centered research and focused on the needs of the community in collaboration with partners and patients, may serve as an evidence based educational intervention model for further study in primary care.

Social workers' perspectives on barriers and facilitators in responding to intimate partner violence in primary health care in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the barriers and facilitators of managing intimate partner violence (IPV) cases, from the perspective of primary health care (PHC) social workers. METHOD: Qualitative study through interviews with 14 social workers working in PHC centres in Spain. A thematic analysis approach was applied to identify barriers and facilitators according to the Tanahashi model. RESULTS: The barriers identified by social workers in providing effective coverage to women suffering from IPV included insufficient practical training, a lack of knowledge from women on social workers' roles, a lack of teamwork, and excess IPV case referrals from other professionals to social workers. The identified facilitators were the existence of electronic protocols and good practices including therapeutic support groups and holistic intervention approaches. CONCLUSIONS: An excess of referrals to social workers of identified IPV cases following consultation by other members of the PHC team, alongside the lack of interdisciplinary teamwork, does not enable a comprehensive and holistic approach to this problem. Compulsory, practical, and interdisciplinary training in IPV for all PHC professionals and students must be a priority for health agencies and universities in order to facilitate a comprehensive and quality approach for all women suffering from IPV.

Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale.

Background: Job stress of mental health professionals can have a negative impact on them, particularly their psychological health and mortality, and may also affect organizations' and institutions' ability to provide quality mental health services to patients. Aim: This study aimed to: (1) investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean Mental Health Professionals Stress Scale (K-MHPSS), (2) develop K-MHPSS cut-off points to measure clinical depression and anxiety, and (3) examine whether specific stressors vary by area of expertise. Methodology: Data were collected via an online survey over 3 months, from August to October 2020. An online survey using a survey website was administered to volunteers who accessed the link and consented to participate. Data from 558 participants (200 clinical psychologists, 157 nurses, and 201 social workers) were included in the final analysis. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted to examine the factor structure of the K-MHPSS; concurrent validity of the scale was determined by analyzing correlation; internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In addition, ROC curve analysis and Youden's index were used to estimate optimal cut-off points for K-MHPSS; one-way ANOVA was performed to investigate the difference among the three groups. Results: The seven-factor model of the original scale did not be replicated by Korean mental health professionals. The K-MHPSS had the best fit with the six-factor model, which consists of 34 items. Concurrent validity was confirmed, and overall reliability was found to be good. The K-MHPSS cut-off points for depression and anxiety appeared to slightly different by professional groups. Furthermore, nurses and social workers showed significantly higher total scores compared to clinical psychologists, and there are significant differences in subscale scores among professionals. Conclusion: The Korean version of the MHPSS has appropriate psychometric properties and can be used to assess the occupational stress of mental health professionals. It can also serve as a reference point for screening clinical level of depression and anxiety in mental health professionals.

Ageism among physicians, nurses, and social workers: findings from a qualitative study.

This study investigated ageism among healthcare professionals in various therapeutic settings in Israel. Using a qualitative approach, the current study aimed to examine similarities and differences across healthcare disciplines. Three focus groups were conducted with physicians, nurses, and social workers. Data from each focus group were analyzed separately, and then commonalities and differences across the groups were evaluated. Three main themes relating to older adults emerged from the data. The first theme pertains to perceived difficulties that healthcare professionals experience in working with older adults and their family members; the second focuses on invisibility and discriminatory communication patterns; and the third theme relates to provision of inappropriate care to older adults. Similarities and differences across the three disciplines were found. The differences related mainly to the examples provided for manifestations of ageism in the healthcare system. Provision of inadequate treatment to older adults due to their age appeared to be the most complex theme, and is discussed at length in the Discussion. Briefly, the complexity stems from the fact that although some behaviors can be clearly described as inappropriate and undesirable, other behaviors such as avoidance of invasive medical procedures for older patients raise ethical dilemmas. Potentially, avoidance of invasive medical treatment can be perceived as compassionate care rather than as undertreatment due to ageist perceptions. A related dilemma, i.e., longevity versus quality-of-life, is also discussed in light of the finding that the balance of these two aspects changes as patients grow old.

Precarização do trabalho do assistente social no Brasil recente: um olhar a partir da produção da pós-graduação / Precarious work of the social worker in today's Brazil: a look to the postgraduate production

Este artigo apresenta resultados contidos na dissertação de mestrado que buscou caracterizar o estado da arte acerca do trabalho do assistente social no Brasil recente. Para tanto traça um retrato da realidade atual em que se inserem os trabalhadores assistentes sociais. Está assentado na análise de dissertações e teses defendidas no período de 2012 a 2016, vinculadas a programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em Serviço Social que integram as universidades sediadas no estado do Rio de Janeiro: PUC-Rio, Uerj, UFFe UFRJ

This article presents results contained in the master's thesis that sought to characterize the state of the art about the work of the social worker in recent Brazil. To this end, it draws a picture of the current reality in which social workers work. It is based on the analysis of dissertations and theses defended from 2012 to 2016, linked to stricto sensu graduate programs in Social Work that integrate the universities based in the state of Rio de Janeiro: PUC-Rio, Uerj, UFF and UFRJ

Soporte social en usuarios de los servicios de salud en una institucion de segundo nivel / Suporte social para usuários de serviços de saúde em uma instituição de atençao secundária / Social support for health service users at a secondary-care institution

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el nivel del soporte social percibido por los usuarios de los servicios de salud de segundo nivel. Método: estudio descriptivo, con una muestra de 287 usuarios de los servicios de salud del estado de Durango, México, aplicando la Escala de Soporte Social de Salud, utilizando en programa SPSS para el análisis de resultados. Resultados: se encontró que el usuario de la consulta externa del hospital, percibe mayor soporte social por parte del personal de enfermería en comparación con el médico y trabajo social, presentando una media de (M=10.70, 10.19, 9.58) respectivamente; con una diferencia significativa de p<0.05. Conclusión: es el personal de enfermería el que brinda mayor soporte social a los usuarios de los servicios de salud, resolviendo cada una de las dudas que se les presenten y permitiéndoles expresar sus sentimientos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o nível de suporte social percebido por usuários de serviços de atenção secundária. Método: Estudo descritivo com uma amostra de 287 usuários de serviços de saúde do estado de Durango, México, aplicando a Escala de Suporte Social de Saúde, e utilizando o programa SPSS para a análise de resultados. Resultados: Os usuários ambulatoriais do hospital perceberam maior suporte por parte da equipe de enfermagem quando comparado aos médicos e assistentes sociais, com uma média de M=10,70, 10,19, e 9,58, respectivamente; e com uma diferença significativa de p<0,05. Conclusão: A equipe de enfermagem fornece mais suporte social aos usuários dos serviços de saúde, respondendo às perguntas que são feitas e permitindo aos pacientes que expressem seus sentimentos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the level of social support perceived by users of a second-level health service. Method: This was a descriptive study with 287 users of health services in the state of Durango, Mexico, using the Social Support Scale in Health to collect data and SPSS software to analyze the results. Results: The outpatients perceived more social support from nursing staff than from physicians and social workers, with a mean of 10.70, 10.19, 9.58, respectively; with a p<0.05 significant difference. Conclusion: Nursing professionals provide health service users with the greatest social support, answering their questions and allowing them to express their feelings.

Cuba's health care policy: prevention and active community participation.

In Cuba, health care is considered a human right for all citizens; health care is therefore a national priority. Cuba's health policy emphasizes prevention, primary care, services in the community, and the active participation of citizens. These emphases have produced an impressively high ranking on major health indicators, despite economic handicaps. The Cuban experience demonstrates the influence of ideological commitment and policy-making on the provision of health care and challenges the assumption that high-quality care for all citizens requires massive financial investment. The evolution of the Cuban health care system since the revolution thus has implications for the U.S. health care system; specifically, it suggests that the equitable distribution of health care services in the United States requires a national health insurance and service delivery system.

PIP: The new Cuban government in 1959 began overhauling the for-profit health system which, 30 years later, resulted in free health services for all its citizens which is integrated with national social and economic development. Life expectancy in Cuba is higher than that of the US (72.5 vs. 71.9). Health workers have eliminated polio, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and diphtheria. Malnutrition incidence amount 1-15 years olds is 0.7% compared with 5% in the US. The Cuban health system began in the 1960s as a curative system based in hospitals but shifted during the 1970s and 1980s to a primary health care system based in communities. It consists of 6 hierarchical, interlocking levels: national health institutes and hospital centers (quaternary care-super specialty), provincial hospitals (tertiary care-high specialty), municipal hospitals (secondary care-specialty), area health centers (primary or community care) serving 25,000-30,000 people, sector polyclinics serving 4000-5000 people, and minipolyclinics served by a family physician team (family physician, nurse, and social worker) covering 600-700 people. The family physician team strategy has strengthened disease surveillance and completed information about health status and characteristics of neighborhoods. Neighborhood residents determine their own health care and protection. In fact, volunteer brigades build minipolyclinics and housing for family physicians and nurses. Critics of the Cuban health care system claim that the physician-to-population ratio is too high and that it makes up too much of the gross national product (almost 15%). Yet even though the US health system is the largest industry in the US and it has achieved impressive technological advances, the health of millions of US citizens deteriorates. The US needs a system that provides just, equitable, and quality health care to all. Thus US social workers should actively work toward national health insurance and on service delivery models.