[Pierre-Joseph Duhem (1758-1807), doctor regicide, and other National Convention physician-deputies vis-a-vis the lawsuit of Louis XVI]. / Pierre-Joseph Duhem (1758-1807), médecin régicide, et les autres médecins-députés conventionnels face au procès de louis XVI.

On January 16, 1793, seven hundred aud forty nine deputies of the National Convention are called on to express their opinion by word of mouth about this question: "What penalty Louis, former king of the French, brought upon himself ?" Among these deputies, 47 are or were physicians : 22 vote for death without delay, 3 for suspended death sentence, 20 for indulgence (imprisonment till the peace and banishment thereafter), and 2 refuse to vote. This paper aims at summarizing the attitude of the physicians-deputies, and more specifically those of Pierre-Joseph Duhem, at the time of one of the most famous trials of the history of France.

Public health policy and the building up of a Brazilian medical identity.

Since George Herbert Mead studied "the social self" and the interactionists went further in distinguishing "images of self", a lecture on the building up of a Brazilian medical identity should try to focus on the patterns of self-images, presented images, and aspired-to images among the Brazilian medical elites during the First Republic (1889-1930). In no other period of Brazilian history were those "images" of professional identity so close--in contrast, later periods of Brazilian history witnessed an almost permanent "collision" or the clashing of such images among public health specialists. Oswaldo Cruz, Carlos Chagas, Artur Neiva and Belisário Pena are perhaps the best examples of successful careers as "sanitarians" (to recall John Duffy's historical work on luminaries before and after the "New Public Health" in the United States), and as important political actors during Brazil's First Republic. In light of the prominent political, policy-oriented, and scientific roles public health professionals played in Brazil, it is interesting to suggest that in large part such prominence resulted from the symbolic impact of the ideologies of sanitary reform on the political agenda of that period of Brazilian history. Where many studies look for personal rivalries and disputes around Chagas and Neiva as public figures, we may also see the importance of finding identity-building processes among public health specialists as an integrated group (e.g., trying to appear as "significant others" for the new generations of medical graduates in the country), regardless of existing rivalries. Cruz and Chagas, especially, were names with great impact in the Brazilian press (pro and con), a circumstance made possible largely by their easy and direct access to the Brazilian presidents Rodrigues Alves and Epitácio Pessoa, and, most clearly, by public health being one of Brazil's political priorities to find a place among the "civilized nations" of the world. A task that further concerns us is the drawing of a few tentative and very crude comparisons between identity-building among the medical and sanitary professionals in Brazil and France.

Herd-boy, court physician, MP, spy: the life of Dr John Hutton of Dumfries.

Dr John Hutton, a graduate of the Universities of Edinburgh and Padua, became the first Treasurer of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1681-82), and Court Physician to King William III and Queen Mary (1688-1702). Later he was involved as a secret agent at the Court of Hanover, and was also MP for Dumfries Burghs (1710-12). He died in London, in November 1712, bequesting to the Presbytery of Dumfries a library of 1,500 volumes, including many medical books, much of which survives in New College Library, Edinburgh. An educational trust, established by Hutton for his native parish of Caerlaverock, continued till 1935.

La gestión de recursos humanos y la construcción de subjetividades en las nuevas condiciones de la economía / Human Resources Management and the Construction of Subjectivities in the New Economy Conditions

Resumen Este documento analiza la Teoría del capital humano y sus consecuencias en la gestión humana, donde cobran relevancia los planteamientos de Foucault y sus análisis de las formas de gobernar a sujetos y poblaciones, que interesan al estudio de las organizaciones. La presente revisión surge de la preocupación por discursos convertidos en mandatos en el mundo empresarial que plantean retos y objetivos a las empresas y las áreas de gestión humana, sin que se visibilicen los aportes críticos surgidos en el ámbito académico que establecen los riesgos de seguir trabajando desde miradas reduccionistas y pragmáticas, donde los sujetos son asumidos como absolutos responsables de sus éxitos, en un ámbito donde pareciera innecesaria la construcción de sentidos de comunidad.

Abstract The present document analyzes the theory of human capital and its consequences in the human management, where Foucault's approaches are relevant and his analysis of forms of governing resulting in new studies of organizations. The inspiration for this article came from the concern that the elevated discussions of chain of command in the business world would incorrectly identify the challenges and objectives for the businesses and for the areas of human management, without considering the suggestions from the academic world that establishes the risks of working only from the pragmatic point of view. From this point, the subjects are assumed as absolute responsibilities of their successes, where in the business world it appears unnecessary to create a sense of community.

Rethinking care through social reproduction: articulating circuits of migration.

Care has come to dominate much feminist research on globalized migrations and the transfer of labor from the South to the North, while the older concept of reproduction had been pushed into the background but is now becoming the subject of debates on the commodification of care in the household and changes in welfare state policies. This article argues that we could achieve a better understanding of the different modalities and trajectories of care in the reproduction of individuals, families, and communities, both of migrant and nonmigrant populations by articulating the diverse circuits of migration, in particular that of labor and the family. In doing this, I go back to the earlier North American writing on racialized minorities and migrants and stratified social reproduction. I also explore insights from current Asian studies of gendered circuits of migration connecting labor and marriage migrations as well as the notion of global householding that highlights the gender politics of social reproduction operating within and beyond households in institutional and welfare architectures. In contrast to Asia, there has relatively been little exploration in European studies of the articulation of labor and family migrations through the lens of social reproduction. However, connecting the different types of migration enables us to achieve a more complex understanding of care trajectories and their contribution to social reproduction.

Sir William Knighton Bt MD GCH LRCP (1776-1836): courtier and confidante--testimony to physicianly virtues?

Sir William Knighton went from general practitioner in Devon to close friend and adviser of King George IV. He contributed remarkably to the stability of the Crown, bringing this dysfunctional King's finances under control and enabling the work of government requiring Royal decision-making to proceed much more effectively than it might otherwise have done. Inevitably he was involved in the making and breaking of ministries but appears to have done so with some reluctance. His detractors appear to have been motivated mainly by envy, fear of loss of patronage and social prejudice. His Royal career echoes physicianly virtues of fidelity to trust, empathy and honesty. He made every effort to keep a low public profile in order to minimize envy and intrusion into his private life. His success in this regard may account for the fact that he is practically unknown today despite a unique career in British medicine.

[In the wake of a legend: the Semmelweis family of Zirc]. / Egy legenda nyomán: a Zirci Semmelweisek.

This short, genealogical article summarized the history of the Semmelweis family, focusing on the Semmelweis living in a small Hungarian town, Zirc. The Semmelweis-ancestors probably came to Hungary from Rhineland (Germany) in the 17th century. Ignác Fülöp, Semmelweis' father moved to Buda in 1806, where he started a small, but flourishing grocery, the "White Elephant" in the building owned today by the Semmelweis Museum of the History of Medicine. Based on archival sources, author supposes that other members of the family had already lived in Buda before Joseph Semmelweis moved there. During the 19th century several members of the Semmelweis family changed their name to "Szemerkényi" which later proved to be a problem for the widow of I. P. Semmelweis, who, when her husband was made a "national hero", could not regain the former name. Today the descendants of the Semmelweis family are living dispersed all over the world (in France, Sweden, Australia, etc.). Some members of the family, e.g. Károly Semmelweis, Ferenc Semmelweis and Ernö Remsey worked also as physicians.