['Does reason drive out tenderness and love?'--debates about women and education in 1898]. / Verdrijft het intellect zachtaardigheid en liefde?--debatten over vrouw en studie in 1898.

In The Netherlands the first female medical student was admitted in 1871, despite formidable public resistance; the issue of higher education for women would remain controversial for several decades to come. In 1898, the coronation year of the 18-year-old Queen Wilhelmina, the subject was discussed in two separate lectures before a women's rights movement in Rotterdam. Speakers were the medical professors H. Treub (gynaecologist, proponent) and C. Winkler (psychiatrist and neurologist, opponent). In that same year the issue was also debated in journal articles. The main questions around which the arguments for and against women of academic standing revolved, were firstly the innate ability of women to reach the very top in any science or art and secondly the necessity to disown innate femininity in the process.

[Public health facilities, international modernization and cooperation. Venezuela's National Nursing School Project, 1936-1950]. / Enfermería de salud pública, modernización y cooperación internacional. El proyecto de la Escuela Nacional de Enfermeras de Venezuela, 1936-1950.

In the end of the 19th century, the Venezuelan public health system was in the hands of religious women who ran the public health facilities. A new educational model would produce professional nurses who came to raise the standards of their occupation. Undoubtedly, this objective could not be properly met due to the candidates' low educational level and the need of a health service that searched for more economical means to face its demands with trained personnel but without real educational improvements. Another hindrance was the resistance of traditional medicine, which prevented a view of health as a whole, which comprehends social and preventive aspects. It was rather difficult for the founders of nursing schools to make public health facilities develop health orientation.

[A heroine for the Resistance: Anne-Mary, Jeanne Menut at Riom (1914-1944)]. / Une héroïne de la résistance: Anne-Mary, Jeanne Menut pharmacien à Riom (1914-1944).

Anne-Mary Lafaye was born on may 16th 1914 just before world war I. Her parents were teachers and helped her to go up one step of the social scale; in 1939 she became a pharmacist. Quite an ordinary life, but another world war came. She married Max Menut, early resistant worker, and she was more and more involved, providing the maquis with bandages and medicines. She had made the choice of her values, and time of abnegation came. She had to hide her identity under the name of Marinette. She sold her pharmacy in Riom, she entrusted her daughter to her mother's care, and she had to take care of wounded fighters. Rapidly she was denounced, arrested, tortured and savagely executed.

La mujer y el cuidado de la vida. Comprensión histórica y perspectivas de futuro / The woman and the care of life. Historical understanding and future perspectives

La mujer ha establecido una especial relación con el cuidado de la vida más vulnerable durante toda la historia de la humanidad hasta nuestros días. Siempre ha habido y hay, aunque en proporciones muy desigualmente repartidas, mujeres dedicadas al cuidado profesional y también al cuidado no remunerado domiciliario de las personas enfermas, ancianas, con alguna discapacidad, de los niños. En este estudio se ha llevado a cabo una constatación histórica y actual de esta realidad, marcando sus rasgos más característicos y significativos. Y, a partir de ahí, intenta responder a las cuestiones clave que surgen: las causas que han motivado este hecho, sus consecuencias sociales y, finalmente, las más importantes implicaciones de futuro para todos, hombres y mujeres que, tarde o temprano, seremos tanto cuidadores como necesitados de los cuidados en nuestra enfermedad

Over the ages of humanity, women has established a special relationship life care ́s with the most vulnerable. Women dedicated to the professional care have always existed, also to the unpaid home care of the sick, elderly, with some disability, and children. This study has been carried out a historical and current verification of this question, marking its most characteristic and significant features. From that perspective, we tried to answer these key questions: causes that have motivated this fact, its social consequences and, finally, the most important future implications for all, men and women that, surely, we will be caregivers and strapped for care in our illness

Women and the practice and teaching of medicine in Bologna in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

When Bologna's political and intellectual elites had control over the university and associated institutions during the eighteenth century, a few women were allowed to participate in medical fields not typically associated with their gender. Laura Bassi could occasionally teach and debate on anatomy at the university, and the practical anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini could make contributions to the research and teaching of anatomy. With the arrival of the French in Bologna in 1796, the control of the university and associated institutions passed from the local elite to the Ministry of Public Instruction in Milan. This article shows that a few women were awarded degrees in medicine, surgery, and pharmacy from the University of Bologna when the French were in control-however, these women, unlike Bassi and Morandi, were directed to fields deemed appropriate to their gender, such as the training of midwives, or apothecary practice within female institutions.

A "lamentable failure"? The founding of Nightingale nursing in Australia, 1868-1884.

Florence Nightingale's private assessment was that Lucy Osburn failed in her attempt to found Nightingale nursing in Australia. This assessment is directly at odds with those of historians who have unquestioningly accepted Osburn's success. An alternative narrative of the founding of Nightingale nursing in Australia is provided through examining why Nightingale thought Osburn failed. The judgment of failure had little to do with nursing practice or care. Nightingale's judgment was based on the personal characteristics she expected of the Nightingale nurse and her fear of public exposure of problems at the Nightingale School of Nursing at St Thomas's Hospital.

Papel de la mujer cubana como enfermera en las guerras de independencia / Main role of the cuban woman as a nurse in our independence wars

El siguiente trabajo demuestra de forma clara y sencilla el papel desarrollado por la mujer cubana en labores de enfermería en nuestras guerras de independencia, evidenciado a través de algunas de las principales figuras. Las mujeres mambisas a riesgo de sus propias vidas prestaron de forma abnegada la asistencia médica sanitaria, cuidaron y alimentaron a los heridos y enfermos en los hospitales de sangre, brindando consuelo y prodigando cuidados esmerados a los bravos combatientes de la patria, desafiando toda clase de peligros, con entereza y gallardía imponderables. Se utilizaron algunas fuentes bibliográficas que abordaron este tema (AU)

In the following paper we show in a precise and simple way the role that played by the cuban woman in nursery during our independence wars, using some examples of the main figures. The cuban women took a risk to offer medical assistance, they fed and took care of the ones who were sick or wounded in the blood hospitals, the also gave hopes and cares to the brave soldiers or our nation, facing all kind of problems with strength of character and bravery. There were used some bibliographic sources that undertook this topic (AU)

Papel de la mujer cubana como enfermera en las guerras de independencia / Main role of the cuban woman as a nurse in our independence wars

El siguiente trabajo demuestra de forma clara y sencilla el papel desarrollado por la mujer cubana en labores de enfermería en nuestras guerras de independencia, evidenciado a través de algunas de las principales figuras. Las mujeres mambisas a riesgo de sus propias vidas prestaron de forma abnegada la asistencia médica sanitaria, cuidaron y alimentaron a los heridos y enfermos en los hospitales de sangre, brindando consuelo y prodigando cuidados esmerados a los bravos combatientes de la patria, desafiando toda clase de peligros, con entereza y gallardía imponderables. Se utilizaron algunas fuentes bibliográficas que abordaron este tema.

In the following paper we show in a precise and simple way the role that played by the cuban woman in nursery during our independence wars, using some examples of the main figures. The cuban women took a risk to offer medical assistance, they fed and took care of the ones who were sick or wounded in the blood hospitals, the also gave hopes and cares to the brave soldiers or our nation, facing all kind of problems with strength of character and bravery. There were used some bibliographic sources that undertook this topic.

Enfermeras matronas: Guerra Civil Española “La historia sin contar” / Midwifery: Spanish Civil War. “The untold history”

Aunque sobre la Guerra Civil Española existen muchas publicaciones, el tema sanitario ha sido relativamente poco estudiado, si bien hay buenos trabajos donde se pone de manifiesto el protagonismo de las mujeres, en esa época, en el campo de la salud. La complejidad de esta empresa es grande, dado que el análisis hay que realizarlo por partida doble: por un lado, en la llamada España Nacional y, por otro, en la España Republicana. La Guerra Civil supuso para las mujeres un momento de movilización y participación activa a travucción de la historia de las enfermés de diversas organizaciones femeninas, por lo que la constreras y matronas en esa coyuntura histórica se sitúa en una parte de la historia de las mujeres y, en cierta manera, la historia de las mujeres está todavía sin terminar de escribir (AU)

Although many publications have been written on the Spanish Civil War, the health issue has been the subject of relatively little study. Nonetheless, there are good jobs which highlight the role of women at that time in the field of health. The complexity of this venture is great, since the analysis must be two-fold: on the one hand, the so-called National Spainand, secondly, the Republican Spain. The Civil War represented for women a time of mobilization and active participation through several women organizations and therefore the construction of the history of nurses and midwives in this historical juncture is a part of the history of women and in some ways, the writing of the history of women is yet to be finished (AU)