Verina Morton Jones, MD.

The purpose of this historical article is to demonstrate, as the biography of Verina Morton Jones, MD, is uncovered, the difficulties inherent in researching original source material on the lives of 19th- and early 20th-century African American physicians as well as the great benefits derived from doing this research. The procedures used include basic archival research and close examination of published materials about her in the past, in conjunction with oral history. Original correspondence from Dr Morton Jones to her niece and nephew is used to illustrate events in her life and the thoughts and attitudes she expressed. Some of these thoughts and attitudes reflect those current situations in which African Americans found themselves, and others are quite unique, no doubt owing to her privileged position in the African American community. The principle conclusions reached include the great benefits derived from doing this kind of research, as difficult and time-consuming as that may be, with the enhanced knowledge and appreciation of the heritage of African American physicians, and insights into American social history during this period.

Expanding Opportunities for American Descendants of Slavery to Build a More Inclusive and Diverse Global Health Workforce.

Historically, the terms African American and Black have been used interchangeably to describe any person with African ancestry living in the United States. However, Black Americans are not a monolith, and legitimate differences exist between those with generational roots in the United States and either African or Caribbean immigrants. American descendants of slavery (ADOS) are underrepresented in many fields, but I have noticed during my decades long career in global health that they are acutely absent in this field. Here, I offer seven recommendations to improve recruitment, retention, and advancement of ADOS in the global health field. Immediate implementation of these recommendations will not only bring diverse perspectives and immense capacity to the field but also allow ADOS an opportunity to engage in compelling and meaningful work and to collaborate with those from their ancestral homelands.

A historical overview of African American veterinarians in the United States, 1889- 2000.

The annals of veterinary medical history rarely mention the presence of African American veterinarians and other minorities. Between 1889 and 1948, records show, a meager 70 African Americans graduated from veterinary schools in the United States and Canada. It was not until the veterinary school at Tuskegee (Institute) University was established in 1945 that a significant increase in the number of African American veterinarians occurred in the United States, and over the ensuing years their participation in every facet of the profession has been striking. Their employment in various areas of the profession and their successful performance in the workforce have done much to dispel stereotypical perceptions about minorities. Despite demographic data indicating that the United States is moving rapidly toward a multicultural society, recruitment programs to increase the number of African American students and faculty at the 27 US veterinary colleges have not kept pace with the declared goals of ethnic diversity. If the needs of a changing culture are to be met, veterinary medical education must look toward more ethnic inclusion in the student body and faculty. To that end, the Iverson C. Bell Symposium has consistently advocated the adoption of new and creative methods for increasing minority student enrollment and expanding faculty opportunities in the nation's veterinary colleges.

Cultura dos cuidados afro-brasileiros: barbeiro-sangrador do Brasil imperial e legado para enfermagem / Cultura de los cuidados afrobrasileña: barbero sangrador del Brasil imperial y el legado para la enfermería / The culture of afro-brazilian care: barber-bleeder of imperial Brazil and the legacy for the nursing profession

Objetivo: Descrever, analiticamente, e comentar as práticas de cuidado do barbeiro-sangrador, na diáspora Brasil imperial, como elementos para a construção dos saberes no campo da saúde. Método: Pesquisa na abordagem da história cultural com ênfase na trajetória dos povos negros. Descrição e análise realizaram-se no livro "História Geral da Medicina Brasileira", relacionando-o com as obras de Debret, sobre os cuidados exercidos por negros. Resultados: Foram encontradas descrições do ofício do barbeiro-sangrador, quando relatado na execução do cuidado, mais o instrumental que utilizava e qual era sua posição diante da sociedade. Por Debret localizaram-se três aquarelas de práticas dos barbeiro-sangradores. Conclusão: Revelou-se a existência de um legado cultural afrodescendente no âmbito do cuidado, mesmo diante da querela do saber popular e científico. Porém, o saber popular esteve e está presente na prática e quiçá nas dobras dos cuidados prestados atualmente

Objetivo: Describir analíticamente y hacer comentarios sobre las prácticas de atención barbero-sangrador en Brasil en la diáspora imperial, como elementos para la construcción del conocimiento en el campo de la salud. Método: Investigación con el enfoque en la historia cultural y la historia de la población negra. La descripción y análisis del libro "Historia General de Medicina de Brasil", relacionándola con las obras de Debret, en el cuidado ejercido por los negros. Resultados: Se encontraron las descripciones de artesanía del barbeiro, cuando se dio la implementación de la atención, más el instrumental que utilizaba y cuál era su posición en la sociedad. Además las acuarelas de Debret. Conclusión: Se demostró la ascendencia africana de la existencia del legado cultural en el cuidado, incluso en el conocimiento popular y científico. Sin embargo, el conocimiento popular en la práctica, están tal vez en los pliegues del cuidado actual

Objective: The study's goal has been to analytically describe the barber-bleeder care practices over the Brazilian imperial diaspora period, and also to provide insight about the topic aiming to produce elements for the knowledge building process in the health field. Methods: It is a research on the cultural history approach and the trajectory of black people. The description and analysis were made in the book "Historia Geral da Medicina Brasileira" (Brazilian Medicine General History) by relating it to Debret's work on the care done by the black people. Results: Descriptions of the barber-bleeder work have been found when reported in the care execution, plus the used tools and what was its position before the society. By Debret, three aquarelles were located about the barber-bleeders practices. Conclusion: It was revealed the existence of an African descendant cultural legacy in the care scope, even in the face of the quarrel of popular and scientific knowledge. Nonetheless, popular knowledge has been present, and still does, in the modern care practice

El cuerpo del esclavo en el pensamiento médico del siglo XIX en Brasil / The body of the slaves in the medical thought of the XIX century in Brasil

Este estudio está vinculado al trabajo desarrollado en la Casa de Oswaldo Cruz que ha buscado reunir fuentes e investigaciones que otorguen la debida visibilidad de la salud del esclavo en la historia de la esclavitud. Además de realizar tal síntesis historiográfica, el objetivo principal ha sido analizar el pensamiento médico en torno a la esclavitud, a partir de las tesis médicas definidas en la Facultad de Medicina de Río de Janeiro y de Bahía y de los periódicos médicos, que eligieron temáticas relacionadas a la esclavitud y a la enfermedad asociada al tráfico negrero, así como también analizar las propuestas de tratamiento de la mano de obra esclava, presentes en los munuales dirigidos a los propietarios de esclavos. Se pretende verificar, a partir de estas fuentes, cuáles son las interpretaciones relacionadas al cuerpo, a la salud y la enfermerdad de la población esclava.(AU)

El cuerpo del esclavo en el pensamiento médico del siglo XIX en Brasil / The body of the slaves in the medical thought of the XIX century in Brasil

Este estudio está vinculado al trabajo desarrollado en la Casa de Oswaldo Cruz que ha buscado reunir fuentes e investigaciones que otorguen la debida visibilidad de la salud del esclavo en la historia de la esclavitud. Además de realizar tal síntesis historiográfica, el objetivo principal ha sido analizar el pensamiento médico en torno a la esclavitud, a partir de las tesis médicas definidas en la Facultad de Medicina de Río de Janeiro y de Bahía y de los periódicos médicos, que eligieron temáticas relacionadas a la esclavitud y a la enfermedad asociada al tráfico negrero, así como también analizar las propuestas de tratamiento de la mano de obra esclava, presentes en los munuales dirigidos a los propietarios de esclavos. Se pretende verificar, a partir de estas fuentes, cuáles son las interpretaciones relacionadas al cuerpo, a la salud y la enfermerdad de la población esclava.