"Nurses and health professionals facing female genital mutilation: a qualitative study ".

BACKGROUND: Transnational migratory movements make Spain a country with a very diverse population, including women and girls from countries where Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is practiced. Given this reality, we set out to carry out a qualitative study to identify the knowledge, attitudes and skills of health professionals regarding FGM. METHOD: Qualitative study with a content analysis approach. Forty-seven health professionals with the profiles of Nursing, Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Midwifery and Gynecology and Obstetrics were purposively selected. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus groups. The qualitative content analysis approach was used for data analysis. The study was conducted in the years 2019 and 2022. RESULTS: Although most professionals are aware of the current legislation on FGM in Spain, only a few of them are aware of the existence of the FGM prevention protocol in Castilla-La Mancha. This lack of knowledge together with the perception that FGM belongs to the private sphere of women, contributes to the loss of opportunities to identify and prevent FGM. CONCLUSION: Health professionals' training, especially midwives and pediatricians, is essential to the identification and action against Female Genital Mutilation.

Educating to sexuality care: the nurse educator's experience in a multicenter study.

Background: Sexuality is an issue inherent in the lives of all human beings. Education for Sexuality takes place informally, through relationships with the environment, with the family as a model, and formally, as a pedagogical practice in Teaching. Education for sexuality is recognized as an instrument of social transformation that leads to changes in behaviors and norms related to sexuality. Objectives: Knowing the perception of nursing professors about sexuality education in professional training, recognizing attitudes of these professors in relation to sexual education and identifying barriers in education for sexuality. Methods: Exploratory and descriptive study, using qualitative methodology. Data collection was carried out from semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Results: The interviewees consider sexuality education to be very important, being taught in the nursing course, addressing different themes. In general, they reported feeling comfortable teaching these topics. The identified barriers to the level of education students are in, students' knowledge and reactions to the topic, religious and cultural issues, and the time available to talk about the topic and professional aspects. Conclusion: Sexuality is a fundamental theme in nursing education and needs to be further explored to overcome the barriers associated with its approach.

A Multicentric Pilot Study of Student Nurse Attitudes and Beliefs toward Sexual Healthcare.

Nurse educators are tasked with the education of students to become providers of holistic care, and part of that care includes sexuality. Students carry attitudes and beliefs that influence their behavior; therefore, students who carry negative attitudes about sexual healthcare are less likely to provide that care. This is an international, multicenter study of nursing students' attitudes and beliefs about the provision of sexual healthcare. The Sexuality Attitudes and Beliefs Survey, which measures attitudes toward the provision of sexual healthcare and has a range of scores from 12 to 72, was given to 129 students across Spain, Portugal, Italy and the United States and revealed negative attitudes about sexuality, with a mean SABS score of 39.95. Higher scores on the SABS reveal more negative attitudes and reduced likelihood of provision of sexual healthcare. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing queer and heterosexual students (41.69 vs. 38.06), and students in their final year of school held more negative attitudes toward the provision of sexual healthcare (41.4 vs. 39.5 and 39.2). This study shows that nurse educators continue to need to focus on the attitudes student nurses carry about sexuality. There is a critical shortage of education strategies to meet the needs of student nurses so that they will be comfortable and confident in providing sexual healthcare.

Queens and Wet Nurses: Indispensable Women in the Dynasty of the Sun King (1540-1580).

In Spain, the wet nurse had a prominent place in the Court of Philip II (1540-1580), suckling princes. The aim of this review is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the infants, who were children of Philip II (16th century). A scoping review is presented, studying documents on wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy. The dialectical structural model of care (DSMC) is applied, and three thematic blocks are used to make up the historical-cultural model. Books, chapters and databases were analysed from Cuiden, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January-September 2021. These wet nurses were treated as ladies, as they came from wealthy families related to royalty. The services of wet nurses from neighbouring localities to the court were used. They had to be of good appearance and in excellent health. They were hired because of the need for survival of the infants, children of Philip II. The functions of the four wives of Philip II were relegated to reproduction, childcare, family and monarchical duties. They used empirical medicine in the form of prescriptions for beauty, hygiene and feminine care. The wet nurses were the driving force that promoted the health of babies through breastfeeding.

Female Genital Mutilation: Knowledge and Skills of Health Professionals.

BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is any process that injures female genitals for non-medical reasons and is a violation of women's human rights. An important number of women from countries where FGM is performed are arriving to Western countries. Health professionals are important for detecting cases of FGM. No surveys to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices on FGM among healthcare professionals has been conducted in Castilla la Mancha (Spain) until now. METHODS: The main goal of the study is assessing knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of healthcare professionals in relation to FGM. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted based on self-administered online surveys to nurses, midwives, family doctors, pediatricians, obstetrics and gynecologists. RESULTS: In total, 1168 professionals answered the surveys. Just 13.9% indicated that they had received training in FGM, however just 10.7% correctly identified the three types of FGM, 10.7% the countries where it is usually practiced, 33.9% knew the legislation in Spain and only 4.4% found a case of FGM during their professional practice. Regarding the knowledge about protocols, 8.64% of the sample indicated to know one of them. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrate that it is necessary to improve the training and awareness of healthcare professionals related to FGM in Castilla la Mancha.

Enfermeiros em Portugal no tempo de Nightingale / Nurses in Portugal at Nightingale time / Enfermeros en Portugal en tiempos de Nightingale

Resumo Contexto: No século XIX assistimos à modernização hospitalar, à afirmação da ciência médica, e ao desenvolvimento exponencial da atividade dos enfermeiros. Objetivo: Contribuir para o conhecimento dos enfermeiros, em Portugal, no século de Nightingale. Metodologia: Histórica com análise e explicação de um passado acedido através do exame das suas marcas e da sua representação mental. Considerando não uma simples narrativa, mas uma descrição, tanto quanto possível explicativa. Resultados: Transformação ao longo de todo o século, da atividade dos enfermeiros, visível no espaço conquistado nas estruturas hospitalares, na criação do ensino, num movimento lento em direção à plena profissionalização. Conclusão: No século de Nightingale, um contínuo de profissionalização e disciplinar dos saberes, que está na origem da enfermagem como profissão e disciplina de conhecimento.

Abstract Context: In the 19th century, we witnessed hospital modernization, the affirmation of medical science, and the exponential development of nurses' activities. Objective: To know the activity of nurses in the Nightingale century. Methodology: Historical with analysis and explanation of a past accessed through the examination of its marks and mental representation. Considering not a simple narrative, but a description, as much as possible explanatory. Results: Transformation throughout the century, of the activity of nurses, visible in the space conquered in hospital structures, in the creation of teaching, in a slow movement towards full professionalization. Conclusion: In the Nightingale century, a continuation of professionalization and disciplinary knowledge, which is the origin of nursing as a profession and knowledge discipline.

Resumen Contexto: En el siglo XIX se asiste a la modernización hospitalaria, la afirmación de la ciencia médica y el desarrollo exponencial de la actividad enfermera. Objetivo: Conocer la actividad de las enfermeras en el siglo Nightingale. Metodología: Histórica con análisis y explicación de un pasado al que se accede mediante el examen de sus marcas y representación mental. No se considera una simple narración, sino una descripción lo más explicativa posible. Resultados: A lo largo del siglo se produjo una transformación de la actividad enfermera, visible en el espacio de las estructuras hospitalarias, la creación de la docencia y en un lento movimiento hacia la plena profesionalización. Conclusión: En el siglo de Nightingale, se inicia una continua profesionalización y disciplina de saberes, que es el origen de la enfermería como profesión y disciplina del conocimiento.

Enfermeiros em Portugal no tempo de Nightingale / Nurses in Portugal at Nightingale time / Enfermeros en Portugal en tiempos de Nightingale

Resumo Contexto: No século XIX assistimos à modernização hospitalar, à afirmação da ciência médica, e ao desenvolvimento exponencial da atividade dos enfermeiros. Objetivo: Contribuir para o conhecimento dos enfermeiros, em Portugal, no século de Nightingale. Metodologia: Histórica com análise e explicação de um passado acedido através do exame das suas marcas e da sua representação mental. Considerando não uma simples narrativa, mas uma descrição, tanto quanto possível explicativa. Resultados: Transformação ao longo de todo o século, da atividade dos enfermeiros, visível no espaço conquistado nas estruturas hospitalares, na criação do ensino, num movimento lento em direção à plena profissionalização. Conclusão: No século de Nightingale, um contínuo de profissionalização e disciplinar dos saberes, que está na origem da enfermagem como profissão e disciplina de conhecimento.

Abstract Context: In the 19th century, we witnessed hospital modernization, the affirmation of medical science, and the exponential development of nurses' activities. Objective: To know the activity of nurses in the Nightingale century. Methodology: Historical with analysis and explanation of a past accessed through the examination of its marks and mental representation. Considering not a simple narrative, but a description, as much as possible explanatory. Results: Transformation throughout the century, of the activity of nurses, visible in the space conquered in hospital structures, in the creation of teaching, in a slow movement towards full professionalization. Conclusion: In the Nightingale century, a continuation of professionalization and disciplinary knowledge, which is the origin of nursing as a profession and knowledge discipline.

Resumen Contexto: En el siglo XIX se asiste a la modernización hospitalaria, la afirmación de la ciencia médica y el desarrollo exponencial de la actividad enfermera. Objetivo: Conocer la actividad de las enfermeras en el siglo Nightingale. Metodología: Histórica con análisis y explicación de un pasado al que se accede mediante el examen de sus marcas y representación mental. No se considera una simple narración, sino una descripción lo más explicativa posible. Resultados: A lo largo del siglo se produjo una transformación de la actividad enfermera, visible en el espacio de las estructuras hospitalarias, la creación de la docencia y en un lento movimiento hacia la plena profesionalización. Conclusión: En el siglo de Nightingale, se inicia una continua profesionalización y disciplina de saberes, que es el origen de la enfermería como profesión y disciplina del conocimiento.

Enfermería durante la guerra civil española y su posguerra (1936-1949): olvido e inhabilitación / Nursing during the Spanish Civil War and its post-war period (1936-1949): forgetting and disabling / Enfermagem durante a Guerra Civil Espanhola e seu período pós-guerra (1936-1949): esquecendo e incapacitando

Marco contextual: El modelo de salud en la Segunda República española (1931-1939) y las prácticas asistenciales desarrolladas por el personal enfermero transformaron las condiciones sanitarias del país. Sin embargo, durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939), los cuidados sociosanitarios fueron desiguales. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia sanitaria durante la Guerra Civil y la posguerra española. Metodología: Investigación histórico-descriptiva, relacionada con la sanidad durante la guerra civil española y la posguerra. Recopilación de información: documentos enfermeros; análisis: periódicos, libros, leyes. Se realizó un análisis interpretativo por fechas y acontecimientos del periodo de estudio. Resultados: Entre 1939 y 1949, las leyes promulgadas revisaron el trabajo realizado por los sanitarios, lo que llevó a la represión y eliminación de funcionaros sanitarios ajenos a las ideas políticas imperantes, y supuso un proceso de purificación y descalificación. Conclusión: El Gobierno de la Segunda República española atribuyó importancia a la higiene en el ámbito sanitario y doméstico. Llegada la Guerra Civil, España sufrió carencias de cuidados sanitarios a nivel civil y militar. Durante la posguerra, la identidad de parte de la enfermería fue omitida y olvidada.

Background: The health model during the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) and the care practices developed by the nursing staff transformed the health conditions of the country. During the civil war (1936-1939), social and health care was unequal. Objective: Analyse the influence of health care during and after the Spanish Civil War. Methodology: Historical-descriptive research related to health care during the Civil War. Compilation of information: nursing documents, newspapers, books, laws. Interpretative analysis by dates and events of the period of study. Results: Between 1939 and 1949, the laws enacted revised the work carried out by the health workers, leading to the repression and elimination of the health workers who were alien to the prevailing political ideas, which meant a process of purification. Conclusion: The government of the Second Republic attributed importance to hygiene in the sanitary and domestic field. After the Civil War, Spain suffered from a lack of health care at both civil and military levels. During the post-war the identity of part of the nursing profession was forgotten.

Enquadramento: O modelo de saúde durante a Segunda República Espanhola (1931-1939) e as práticas assistenciais desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros transformaram as condições de saúde do país.Durante a Guerra Civil (1936-1939), a assistência social e sanitária foi desigual. Objetivo: Analisar a influência dos cuidados de saúde durante a Guerra Civil Espanhola e período pós-guerra. Metodologia: Investigação histórico-descritiva sobre os cuidados de saúde durante a Guerra Civil. Compilação de informação: documentos de enfermagem, jornais, livros, leis. Análise interpretativa por datas e eventos do período em estudo. Resultados: Entre 1939 y 1949, as leis promulgadas reviram o trabalho realizado pelos trabalhadores da saúde, levando à repressão e eliminação de muitos que eram alheios às idéias políticas predominantes, o que implicava um processo de purificação e desqualificação. Conclusão: O Governo da Segunda República atribuiu importância à higiene no campo sanitário e doméstico. Após a Guerra Civil, a Espanha sofreu com a falta de cuidados de saúde. Durante o período pós-guerra, a identidade de parte da profissão de enfermagem foi omitida e esquecida.

Regulación de la Enfermería Española: incorporación a la profesión sanitaria (1850-1950) / Regulation of Spanish Nursing: incorporation into the health profession (1850-1950) / Regulation of Spanish Nursing: incorporation into the health profession (1850-1950)

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Conocer la evolución de la formación académica de la enfermería española (1850-1950), describiendo los cambios que la transformaron en profesión sanitaria. MÉTODO Investigación histórica en la modalidad exploratoria-descriptiva, con análisis e interpretación de información obtenida en bases de datos electrónicas, archivos nacionales, provinciales y municipales, Boletines Oficiales y Bibliotecas. RESULTADOS En 1850 coexistían diferentes categorías sanitarias, sin embargo, el título de enfermera no surgió hasta 1915. Con el auge que alcanzó la Salud Comunitaria durante esa época, en 1924, se funda la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, creándose en 1932 las especialidades de Enfermero Psiquiátrico, Enfermeras Pediátricas y Enfermeras Visitadoras. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Entre 1915 y 1950 los profesionales de enfermería poseían formación universitaria, por tanto, a través del conocimiento científico estos sanitarios adquirieron una identidad propia dentro de las profesiones de la salud. Se logró proporcionar una asistencia especializada para el cuidado de personas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To know the evolution of the academic formation of the Spanish infirmary (1850-1950), describing the changes that transformed it into sanitary profession. METHOD Historical research in the exploratory-descriptive modality, with analysis and interpretation of information obtained from electronic databases, national, provincial and municipal archives, official gazettes and libraries. RESULTS In 1850 different health categories coexisted, however, the title of nurse did not emerge until 1915. With the boom that Community Health reached during that time, in 1924, the National School of Health was founded, creating in 1932 the specialties of Psychiatric Nurse, Pediatric Nurse and Visiting Nurse of Mental Hygiene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Between 1915 and 1950 all nursing professionals had university training, therefore, through scientific knowledge these health professionals acquired their own identity within the health professions and they were able to provide specialized assistance for the care of people.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To know the evolution of the academic formation of the Spanish infirmary (1850-1950), describing the changes that transformed it into sanitary profession. METHOD Historical research in the exploratory-descriptive modality, with analysis and interpretation of information obtained from electronic databases, national, provincial and municipal archives, official gazettes and libraries. RESULTS In 1850 different health categories coexisted, however, the title of nurse did not emerge until 1915. With the boom that Community Health reached during that time, in 1924, the National School of Health was founded, creating in 1932 the specialties of Psychiatric Nurse, Pediatric Nurse and Visiting Nurse of Mental Hygiene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Between 1915 and 1950 all nursing professionals had university training, therefore, through scientific knowledge these health professionals acquired their own identity within the health professions and they were able to provide specialized assistance for the care of people.

Enfermeiros e escolas de enfermagem nos anuários da Universidade de Coimbra, de 1866 a 1956 / Nurses and nursing schools in the yearbooks of the University of Coimbra, from 1866 to 1956 / Enfermeros y escuelas de enfermería en los anuarios de la Universidad de Coímbra, de 1866 a 1956

Contexto: O final do século XIX e o início do século XX é um período de profundas transformações nas instituições de assistência e nos seus profissionais. Objetivo: Conhecer este período da história da enfermagem em Portugal. Analisar os anuários da Universidade de Coimbra, considerando-os como fonte primária. Metodologia: Análise descritiva histórica de 73 anuários, com levantamento de fontes e construção de síntese descritiva e interpretativa. Resultados: Verificámos a concentração de material nos anos 1896 a 1927. A análise, sintetizou 4 tópicos: 1) nomes e funções dos enfermeiros; 2) os enfermeiros, no decreto de reforma dos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, em 1911, o quadro e os vencimentos em 1915-16; 3) enfermeiros hípicos e militares em 1915-16 e 1917-18; 4) a escola de enfermagem de 1919-20 a 1926-27 e os professores universitários. Conclusão: Encontrámos 104 nomes de enfermeiros, com funções definidas, considerados pessoal auxiliar e não pessoal clínico. O enfermeiro chefe surge com destaque. Aparece a escola de enfermagem dos hospitais da universidade, com a identificação dos professores universitários regentes.

Background: The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century combine a period of profound transformations in care institutions and their professionals. Objective: To know this period of nursing history in Portugal, analyze the yearbooks of the University of Coimbra, considering them as the primary source. Methodology: Descriptive historical analysis of 73 yearbooks, with a survey of sources and construction of descriptive and interpretative synthesis. Results: The available material was centered on the years 1896 to 1927. The analysis synthesized 4 topics: 1) names and functions of nurses; 2) nurses, in the decree of the reform of the Hospitals of the University of Coimbra, in 1911, the staff and salaries in 1915-16; 3) equine veterinary nurses and military nurses in 1915-16 and 1917-18; 4) the nursing school from 1919-20 to 1926-27 and university professors. Conclusion: We found 104 names with defined functions, considered as auxiliary staff and non-clinical personnel. The head nurse comes out prominently. The nursing school of the university hospitals appears, with the identification of the university head teachers.

Contexto: El final del siglo XIX y el comienzo del siglo XX es un período de profundas transformaciones en las instituciones de asistencia y en sus profesionales. Objetivo: Conocer este período de la historia de la enfermería en Portugal. Analizar los anuarios de la Universidad de Coímbra, considerándolos como una fuente primaria. Metodología: Análisis descriptivo histórico de 73 anuarios, con estudio de las fuentes y construcción de síntesis descriptivas e interpretativas. Resultados: Comprobamos la concentración de material de los años comprendidos entre 1896 y 1927. El análisis resumió 4 temas: 1) nombres y funciones de los enfermeros; 2) los enfermeros en el decreto de reforma de los Hospitales Universitarios de Coímbra en 1911, el equipo y los sueldos en 1915-16; 3) los enfermeros ecuestres y militares en 1915-16 y 1917-18; 4) la escuela de enfermería de 1919-20 a 1926-27 y los profesores universitarios. Conclusión: Encontramos 104 nombres de enfermeros, con funciones definidas, considerados personal auxiliar y no personal clínico. El enfermero jefe aparece destacado. Aparece la escuela de enfermería de los hospitales universitarios, con la identificación de los profesores universitarios a cargo.

Enfermagem nos diários das sessões das câmaras do reino de Portugal, entre 1900 e 1910 / Nursing in the logbooks of sessions of the Houses of the Portuguese monarchy, between 1900 and 1910 / Enfermería en los diarios de las sesiones de las cámaras del Reino de Portugal entre 1900 y 1910

Enquadramento: Os primeiros 10 anos do século XX, em Portugal, corresponderam à última da década da monarquia. Um período política e socialmente conturbado, num grande espaço continental e ultramarino, em que após a criação das primeiras escolas de enfermagem, na década de 80 do século XIX, é expetável encontrarem-se sinais do lento processo de profissionalização da enfermagem. Objetivo: Analisar as referências a enfermeiros e enfermagem na Câmara dos Pares e dos Senhores Deputados, de 1900 a 1910. Metodologia: Pesquisa histórica nos diários das sessões, com levantamento, análise e interpretação de fontes. Resultados: Identificados quatro blocos temáticos: A enfermagem na marinha, no exército, serviços de saúde colonial e a escola prática de enfermeiros navais; A questão religiosa na assistência; controlo de epidemias; o fundo dos alienados, alienados criminosos, o incisivo discurso de José de Almeida. Conclusão: Profissionalização da enfermagem mais avançada no setor militar que no civil. A assistência a alienados, o controlo das epidemias e a questão religiosa motivam referências a enfermeiros em ambas as câmaras.

Background: The first 10 years of the 20th century in Portugal corresponded to the last decade of the monarchy. A period of political and social turmoil, across a great continental and overseas space, where after the creation of the first nursing schools, in the 1880s, signs of the slow process of professionalization of nursing are expectedly found. Objective: To analyze the references to nurses and nursing in the House of Lords and House of Commons, from 1900 to 1910. Methodology: Historical research in the logbooks of sessions, with the survey, analysis, and interpretation of sources. Results: Four thematic blocks were identified: naval nursing, military nursing, colonial health services, and naval nurses practice school; religion in healthcare; control of epidemics; the fund for the alienated, alienated criminals, the incisive speech by José de Almeida. Conclusion: Professionalized nursing was more advanced in the military sector than in the civil sector. Healthcare delivery to the alienated, control of epidemics, and religious inspire references to nurses in both Houses.

Marco contextual: Los primeros 10 años del siglo XX en Portugal correspondieron a la última década de la monarquía. Se trata de un período política y socialmente problemático, en un gran espacio continental y de ultramar, en el que, tras la creación de las primeras escuelas de enfermería en los años 80, cabe esperar signos del lento proceso de profesionalización de la enfermería. Objetivo: Analizar las referencias a los enfermeros y a la enfermería en la Cámara de los Diputados, de 1900 a 1910. Metodología: Investigación histórica en los diarios de las sesiones, con recopilación de información, análisis e interpretación de las fuentes. Resultados: Se identificaron cuatro bloques temáticos: La enfermería en la marina, el ejército, los servicios coloniales de salud y la escuela práctica de enfermería naval; el tema religioso en la asistencia; el control de epidemias; el trasfondo de los enajenados y criminales enajenados, el discurso incisivo de José de Almeida. Conclusión: Profesionalización de la enfermería más avanzada en el sector militar que en el civil. La asistencia a los enajenados, el control de las epidemias y el tema religioso son el motivo de las referencias a los enfermeros en ambas cámaras.