Challenges facing the More Doctors program (Programa Mais Médicos) in vulnerable and peri-urban areas in Greater Brasilia, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: A shortage of physicians, especially in vulnerable and peri-urban areas, is a global phenomenon that has serious implications for health systems, demanding policies to assure the provision and retention of health workers. The aim of this study was to analyze the strategies employed by the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos) to provide primary care physicians in vulnerable and peri-urban parts of Greater Brasilia. METHODS: The study used a qualitative approach based on the precepts of social constructivism. Forty-nine semi-structured interviews were conducted: 24 with physicians employed as part of the More Doctors program, five with program medical supervisors, seven with secondary care physicians, twelve with primary care coordinators, and one federal administrator. The interviews occurred between March and September 2019. The transcripts of the interviews were submitted to thematic content analysis. RESULTS: The partnership between the Ministry of Health and local authorities was essential for the provision of doctors-especially foreign doctors, most from Cuba, to assist vulnerable population groups previously without access to the health system. There was a notable presence of doctors with experience working with socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, which was important for gaining a better understanding of the effects of the endemic urban violence in the region. The incentives and other institutional support, such as enhanced salaries, training, and housing, transportation, and food allowances, were factors that helped provide a satisfactory working environment. However, the poor state of the infrastructure at some of the primary care units and limitations of the health service as a whole were factors that hampered the provision of comprehensive care, constituting a cause of dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: More Doctors introduced a range of novel strategies that helped ensure a supply of primary care doctors in vulnerable and peri-urban parts of Greater Brasilia. The inclusion of foreign doctors, most from Cuba, was crucial for the success of the health services provided for the local communities, who subsist in violent and socioeconomically deprived urban areas. However, it became clear that barriers from within the health service itself hampered the physicians' capacity to provide a satisfactory service. As such, what is needed for primary care to be effective is not just the recruitment, training, and deployment of doctors, but also investment in the organization of the whole health system.

Brazil's more doctors programme and infant health outcomes: a longitudinal analysis.

BACKGROUND: Providing sufficient numbers of human resources for health is essential for effective and accessible health services. Between 2013 and 2018, the Brazilian Ministry of Health implemented the Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) (More Doctors Programme) to increase the supply of primary care doctors in underserved areas of the country. This study investigated the association between PMM and infant health outcomes and assessed if heterogeneity in the impact of PMM varied by municipal socio-economic factors and health indicators. METHODS: An ecological longitudinal (panel) study design was employed to analyse data from 5565 Brazilian municipalities over a 12-year period between 2007 and 2018. A differences-in-differences approach was implemented using longitudinal fixed effect regression models to compare infant health outcomes in municipalities receiving a PMM doctor with those that did not receive a PMM doctor. The impact of PMM was assessed on aggregate and in municipality subgroups. RESULTS: On aggregate, the PMM was not significantly associated with changes in infant or neonatal mortality, but the PMM was associated with reductions in infant mortality rate (IMR) (of - 0.21; 95% CI: - 0.38, - 0.03) in municipalities with highest IMR prior to the programme's implementation (where (IMR) > 25.2 infant deaths per 1000 live births). The PMM was also associated with an increase in the proportion of expectant mothers receiving seven or more prenatal care visits but only in municipalities with a lower IMR at baseline and high density of non-PMM doctors and community health workers before the PMM. CONCLUSIONS: The PMM was associated with reduced infant mortality in municipalities with the highest infant mortality rate prior to the programme. This suggests effectiveness of the PMM was limited only to the areas of greatest need. New programmes to improve the equitable provision of human resources for health should employ comprehensive targeting approaches balancing health needs and socio-economic factors to maximize effectiveness.

Perceptions about the "Mais Médicos" Program and the Academic Supervision Process / Percepções acerca do Programa Mais Médicos e do Processo de Supervisão Acadêmica

Abstract: Introduction: This study aims to analyze the perceptions of the involved actors about the "Mais Médicos" Program (PMM) and the academic supervision process, its strengths and weaknesses aiming to improve Primary Heath Care practices. Method: Qualitative study carried out through 05 in-depth interviews with PMM supervising doctors, and 24 interviews with unit managers, 12 Primary Heath Care coordinators, and 07 Secondary Health Care doctors. Results: Three thematic axes emerged from de analysis: benefits of the program for the municipalities and for the population; the challenges of the supervisory process and the difficulties of the fragmented health system. Conclusions: The actors' perception of the "Mais Médicos" Program are positive, especially because it brought doctors to municipalities with vulnerable areas, where doctors did not go to and where they did not stay. Supervision is an important support for continuing in-service training; however, it requires a better articulation with the different levels of the health system management. The precariousness of the service network limits the performance of both doctors and supervisors, demonstrating that it is necessary to invest in a solid and effective care network. Moreover, it was once again evident that the population will face a shortage of doctors due to changes in health policies. It is necessary to build more comprehensive policies, that will not only result in sporadic provision of medical care. There is a need for continuous actions, better integrated to the healthcare networks, aiming at an efficient and effective healthcare system.

Resumo: Introdução: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as percepções dos atores envolvidos acerca do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) e do processo de supervisão acadêmica, as suas fragilidades e pontencialidades para a melhoria das práticas na atenção primária à saúde. Método: Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, realizado por meio de cinco entrevistas em profundidade com médicos supervisores do PMM, analisados com auxílio do software Iramuteq, e 24 entrevistas com gestores de unidades, 12 coordenadores da atenção básica e sete médicos da atenção secundária, que foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Da análise surgiram três eixos temáticos: benefícios do programa para os municípios e a população, os desafios do processo de supervisão e as dificuldades do sistema de saúde fragmentado. Conclusões: As percepções dos atores acerca do PMM são positivas, sobretudo porque o programa levou médicos para os municípios com áreas vulneráveis. Antes do PMM, os médicos não tinham interesse em deslocar-se para essas áreas e, quando o faziam, não permaneciam muito tempo nesses locais. A supervisão é importante apoio de formação continuada em serviço, contudo requer que seja mais bem articulada com os diversos níveis de gestão do sistema de saúde. A precariedade da rede de serviços limita a atuação tanto dos médicos como da supervisão, demonstrando que é preciso investir em uma rede de atenção sólida e eficaz. Ademais, ficou evidente que, mais uma vez, a população enfrentará a falta de médicos por causa das mudanças nas políticas de saúde que não priorizam a garantia do acesso universal aos serviços de saúde. É necessária a construção de políticas mais abrangentes que não se limitem ao provimento esporádico de médicos. É imprescindível que haja ações contínuas e mais bem integradas às redes de atenção, visando a um sistema de saúde eficiente e eficaz.