The pathologist Philipp Schwartz (1894-1977) : From Nazi victim to initiator of the "Emergency Society of German Scholars Abroad".

Without a doubt, Frankfurt Pathologist Philipp Schwartz is one of the most iconic scholars in recent medical history. As the son of Jewish parents, he was forced to emigrate after Hitler seized power in 1933. Despite this repressive experience, he succeeded in founding the "Notgemeinschaft deutscher Wissenschaftler im Ausland" ("Emergency Association of German Scientists Abroad") in 1933, with which he helped hundreds of forcibly emigrated university teachers find academic positions. In addition, he had a decisive influence on the reform of the higher education system in Turkey, rendered outstanding achievements in neuropathology, and attained leading positions as a scientist in the exile countries Turkey and the USA.However, as successful as the pathologist's scientific career in exile may have been, his relationship with Germany remained problematic throughout his life. Against this background, this article focuses on the reception of Philipp Schwartz in the different political systems of Germany - from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich, and from post-war Germany to the recent past in the Federal Republic. This study is essentially based on primary sources from the University Archive of Frankfurt.Schwartz had a promising career in the Weimar Republic. In the aftermath of Hitler's takeover (1933) he was deprived of any perspectives in Germany and fled to Switzerland in the spring of 1933. His achievements as a full professor in Istanbul and as initiator of the Notgemeinschaft are remarkable in both scientific and political regards. Still, he was denied employment at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Until well after his death (1977), Philipp Schwartz's life and work received little attention in Germany. It was only after the turn of the millennium that he received the recognition he was denied during his lifetime.

[The pathologist Philipp Schwartz (1894-1977) : From Nazi victim to initiator of the "Emergency Society of German Scholars Abroad". German version]. / Der Pathologe Philipp Schwartz (1894­1977) : Vom NS-Opfer zum Initiator der "Notgemeinschaft deutscher Wissenschaftler im Ausland".

Without a doubt, Frankfurt Pathologist Philipp Schwartz is one of the most iconic scholars in recent medical history. As the son of Jewish parents, he was forced to emigrate after Hitler seized power in 1933. Despite this repressive experience, he succeeded in founding the "Notgemeinschaft deutscher Wissenschaftler im Ausland" ("Emergency Association of German Scientists Abroad") in 1933, with which he helped hundreds of forcibly emigrated university teachers find academic positions. In addition, he had a decisive influence on the reform of the higher education system in Turkey, rendered outstanding achievements in neuropathology, and attained leading positions as a scientist in the exile countries Turkey and the USA.However, as successful as the pathologist's scientific career in exile may have been, his relationship with Germany remained problematic throughout his life. Against this background, this article focuses on the reception of Philipp Schwartz in the different political systems of Germany - from the Weimar Republic to the Third Reich, and from post-war Germany to the recent past in the Federal Republic. This study is essentially based on primary sources from the University Archive of Frankfurt.Schwartz had a promising career in the Weimar Republic. In the aftermath of Hitler's takeover (1933) he was deprived of any perspectives in Germany and fled to Switzerland in the spring of 1933. His achievements as a full professor in Istanbul and as initiator of the Notgemeinschaft are remarkable in both scientific and political regards. Still, he was denied employment at the Goethe University Frankfurt. Until well after his death (1977), Philipp Schwartz's life and work received little attention in Germany. It was only after the turn of the millennium that he received the recognition he was denied during his lifetime.

[The double exclusion of the pathologist and Nazi victim Paul Kimmelstiel (1900-1970). German version]. / Die doppelte Ausgrenzung des Pathologen und NS-Opfers Paul Kimmelstiel (1900­1970).

The Hamburg pathologist Paul Kimmelstiel (1900-1970) gave his name to diabetic glomerulosclerosis (Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome) and thus conquered a place in the history of medicine. Far less known, however, is the fact that Kimmelstiel was one of the Jewish victims of the Third Reich. He was dismissed in 1933, saw himself forced to emigrate in 1934, and fought for "rehabilitation" ("Wiedergutmachung") after 1945.The present article focuses on Kimmelstiel's role as a politically persecuted and disenfranchised Jew.It examines (1) the background to his dismissal and forced emigration, (2) the question of "compensation" for his deprivation in postwar Germany, but also (3) the interactions between this racially motivated exclusion and biographical uprooting on one hand and the subsequent, highly remarkable international career development on the other.The study is based on previously unknown archival sources and on a reanalysis of the relevant research literature.This paper concludes that Kimmelstiel's emigration took place under traumatic circumstances. More astonishing is the fact that he quickly developed into a highly respected and famous exile scientist. However, the political and professional treatment of Kimmelstiel in post-war Germany was much less favorable. His efforts for rehabilitation were only partially successful, taking a long time and requiring considerable efforts. Only laying a Stolperstein monument in front of the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf in 2014 marked a provisional, conciliatory conclusion in dealing with the victim Paul Kimmelstiel.