RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Clinical nurses are susceptible to compassion fatigue when exposed to various types of traumatic events in patients for extended periods of time. However, the developmental process, staging, and psychological responses distinct to each stage of compassion fatigue in nurses are not fully clarified. This study aimed to explore the processes of compassion fatigue and the psychological experiences specific to each phase of compassion fatigue among clinical nurses. METHODS: Charmaz's Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology was used in this qualitative research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 clinical nurses with varying degrees of compassion fatigue from December 2020 to January 2021. Interview data were analyzed using grounded theory processes. RESULTS: The data were categorized into five separate categories and 22 sub-categories. This study found that the process of compassion fatigue is dynamic and cumulative, which was classified into five phases: compassion experience period, compassion decrement period, compassion discomfort period, compassion distress period, and compassion fatigue period. CONCLUSION: Clinical nurses who experience compassion fatigue may go through five stages that are stage-specific and predictable. The findings can shed light on local and global applications to better understand the problem of nurses' compassion fatigue. The interventions for addressing compassion fatigue in clinical nurses should be stage-specific, targeted, and individualized.
RESUMO
There were two phases for the recognition and treatment of hypochondriac pain before the Ming Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty being their demarcation line. Before the Song Dynasty, hypochondriac pain was regarded generally as a concomitant symptom, generally attributed to pathogen of coldness, and the materia medica with the warm nature were always used for the treatment. This recognition was related with the traditional idea paying attention predominantly to the yang of the yin-yang theory. Since the Song Dynasty, especially the Jin-Yuan Period, the hypochondriac pain was regarded gradually as an independent symptom. Physicians got more and more recognition about its causes and pathogenesis. The treatment was changed from dispelling cold to activating qi, and the idea of treatment based on syndrome differentiation on hypochondriac pain was finally established, reflecting the influence of spirit of medical innovation during the Jin-Yuan Period on the recognition of disease.
RESUMO
UNLABELLED: BACKGROUNDPURPOSE: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem and can cause severe liver disease. The public has little understanding of hepatitis C. Therefore, a survey was performed to investigate the awareness of nonspecialists in China of hepatitis C. METHODS: A questionnaire on hepatitis C was publicized on the medical community site DXY.cn from April 15 to July 15, 2009. The questionnaire included ten questions and covered the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis C. RESULTS: About 1362 physicians from various regions, hospitals, and departments in China took part in the survey. Eleven percent mistakenly believed that the disease was not transmitted from mother to infant, by sharing a needle or syringe, by sharing a razor or toothbrush, or by having sex with a partner with HCV infection. Sixty-two percent did not regard anti-HCV antibody detection as a routine procedure for hospitals. Forty-four percent of respondents indicated that they would not advise a patient who tested positive for anti-HCV antibody to consult a specialist. Seventy-one percent thought that hepatitis C was incurable or had a very low cure rate. Nearly 50% thought that there were no effective treatments for hepatitis C. CONCLUSION: Chinese nonspecialists have a little understanding of hepatitis C, which may have a negative effect on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C.