Self-selection and intermunicipal migration in Canada.

"This paper investigates individual intermunicipal migration behaviour in Canada within the context of a human capital model that adjusts for the migrant's selectivity in computing expected income gains. In addition to the typical regional determinants of migration, housing and labour market characteristics are found to influence intermunicipal migration significantly, the effects differing with age. Structural coefficients remained more or less stable during the decade 1971-1981. It is shown that the failure to adjust income gains for selectivity bias results in an underestimation of the migration-impacts of income gains and municipal-specific factors."

Utilising dais to impart health and nutrition education: impact on growth.

PIP: To evaluate the effectiveness of using local dais to provide health and nutrition education to mothers, the weights of infants in an intervention area in the Uttar Pradesh district of Saharanpur were compared to those of infants in a nonintervention control group in the same district. The average weights of infants in the area where trained dais were utilized were significantly higher than those in the nonintervention area in the age groups 4-6 months and 7-9 months; mean weights did not differ significantly in the 0-3 month age group or at 9-12 months. Deviations in relation to age were least at 3 months. Overall, the intervention program was effective in bringing weights closer to all-India standards. Favorable changes were noted in the intervention area in terms of supplementary feedings, use of katori in milk feeding, and the lower incidence of infantile diarrhea. The mean weights of infants in this study were less than 80% of the 50th percentile of Harvard standards, suggesting widespread malnutrition in this area of India. It is hypothesized that after 9 months of age, the more effective functioning of health services, including broader immunization coverage, in the nonintervention area overrode the advantages conveyed by the dais' health education efforts in the study area.^ieng

Management of childhood illness in Africa. Early evaluations show promising results.

PIP: This article reports the positive evaluation results of the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for the last 3 years of operation in 28 countries in Africa. The strategy aimed to improve case management skills of health workers through training with locally adapted guidelines such as the use of clinical algorithms to detect the most common causes of childhood illnesses. In addition, the strategy was designed to improve the health system of the region, including the provision of essential drugs. A final component of the program seeks to optimize family and community practices in relation to child health, particularly care seeking behavior. Overall, the benefits include more rational drug use, increased attendance, improved provider morale, and improved perceptions of quality of care by mothers. Although its initial effects are rather small, it should be recognized that the proper implementation of IMCI should contribute to a steady reduction in childhood mortality in Africa.^ieng

Immigration and the earnings of youth in the U.S..

"This article reports findings that have emerged from an effort made at statistically measuring the effects of immigration on the earnings of U.S.-born youth. The presence of immigrants arriving before 1965 has a positive impact on youth earnings. Recently arrived immigrants impact negatively, however. These results are consistent with recent findings that the skill level of immigrants arriving within the last two decades is lower relative to that of immigrants arriving earlier. The results also show that the negative effects diminish as the youth ages, reflecting skill acquisition and job mobility of the young worker into jobs less vulnerable to competition from immigrant workers."

Structural changes in the receiving country and future labor migration--the case of Kuwait.

PIP: This article describes changes in the volume, age and sex composition, retention, productivity, types of occupation, and economic sector of the labor force in Kuwait. The focus is on the structural changes in the indigenous labor force. Data were obtained from censuses and labor force surveys during 1965-93. Policies after the 1990 invasion pertained primarily to security of public employment sector among natives. Over 98% of private sector employment is among non-Kuwaitis. Government programs support high fertility. Female illiteracy has declined, and the proportion of women with a higher education has increased. Natives comprised 20.4% of the total labor force in 1993. About 90% of native males work in the public sector. 45% of total male employment is in the production sector. Around 50% of non-Kuwaiti males have been employed in production work over the decades. Over 90% of Kuwaiti females in 1993 worked in professional or clerical work. Over 50% of total female labor force participation is in the service sector. Concentration in the public sector increased for Kuwaitis and declined for non-Kuwaitis. Labor force participation declined with increasing age. Retirement benefits encouraged early retirement. The private sector is experiencing the departure of long-term migrants and more rapid turnover of labor. Hours of work are longer in the private sector. Kuwait is still dependent on foreign workers in the production and service industries. It is likely that native male workers will replace foreign workers in professional work and administrative/clerical work. Policies that will assure future reliance on imported labor include the assurance of government jobs for Kuwaitis, retirement rules, and the profitability of the trade in labor.^ieng

An interpretation of the effects of age on migration: Nordic migrants' choice of settlement in Sweden.

A model of the relationship between age and migration is developed and applied to data concerning migrants from other Scandinavian countries who settled in Sweden between 1968 and 1985. The author shows "how changes in Sweden's domestic economic conditions and distance determine the probability for settlement in any of its 24 provinces for migrants of different ages. The results show that in the integrated Nordic labor market, wages at destination do not explain differences in migrants' settlement behavior across ages. Instead they suggest that the major factors to explain the differences are the labor market situation for the different age groups and distance."

Aging of the population in Japan and its implications to the other Asian countries.

"The speed at which Japan's population is aging is mainly a result of its rapid economic development, which is common to many other East Asian countries. Two aspects of the aging of the population are an increasing share of the elderly and a declining labor force. The larger the number of elderly, the more the transfer of income between generations, and the fiscal burden rises. The shrinking workforce will lower the economic growth directly, and indirectly through the falling saving ratio. However, the negative impacts from aging can largely be offset by stimulating participation of older persons in the labor force."

[Immigrants from across the border in Tandil: Chileans and Bolivians in the 1990s]. / Inmigracion limitrofe en Tandil: Chilenos y Bolivianos en los anos noventa.

PIP: "This article deals with [the] settlement of immigrants from Chile and Bolivia in a town in the province of Buenos Aires [Argentina], far away from the borders and from the metropolitan area. Although underrepresented when compared with the overall percentage of immigrants from those two countries in Argentina, the interest of this case lies in the possibility of understanding settlement of new immigrants in dynamic areas of the country. Chilean immigrants live in Tandil in greater number than Bolivian immigrants, but are also older. Though a certain mobility is not unknown, they usually hold low skilled jobs and are only by exception granted social security and medical insurance." (EXCERPT)^ieng

An analysis of the basic population structure of Shanghai Municipality.

PIP: This paper analyzes the changes in Shanghai's population structure over the last 30 years in the 4 aspects of age structure, sex composition, urban and rural composition, and labor and employment structure. In 1953 those of the 0 to 6 age group accounted for 21.2% of the total population; in 1957 the group represented a proportion of 24.6%. Since the 1960s, especially after the 1970s, the family planning program gradually took effect, and the birthrate of the entire municipality fell drastically. The number of school-age children in 1979 was 1 1/2 times more than the same age group in 1953; there should be no worry that population control may result in a shortage of manpower to meet the needs of the work force and the armed forces either toward the end of this century or at the beginning of the next. The economy in China is underdeveloped, production and technology remain at a low level, average wages for employees are low, and for a long time the low living standard of the people has shown little sign of improvement. The problem is mainly manifest in the following areas: 1) distribution of the work force in heavy and light industries is not sufficiently rational, 2) the distribution of the work force between captial construction and transport and communications on the 1 hand and the national economy on the other is out of proportion, 3) the distribution of the work force between commerce, service trades, and public utilities on the 1 hand and the national economy on the other is disproportionated, and 4) the distribution of the work force between undertakings of culture, education, scientific research, health, and medical care on the 1 hand and economic construction on the other is improper. How to control population growth and adjust parts of the population structure to suit the national economic development poses a problem that calls for further in-depth study and analysis to resolve it step by step.^ieng

Effects of low fertility rates on need for physician manpower.

PIP: Some concern has been expressed recently about the effects of declining fertility rates on future needs for physician manpower. Nevertheless, given present low fertility rates, there will be an increase in population size. Also, there will be a gradual aging of the population over the next 60 years. Both of these trends should result in increased demands for medical services if other factors remain constant. The independent effect of the changing age distribution on demand for hospital services will be even greater than its effect on demand for physician outpatient services. The need is likely to be greatest for family physicians, geriatric specialists, and for physicians willing to practice in rural areas. Factors which might invalidate the projections tabulated include decreased "demand" for physicians' services because of better preventive care, improved education and referral for existing public health services, better transportation facilities, and greater proximity to services afforded by increased urbanization. Yet all of these factors, with the exception of the first, should operate to increase demand, and therefore the projected increases in physician manpower needs presented in this article probably should be regarded as minimum estimates.^ieng

[On the growing importance of the demographic characteristics of the employed population]. / O vozrastayushchei roli ucheta demograficheskikh kharakteristik zanyatogo naseleniya.

"Demographic and socio-professional characteristics of some age and sex groups of [the] employed population of the Ukraine are considered. A conclusion is made that it is necessary to take into account labour activity...as a main productive force...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Changes in the age structure of the labor force by occupation in Quebec, 1981-1986]. / Changements dans la structure par age de la population active selon la profession au Quebec, 1981-1986.

The author examines trends in the age structure and size of the labor force in Quebec, Canada, for the period 1981-1986. "Using simulations, the author shows that the occupational structure of workers as a whole is less influenced by the decrease in the number of young workers...than by occupational changes observed among young workers." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Analysis of the income of the elderly in China.

PIP: Income levels among the elderly in China are analyzed. The sources of their income are described and the reasons for their generally low level of income are discussed. Ways to resolve the resulting problems are considered, including utilization of the healthy elderly in the labor force.^ieng

[Work after age 55: recent trends and forecast elements]. / L'activite apres 55 ans: evolutions recentes et elements de prospective.

Labor force participation in France of those aged over 55 years is analyzed in this article. "The drop in the participation rate in later years is a longterm trend found in most developed countries. It is a common method for reducing working hours over an entire life cycle and has been made possible by the growth in productivity and the development of pension schemes. However, the phenomenon grew in the mid-1970s, especially in France, due to the growth in early retirement and end-of-career unemployment and also the lowering of the legal retirement age. The participation rate in France is now very low after sixty and is one of the lowest in Europe for the 55-to-59-year-old age bracket." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND GER AND SPA)

Pakistan: FPAP projects reflect integrated approach.

PIP: The Family Planning Association of Pakistan has conducted a number of projects reflecting the government's integrated approach to family planning. The youth project aims at alerting young people to the need for family planning. A full-scale feasibility scan was conducted prior to implementation of the project to determine the best way to reach people. Volunteers were recruited among college students. The project's strategy for 1979 included organization of a youth leadership national workshop and oratorical contest on the topic, "Whatever your cause, it is a lost cause without population planning." Other FPAP projects include a group of "better living projects" which aim to educate young mothers in child care and family nutrition. Projects in the organized sector include a program at the Pakistan Mint, where a motivation center and clinic are set up. Training projects concentrate on fieldworkers and traditional birth attendants (dais). A 3-day course for dais includes reorientation on septic deliveries, child care, maternity care, and record keeping. In the cities, FPAP has a network of multipurpose centers in slum areas, where adult education and income generating activities are integrated with family planning.^ieng

Women's labour force participation and socioeconomic development: the case of Peninsular Malaysia, 1957-1970.

PIP: Changes in labor force participation of Malay, Chinese and Indian women in the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors in Peninsular Malaysia, based on the 1957 and 1970 censuses, are analyzed. Brief discussions of the relation between economic development and female labor force participation, the socioeconomic development and ethnic composition of Malaysia, and past research on women's labor force participation in Peninsular Malaysia provide background for the analysis. The overall participation rate of women aged 15 to 64 rose from 31% in 1957 to 37% in 1970, with most of the increase among younger women. Participation rates rose for Malay women at all ages, dropped sharply for Indian women at all ages, and rose for Chinese women below age 40 but declined thereafter. Trends in Chinese female labor force activity seem to fit the developmental model most closely; Malay employment in agriculture among middle-aged women probably appeared to increase due to underestimation in the 1957 census; and Indian participation declined due to a sharp curtailment of the entire plantation labor force. Cross sectional analysis using the 1970 2% census sample demonstrates that rural residence, low educational level, and married status are associated with employment in the traditional and modern agricultural sectors. Higher educational attainment, urban residence, and delayed marriage are associated with employment in the modern non-agricultural sector. Chinese women had higher proportions in the modern sector.^ieng

[Systematic approaches to the demographic analysis of local settlement systems]. / Metodicheskie podkhody k demograficheskomu analizu lokal'nykh sistem rasseleniya.

PIP: Scientific approaches to the study of internal migration patterns are discussed. Consideration is given to the age and sex structure and labor force characteristics of migrating populations. Data are for 1988 for Vinnitsa oblast, Ukraine. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng

[[The change of the population age structure and employment]].

PIP: The age structure of the population and its impact on employment in China is studied. The author notes that the demographic transition has occurred rapidly and that changes in the age structure have created employment problems in various regions of the country. Data are from official Chinese sources. The impact of changes in the age structure on employment over the next 30 years is considered.^ieng

[The effect of population trends upon labor force flexibility]. / A nepesseg es a munkaero-allomany osszetetele

PIP: The effects of changes in the sex and age distribution of the population on the labor force in Hungary are considered. The author first notes that population growth and the more intense economic activity of younger people had a favorable impact on the structure of the labor force up to the 1970s. However, trends from the 1970s to the end of this century are likely to have negative effects on the labor force. The regional differences in the effect of population decrease and in the decline in the proportion of younger workers are analyzed.^ieng

Preliminary analysis on China's employed population.

PIP: This paper makes a preliminary analysis of the employment status, economic structure, age-sex structure, educational, and scientific status of the employed, as well as the characteristics of China's national minorities. China is most abundant in manpower resources, with a working-age population accounting for 61.49% of the total population. The working age limit set by China is 16-60 for males and 16-55 for females, which amounts to 87.51% of the labor resources. It is of great importance to study the age-specific employment by sex; this can show different proportions in employment for different labor force ages. 6 conclusions are drawn; 1) China leads the world in its enormous scale and high proportion of employed population; 2) there are, on the one hand, job-awaiting people--77% of which are young people 15-19 years of age, and on the other hand, over-aged employed people; 3) the economic structure of the Chinese economy is predominantly agricultural; 4) the employed population has a young age structure; 5) both the female employment and the sex structure of the employed population show that great improvement has been made for the Chinese women in their political, economical, and family status, but there still exists a big disparity when compared with men; and 6) the educational level of the employed population is universally low, with an illiteracy rate as high as 28.26%. In order to improve the educational and scientific level of the employed population, various kinds of educational undertakings must be run well.^ieng