[Vladimir Nikititch Vinogradov (1882-1964): the leader of Soviet therapists].

The article reconstructs and describes, considering as a background the social political events that took place in the USSR during 1930s-1950s, the scientific biography and input into clinical medicine of professor V. N. Vinogradov (1882-1964), the prominent Soviet therapist, the Hero of Socialist Labor, the USSR State Prize winner (posthumously), the holder of five Orders of Lenin, the Honored Man of Science, the Head of the Chairs of Faculty Therapy of the I. V. Stalin Second Moscow State Medical Institute (1935-1942) and the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical (1943-1964), the full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The facts of participation of V. N. Vinogradov in the political trials on "The case of the Trotskyst block" (1938, on the side of the prosecution) and on "The case of physicians" (1952-1953, as the accused one) are presented. The issues of existence of the scientific clinical school of V. N. Vinogradov (in a sense, the united school of V. N. Vinogradov-V. G. Popov can be considered) and the phenomenon of leadership of V. N. Vinogradov among the therapeutic elite of the USSR are discussed. This phenomenon consists in dedication to the cause he served and in consecutive implementation of the priority directions of the clinic of internal diseases, developed by the teams of the departments and clinics headed by him in different years.

Changes in the structure of employment and entry into the work force.

PIP: Trends in employment structure and labor force participation from 1970 to the present in the USSR are examined. Separate consideration is given to annual average number of workers by occupation, percent distribution of workers among occupations, regional differences, education, socioeconomic factors, and the effects of scientific and technological advances on occupations and the labor force. Data are from official and other published sources.^ieng

[Pendulum migration and the balance of labor resources of the middle town (the example of Belaya Tserkov)]. / Mayatnikovaya migratsiya i balans trudovykh resursov srednego goroda (na primere Beloi Tserkvi).

The authors discuss methods of improving the use of labor resources in mid-sized towns in the USSR. "A procedure and results of the investigation of the pendulum migration in the town of Belaya Tserkov are described." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Demographic policy in the light of the resolutions of the Twenty-sixth Congress of the Communist Party]. / Demograficheskaya politika v svete reshenii XXVI s"ezda KPSS

PIP: The USSR is moving from extensive to intensive type of population reproduction, not because of any governmental measures but as a reaction to objective circumstances. At present there is a reduction in the population cohort of working age. This has an adverse effect on production. And the number of the elderly is increasing; we must involve them more in the production process, in monitoring the service sphere, for instance. The infant mortality rate has declined sharply in the USSR, especially since World War II. The birthrate has also dropped, but it is still higher than in the US, France, or West Germany. Some authorities think that this (the ZPG) is a good idea, but this author thinks it is a bad idea, meaning a drop in society's productive forces. We need an active demographic policy, meaning one which ensures optimal reproduction of the population with an improvement in its health, culture, and living standard. The policy must be differentiated, as conditions vary from one part of the country to another. An example is the 1981 decree on assistance to families with children which provides for payments of 35-50 rubles/month to mothers who must stay home to look after children. The number of children per family to ensure reproduction must be 2.6 on the average. In the Central Asian republics family sizes of 4-5 children are anticipated, but in the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic republics the anticipated size of families is rather low. Measures must be taken to alter this by providing assistance to families with children.^ieng

[Demographic aspects of labor migration among shift workers]. / Demograficheskie aspekty vakhtovogo metoda osvoeniya prirodnykh resursov.

PIP: The author explores the socio-demographic factors affecting labor migration among hourly workers in factory districts in the former Soviet Union. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng

[A demo-economic analysis of changes in population structure in the Ukrainian SSR according to means of livelihood]. / Demoekonomicheskii analiz izmeneniya struktury naseleniya Ukrainskoi SSR po istochnikam sredstv sushchestvovaniya.

PIP: The author presents a demographic-economic analysis of changes in the population structure in the Ukrainian SSR, according to income and means of livelihood. (SUMMARY IN ENG)^ieng

Union republic migration trends in the USSR during the 1980s.

"This article examines union republic migration trends in the USSR between 1979 and 1987 and prospects for indigenous out-migration from rural areas in Central Asia. The study is based on migration data derived by the residual technique and migration data from the 1985 microcensus. Results indicate that a south-to-north and probably Russian-dominated migration trend emerged in the 1980s, one which marks an almost complete reversal from earlier periods, especially 1959-70. Although Central Asia continues to have low levels of indigenous out-migration, labor surpluses and relatively waning capital investment in Central Asia may change this situation."

Geographical mobility of manpower in the USSR.

"The Soviet Union is experiencing a substantial reduction in the growth of its working-age population, accompanied by a shift in the distributional pattern of population growth, with the largest increases occurring in regions where geographical mobility is low. After describing the types and scales of manpower migration in the USSR, the [authors discuss] the means used to encourage workers to move to the sparsely populated developing regions and away from large cities. This is achieved primarily through incentives, with wage differentials decreasing in importance compared with incentives bearing on the quality of life; restrictive measures have a purely corrective function."

Urban growth in Siberia and the Soviet Far East: multiplier effects of Japanese-supplied plants.

PIP: The author analyzes changes in population growth rates and in the structure of the labor force in Soviet cities where Japanese-supplied industrial plants are located. Data for cities of over 50,000 inhabitants were obtained from available Soviet statistical sources; operations research techniques were then used to yield information at the city level^ieng

[Changes in population distribution in the USSR, 1970-1981]. / Osnovnye izmeneniya v razmeshchenii naseleniya SSSR za 1970-1981 gg..

PIP: Regional differences in population distribution in the USSR and their consequences are reviewed. The author notes that the European part of the USSR has a diminishing natural resource base and more than two-thirds of the country's population, but still has problems finding a large enough labor force. The eastern region is rich in natural resources but short of population. The southern region has a rapidly growing population, but one that is reluctant to migrate to other regions, and the limited natural resources of the region are causing problems in developing suitable employment opportunities to meet the demand.^ieng

Demographic waves and labor resources.

PIP: The author examines the causes, nature, and socioeconomic consequences of medium-term fluctuations in the sizes of age groups in the Soviet Union, with particular attention to the impact on the dynamics of the nation's labor resources. Developments since World War I are outlined, and projections through the end of the twentieth century are summarized. Changes over time in the age distribution of a small population in a Kama River community are used as an example.^ieng

Outmigration, economic dislocation, and reassessment of the labor resource in the Russian far north.

PIP: Location in Russia's economic space plays a major role in the development paths taken by its diverse regions. For example, certain regions on the former Union's periphery may eventually prosper as a result of evolving transborder economic ties. Other peripheries of Russia may well languish. This paper examines what economic transition could mean for one of these latter regions, Kraynyy Sever, the Far North. Kraynyy Sever was an administrative construct during the Soviet period used to delineate an area in which wage increments and costs of living bonuses were applied as part of a program to recruit workers for tours of northern service. These incentives were paid to attract workers to this extremely cold area. The region stretches from the Kola Peninsula in the northwest, across the Nenets okrug and Komi republic, then broadens in Siberia and the Far East to encompass everything north of the 60th parallel. There is a subregion along its southern margin, known as Regions Equivalent to the Far North, in which slightly lower increments and bonuses were paid. There is now an unjustifiably large population in the region and net out-migration appears likely, definitely from areas failing to boast mineral development of world significance.^ieng

Regulations, 30 January 1987.

Regulations adopted by the All-Union Women's Committee give recently established women's councils greater scope to initiate legislation and provide that laws and statutory instruments affecting women's interests cannot be discussed without their participation. The Councils are also to play an active role in representing the interests of the female workforce at the enterprise level through participation in formulating and monitoring collective agreements, planning the allocation of resources on the social and day-to-day needs of the staff, and supervising the work of medical, pre-school and educational institutions, commercial and public catering enterprises, and day-to-day services.

Current scientific and practical problems in restricting the growth of large cities in the USSR.

PIP: Current problems involved in restricting the growth of large cities in the USSR are examined using the example of Moscow and its suburban areas. Government policies concerning urbanization and the distribution of the labor force throughout the country are discussed. The use of various types of incentives to regulate the economy and the labor force is suggested.^ieng

Northern settlement family-style: labor planning and population policy in Noril'sk.

PIP: This paper reviews labor planning and population policies in Noril'sk, a mining and metallurgical settlement in northern Siberia. When the settlement was established in 1935, planners were lacking in ideas about how to recruit workers to staff the mines and smelters and how to retain the labor force once it was in place. From 1935-79, planners followed a forced labor policy dependent upon the labor of prisoners. However, this solution was not adequate for meeting the manpower needs of an economy undergoing rapid technological sophistication. Northern wage increments were introduced after 1945 to recruit skilled workers from other regions. These increments built up over a 4-year period to a maximum of 80% of base pay. A special cost of living bonus was also awarded. Although these inducements facilitated labor recruitment, labor retention remained a major problem. Surveys indicated that workers would prefer improvements in housing and social services to further wage increases. Thus, policy was directed at the housing shortages, poor medical care, and inadequate child care facilities in Noril'sk. Such improvements facilitated labor retention but also contributed to overpopulation. The population doubled between 1956-80, exceeding 180,000 in the latter year. In the early 1980s, selective measures toward population control were implemented to ensure maintenance of living standards (e.g., encouragement of older workers to leave the area upon retirement, more careful screening of recruits). The goal is to stabilize city size at around 250,000. The Noril'sk case illustrates that quality of life investments can alleviate labor retention problems even in the harshest physical environments. Recent policies have advocated productivity-enriching technologies that do not require increments in the labor force.^ieng

A study of labor resources in northeast Asia.

"This paper will discuss questions such as the tapping, utilization and rational distribution (international migration) of labor resources that have already begun and will continue to expand in the regional economic and technological cooperation of Northeast Asia.... In the broad sense, Northeast Asia refers to the Soviet Far Eastern Economic Division and the Siberian Economic Division; the Northeast, North, and Northwest of China; Mongolia; Korea, South Korea and Japan; its area being 17.5 million square kilometers, or 40% of the Asian land area. Its population is 580 million, or 20% of the total population of Asia."