The American Medical Association's Section on Surgery: The Beginnings of the Organization, Professionalization, and Specialization of Surgery in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the founding of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery in 1859 and how it represented, on a national basis, the beginnings of organized surgery and the formal start of the professionalization and specialization of surgery in the United States. BACKGROUND: The broad social process of organization, professionalization, and specialization that began for various disciplines in America in the mid-19th century was a reaction to emerging economic, political, and scientific influences including industrialization, urbanization, and technology. For surgeons or, at least, those men who performed surgical operations, the efforts toward group organization provided a means to promote their skills and restrict competition. METHODS: An analysis of the published literature, and unpublished documents relating to the creation of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery. RESULTS: During the 1850s and through the 1870s, a time when surgery was still not considered a separate branch of medicine, the organization of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery provided the much needed encouragement to surgeons in their quest for professional and specialty recognition. CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of the American Medical Association's Section on Surgery in 1859 helped shape the nationwide future of the craft, in particular, surgery's rise as a specialty and profession.

Mexican surgery in 20th century.

It is a remembrance about the main surgeons who have made that surgery have reached levels of excellence in Mexico, which worked mainly during the 1st half of the 20th century, although some of them are out of this period, the surgical specialties in which they stood out, as well as in which institutions they worked, and some of the surgical techniques recommended by them. Some great doctors who were their students are mentioned.

Se hace un recuerdo de los principales cirujanos que han hecho que la cirugía en México haya alcanzado niveles de excelencia, que trabajaron principalmente en la primera mitad del siglo XX (aunque algunos de ellos se salgan de este periodo), las especialidades quirúrgicas en que destacaron, así como en qué instituciones trabajaron, y algunas de las técnicas quirúrgicas preconizadas por ellos. Se mencionan algunos grandes médicos que fueron sus alumnos.

CAPS at 50: Now comfortably seated with the grownups.

The Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgeons was established 50 years ago, with 30 founding members. Since then, the CAPS membership has grown nearly 10-fold and has developed a global presence with representation from 15 countries. CAPS has 8 pediatric surgery training programs which contribute not only to the North American workforce, but also to profoundly underserved low and middle income countries, particularly in Africa. On the occasion of our 50th Anniversary meeting, we celebrate our diversity and inclusivity as we reflect on our past, on the contributions of our Founding Members, the Women of CAPS, and others who have had a transformational impact on the practice of pediatric surgery. We look forward to our future, which while unknown, holds great promise for future generations of pediatric surgeons and the children and families in need of their care.

Conference proceeding from the 50th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association of Paediatric Surgeons: "CAPS Serving Canada - Gender, Diversity, and CAPS".

Gender and diversity in the workforce are hot topics in both the public and professional spheres. Medicine has not been immune to these discussions, with many recent publications highlighting the lack of equal representation of women and minorities within medicine and surgery. This paper will review the history and current state of gender and minority representation in the Canadian Association of Pediatric Surgeons (CAPS) as presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of CAPS in September 2018 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Arnold Salzberg, HB, MD: The Pied Piper of MCV.

Salzbergian\solz-bərge-ən\ adjective of, relating to, or following the teachings of Arnold Salzberg. Noun one who embodies all that Arnold Salzberg taught about humanity. Noun one who has obtained his or her HB degree. Webster's dictionary would probably define "Salzbergian" as one who trained under Arnold Salzberg and exhibits the same great character traits, mentoring ability, and surgical skills. These might be the words that are used, but many times words cannot do justice to describing something so special. Arnold Salzberg was many things to many different people, "father figure," "wonderful advisor and resource," "ultimate mentor," "humanitarian," but when he was asked how he wanted to be remembered, he simply smiled and replied, "Icon…that would be nice." Never at a loss for words or humor and forever with an open door to his office, home, and heart, Dr. Salzberg embodied what so many medical students, residents, and attendings have been striving for, the ideal combination of physician and human being.

Historia de la coloproctología / History of coloproctology

La historia de la humanidad se funde con la historia de los intentos para remediar la enfermedad y evitar la muerte. Si el hombre tiene 600.000 años de vida, 6000 de historia y 200 de desarrollo científico, la cirugía anal, la trepanación craneana y la cesárea escapan a este encasillamiento por practicarse desde hace 4.000 a 10.000 años, mientras que la cirugía colónica necesitó del advenimiento de la anestesia y de la antisepsia para desarrollarse y tiene sólo 200 años de edad. Se desarrolla en esta monografía historia de la medicina, de las ciencias y de la coloproctología para ubicar a esta última en su contexto, en la prehistoria, en la época precolombina, en la edad antigua (3.100 a.C. a 476 d.C.) donde se describe en forma sucinta los avances de la medicina china, hindú, asirio-babilónica, egipcia, griega, romana y hebrea. En la edad media (476-1453) se destacan la medicina bizantina, la árabe, la cristiana que inicia su obra de solidaridad humana propiciando la creación de hospitales y asilos y aparece en Salerno, en el 850, la primera escuela médica organizada de Europa. En la edad moderna (1453-1789) el descubrimiento del papel y de la imprenta favorecieron la transmisión del conocimiento y de la corriente renacentista de la elevación espiritual. Aparecen las Academias Científicas y comienza la utilización política y económica de las ciencias. Se lucha contra el raciocinio escolástico y desaloja la medicina empírica. El pensamiento de la época queda sintetizado en una frase memorable “No pienses, experimenta, se paciente, se exacto”. En la edad contemporánea (1789-1945) los grandes avances se debieron a la microscopía. Se concibe a la célula como centro de los cambios patológicos. Se funda el St Mark’s Hospital en 1835, catedral de la Coloproctología. Aparece la anestesia general en 1846 y la antisepsia en 1864. Se crean las residencias quirúrgicas en 1889...

The history of humanity (melts-founds) with the history of attempts to protect against disease and death. If mankind has 600.000 years of life, 6.000 of history and 200 of scientific (growth-development) anal surgery, skull trepanation and cesarean operation escape to this (classification-pidgeonhole) because they were performed since 4.000 to 10.000 years. Colonic surgery instead required the advent of anesthesia and antisepsis to grow, so it is only 200 years old. In this monography we expose history of medicine, sciences and coloproctology, to situate the last one in his context. In prehistory, pre-Columbian age, ancient times (3100 b.C-476 a.C.) the advances of chinese, hindu, asirianbabilonic, egyptian, greek, roman and hebrew medicine are described briefly. In middle ages (476-1789) byzantine, arab, christian medicine are emphasized. The last one begins his work of human solidarity building hospitals and asylums. The first organized european medical school appears in 850 at Salerno. In modern ages (1453-1789) discovery of paper and printing press favors transmission of knowledge and spiritual elevation. Scientific Academies appear and sciences begin to be economicaly and politicaly used. Scolasticism and empiricism are fought. A memorable phrase synthesize the thougts of the epoch: “Don’t think, experiment, be patient, be exact”. In contemporary ages (1789-1945) great advances were due to microscopy. Cell is thought to be the center of pathologic changes. St Mark’s Hospital “Cathedral of Coloproctology” is founded in 1835. General anesthesia appears in 1846 and antisepsis in 1864. Surgical Residencies were created in 1889. Mechanic suture devices are used since 1910. Colon barium (x-rays-radiographies) are performed in 1910 and double contrast studies begin in 1924. Penicillin was discovered in 1928, (sulfonamides-sulfa drugs) in 1932 and corticoids in 1936...

Evaluación de la educación médica de postgrado en Argentina: informe de la V Jornada de Educación Médica de Postgrado, organizada por el Comité Coordinador de Residencias Quirúrgicas

Antecedentes: Existe actualmente en nuestro país una gran dispersión de programas de docencia médica de postgrado, consecuencia del aumento de subespecialidades y un crecimiento no planificado de graduados, lo cual hace imprescindible su evaluación dinámica para unificar criterios. Objetivo: Informar sobre las conclusiones al respecto elaboradas en la V Jornada de Educación Médica de Post-grado organizada por el Comité Coordinador de Residencias Quirúrgicas de la Asociación Argentina de Cirugía y analizar sus resultados. Lugar de aplicación: Comité de Residencias Quirúrgicas de la Asociación Argentina de Cirugía. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo de las conclusiones de una reunión de expertos en docencia médica de postgrado y los resultados obtenidos. Población: Sesenta panelistas y 10 coordinadores, invitados por el Comité Coordinador por su representatividad y experiencia en el tema. Método: Debates sobre temas prefijados por el Comité Coordinador, desarrollados en 5 mesas simultáneas de trabajo. Presentación de las conclusiones en 2 asambleas plenarias, con nuevos debates. Elaboración de conclusiones finales por el Comité Coordinador. Resultados: Se definieron varias conclusiones, siendo las principales: a) la creación de un Consejo de Educación Médica de Postgrado privado, autónomo y representativo de todas las especialidades, es la forma más efectiva de evaluar, acreditar y coordinar la actividad docente de postgrado, de impostergable necesidad actual. b) la residencia es indiscutiblemente el método más completo de docencia de postgrado para formar especialistas. c) debe planificarse el número de especialistas de acuerdo a las posibilidades de capacitarlos adecuadamente, lo cual no puede actualmente realizarse por la superpoblación de graduados, y a las necesidades del país. Conclusiones: Los debates de los panelistas resultaron en claras definiciones sobre líneas de trabajo a seguir en la problemática actual de la docencia de postgrado de nuestro país