Measuring the intangible resources caregivers need to provide nurturing care during the complementary feeding period: a scoping review in low- and lower-middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: Caregivers require tangible (e.g. food and financial) and intangible resources to provide care to ensure child health, nutrition and development. Intangible resources include beliefs and knowledge, education, self-efficacy, perceived physical health, mental health, healthy stress levels, social support, empowerment, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency. These intangible caregiver resources are included as intermediate outcomes in nutrition conceptual frameworks yet are rarely measured as part of maternal and child nutrition research or evaluations. To facilitate their measurement, this scoping review focused on understudied caregiver resources that have been measured during the complementary feeding period in low- and lower-middle-income countries. DESIGN: We screened 9,232 abstracts, reviewed 277 full-text articles and included 163 articles that measured caregiver resources related to complementary feeding or the nutritional status of children 6 months to 2 years of age. RESULTS: We identified measures of each caregiver resource, though the number of measures and quality of descriptions varied widely. Most articles (77 %) measured only one caregiver resource, mental health (n 83) and social support (n 54) most frequently. Psychometric properties were often reported for mental health measures, but less commonly for other constructs. Few studies reported adapting measures for specific contexts. Existing measures for mental health, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency were commonly used; other constructs lacked standardised measures. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of caregiver resources during the complementary feeding period is limited. Measuring caregiver resources is essential for prioritising caregivers and understanding how resources influence child care, feeding and nutrition.

Concordance in dietary intake among caregivers and infants during the period of complementary feeding: A scoping review.

Dietary intake during infancy shapes later food preferences and is important for short- and long-term health and wellbeing. Although caregivers are thought to influence the developing food preferences of infants, children less than two years have been notably absent in existing meta-analyses on the topic. This scoping review seeks to fill this gap by using a systematic process to identify and summarize the published literature on the resemblance of caregiver and infant diet during the period of complementary feeding (6-23 months). Articles were included if they assessed intake of foods or beverages other than human milk or commercial milk formula and reported a test of association between the intake of caregivers and infants. Four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles published since 2000. Thirty-three articles, representing 32 studies, were identified. The majority of studies examined infant intake of food groups/items (n = 20), seven studies examined infant dietary patterns, and six studies examined dietary diversity. Studies predominantly reported associations between diets of mothers and infants (n = 31); three studies reported associations for fathers. Most studies assessed infant diet at one timepoint (n = 26), with 12 studies combining the intakes of younger (0-11 months) and older infants (12-23 months). Food groups examined, in order of frequency, included 'non-core' foods and beverages (n = 14), vegetables (n = 13), fruits (n = 12), protein foods (n = 6), grains (n = 5), and dairy foods (n = 4). Definitions of variables for food groups and dietary patterns were highly heterogeneous, but consistent for dietary diversity. Nearly all studies (n = 31) reported significant associations between dietary intakes of caregivers and infants. Findings suggest caregiver diet may be a promising focus for interventions aiming to shape the food preferences and dietary intakes of infants.

Evidence-based complementary feeding recipe book for Kenyan caregivers: A novel approach.

The Kenyan Ministry of Health (MOH) and a consortium of nutritionists, researchers and communication, and design specialists developed a novel approach to create an evidence-based recipe book promoting complementary feeding (CF) in Kenya. The ADAPT approach includes five steps: applied research (A), dialogue with stakeholders (D), adapted behaviour change communication (BCC) theories (A), purpose-driven visual communication (P), and tailoring to priority audiences (T). Through this approach, the recipe book addresses key knowledge gaps using behaviour change theories and visual communication best practice to increase accessibility, acceptability, retention and motivation for behaviour change. The book addresses barriers to CF identified through formative applied research. Dialogue with stakeholders helped ensure cultural appropriateness and the book's alignment with MOH recommendations and key messages. The book uses behaviour change theories to approach the reader in a respectful way that motivates behaviour change. The use of consistent, purpose-driven visuals helps ensure key messages are easily understood and accessible to all caregivers regardless of literacy level. The book's tone and content are tailored to its audiences' attributes, needs and preferences. This five-step process inspired the development of ADAPT, a novel approach that integrates behaviour change and visual communication for greater impact. This paper outlines how the consortium used the ADAPT approach to develop an evidence-based book that thoughtfully and holistically addresses a wide range of barriers, provides practical solutions and increases self-efficacy around CF. It offers a blueprint for public health practitioners from any field who are interested in using visual behaviour change communication to promote healthy behaviour.

Formula frustrations.

The mother of a pediatric patient was recently diagnosed with a rheumatologic illness, requiring her to take medications that would be dangerous to her nursing baby. She realized that she would need to feed her baby formula. She asked me, "What is the difference between the formulas at the grocery store? Which is the best kind for my baby?" The answer to this question is different for every baby. This article is a short guide for primary care pediatricians to help them understand the differences between common formulas.

Continuing physician education: the Health Learning Systems approach.

In the past 10 years, Jack Filer has served as executive editor for a series of five separate national education programs on infant nutrition. Four of these have been directed towards physicians and the last been developed for mothers. He was assisted by a group of associate editors with expertise in various areas, as needed, depending on the material to be developed. The educational programs have included closed-circuit live telecasts, films and slides for use in a visiting faculty program, monographs and newsletters, and videotapes for maternal instruction. The nutritional guidelines for infant feeding emphasized throughout the recommendations of the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics to promote breast-feeding with commercial infant formula as an alternative if breast-feeding is not elected or stopped early. Delayed introduction of solid food and cow milk was also recommended.

Utilising dais to impart health and nutrition education: impact on growth.

PIP: To evaluate the effectiveness of using local dais to provide health and nutrition education to mothers, the weights of infants in an intervention area in the Uttar Pradesh district of Saharanpur were compared to those of infants in a nonintervention control group in the same district. The average weights of infants in the area where trained dais were utilized were significantly higher than those in the nonintervention area in the age groups 4-6 months and 7-9 months; mean weights did not differ significantly in the 0-3 month age group or at 9-12 months. Deviations in relation to age were least at 3 months. Overall, the intervention program was effective in bringing weights closer to all-India standards. Favorable changes were noted in the intervention area in terms of supplementary feedings, use of katori in milk feeding, and the lower incidence of infantile diarrhea. The mean weights of infants in this study were less than 80% of the 50th percentile of Harvard standards, suggesting widespread malnutrition in this area of India. It is hypothesized that after 9 months of age, the more effective functioning of health services, including broader immunization coverage, in the nonintervention area overrode the advantages conveyed by the dais' health education efforts in the study area.^ieng

Alimentação complementar: barreiras e facilitadores sob a ótica de cuidadores / Complementary feeding barriers and facilitators from perspective of carers

Introdução - A alimentação de boa qualidade quando oferecida à criança pequena, determina o pleno desenvolvimento deste indivíduo em todas as fases de sua vida com repercussão para as gerações futuras. Bebês e crianças pequenas dependem inteiramente de seus cuidadores para saber o que, quando e como comer. Objetivo - Caracterizar barreiras e facilitadores na adoção da alimentação complementar em crianças de 6 a 12 meses, sob a ótica de cuidadores. Métodos - Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa que utilizou a técnica do grupo focal em dois encontros, o primeiro com mães frequentadoras de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde em um município da região metropolitana de São Paulo e o segundo com mães que frequentam uma clínica de pediatria privada no município de São Paulo. Para abordar as questões de gênero realizou-se entrevistas em profundidade com pais que foram abordados individualmente. O tema central de todos os encontros foi a alimentação complementar das crianças entre 6 e 12 meses, por meio de roteiros previamente estabelecidos. Os relatos foram gravados, rigorosamente transcritos e deles constituíram-se as seguintes categorias de análise: Crenças, opiniões e atitudes; Influências formais e informais sobre as práticas de alimentação complementar; Papel dos Fatores Socioeconômicos e Questões de gênero. Resultados - Os sistemas de crenças familiares afetam as práticas de alimentação das crianças. As influências informais, tais como redes de apoio de familiares e parentes, redes sociais, internet se digladiam e ganham espaço sobre as formais, caracterizadas pelas orientações recebidas pelo pediatra e outros profissionais de saúde. Há uma transformação evidente no papel do pai, que abarca atitudes de compartilhamento e envolvimento com os filhos, porém a divisão de tarefas entre os gêneros é desigual e revela sobrecarga para a mãe. Os dilemas e dúvidas são de toda ordem e independem da realidade sociocultural. Conclusões - Os serviços de saúde pela proximidade que possuem na abordagem da pessoa e das famílias encontram-se numa situação privilegiada para orientar. É necessário, porém, que sejam capazes de providenciar informação e apoio nas questões mais cruciais sobre alimentação complementar de forma clara e com exemplos, instrumentalizados pelo conhecimento do impacto que cada escolha provoca e desta forma motivar os cuidadores a um novo comportamento ou mudança. Que seja incluída orientação com explicação sobre o impacto da parentalidade responsiva. Que as intervenções incluam participação do pai e das avós e que as mensagens, além da mãe, se estendam a ambos e por fim, que a Internet seja utilizada como veículo por fontes confiáveis para a propagação das mensagens sobre alimentação complementar

Introduction - A good quality diet in young children promotes optimal development during all phases of life and impacts future generations. Babies and young children are reliant on their caregivers to know what, when and how to eat. Objective - To characterize barriers and facilitators for adopting complementary feeding in infants aged 6-12 months, from the perspective of caregivers. Methods - A qualitative study using the focus group technique was conducted. Two meetings were held, the first involved mothers who were users of a Primary Health Unit in a city located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, whereas the second involved mothers who were clients of a private pediatric clinic in São Paulo city. Gender-specific issues were addressed by holding in-depth interviews with each father separately. The central theme for all meetings was complementary feeding of infants aged 6-12 months using pre-established scripts. Participant narratives were recorded, carefully transcribed, and the following categories of analysis derived from them: Beliefs, opinions and attitudes; Formal and informal influences on complementary feeding practices; Role of Socioeconomic Factors and Gender Issues. Results - The belief systems of family members influence child feeding practices. Informal influences, such as support networks of family members and relatives, social networks and internet increasingly compete with formal influences such as guidance from the pediatrician and other health professionals. There was a clear shift in the role of fathers, encompassing attitudes of sharing and involvement with the children, although the division of tasks between genders was skewed, with mothers overburdened. All manner of dilemmas and doubts emerged, independently of sociocultural situation. Conclusions - Health services, given their proximity to both the individual and families, are best placed to provide guidance. However, they must be able to provide clear information and support on the most crucial issues concerning complementary feeding with examples. This must be supported by knowledge on the impact of each choice, thereby encouraging caregivers to modify behavior or change. Guidance with explanation of the impact of responsive parenting should be included. Interventions should involve fathers and grandmothers, where messages should be directed to both these groups, besides the mother. Lastly, the internet should be used as vehicle by reliable sources of information to communicate messages about complementary feeding

Child health in the Third World.

PIP: While most infant-related health problems in the Third World can be attributed to commonplace diseases, the lack of resources necessary to implement Western styles of medicine suggests the need for new strategies -- those that rely less on technology and more on grass roots efforts. Most illnesses in the developing world are the result of the top 5-10 diseases. Of the 4 million deaths from pneumonia each year, 97% take place in the Third World. Measles causes the yearly deaths of 1.6 million. Many of these diseases have been eradicated in the West; the others can be easily treated. But in the 3rd World, health problems are compounded by the fact that attention is often sought late, as well as the lack of doctors and nurses. Most of those with Western-style medical training rarely practice in rural or urban slum areas. One strategy to meet these difficulties is to train personnel on how to diagnose and treat these 5-10 common diseases without them having to go through Western-style training -- reminiscent of the famous "barefoot doctors" of China. These local health workers can more easily meet the health needs of isolated areas, since they can be trained to carry out immunization, and teach nutrition and family planning. Furthermore, this strategy does not rely on high technology, following instead the scheme laid out by acronym GOBI -- Growth monitoring. Oral rehydration therapy, Breast feeding, and Immunization. Developed nations can help in this effort by supporting WHO, UNICEF and other international organizations, as well as sending personnel to work in 3rd World countries. While individual 3rd World nations must confront these problems, worldwide social, political, and economic changes will be necessary.^ieng