How Education Shapes Women's Work and Family Lives Across Race and Ethnicity.

Drawing on life course and intersectional approaches, this study examines how education shapes the intertwined domains of work and family across race and ethnicity. By applying multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we identify a typology of life course trajectories of work and family and test for the interactive associations of race and ethnicity with college education for different trajectory types. While our results show statistically significant and often sizable education effects across racial and ethnic groups for most of the work‒family clusters, they also suggest that the size and direction of the education effect vary widely across groups. Educational attainment plays an outsize role in shaping Black women's work‒family lives, increasing their access to steady work and partnerships, while educational attainment primarily works to increase White women's participation in part-time work. In contrast, Latina women's work‒family trajectories are less responsive to their educational attainment. In combination, the racialized role of education and persistent racial and ethnic gaps across the education distribution yield unequal patterns in work‒family strategies among Black, Latina, and White women.

[Analysis of the profile of employees declared unfit for the job : How do societal or extra-professional factors contribute, and what are the consequences for employment?] / Analyse du profil des salariés déclarés inaptes au poste de travail : quelle place pour les facteurs sociétaux ou extra-professionnels et quelles conséquences sur l'emploi ?

INTRODUCTION: Professional career can be modified by health problems. Professional impairment, certified by an occupational health physician, can be followed by a redeployment or occupational disintegration. OBJECTIVES: To describe the profiles of workers declared unfit for their workplace and the profiles of those who have no remaining work capacity (RWC). METHODS: The workers followed by an inter-enterprise occupational health service composed of 20 occupational physicians. The characteristics of workers declared unfit for work were extracted from the medical files: age, gender, activity sector (Naf), socioprofessional category (PCS), pathology leading to professional impairment (CIM10), status of obligation to employ disabled workers (BOETH). Factors associated with unfitness to work due to no remaining work capacity (RWC) were identified by logistic regression models. RESULTS: In 2019, 82678 workers in France were followed by the SPSTI and 554 (0.67%), of whom 162 had no RWC, were declared unfit to work by an occupational health physician. Professional impairment rates were highest for women and workers > 55 years old. Psychological (29%) and rheumatic (50%) pathologies were the most frequent causes of professional impairment. BOETH status was identified among 63%. Age > 45 and psychological pathology were significantly associated with absent RWC, whereas gender, activity sector and PCS were not. DISCUSSION: No comprehensive public administration records of professional impairment exist in France. While past studies have described the profiles of workers who were unfit for their workplace, none have characterized those without RWC, who are high risk of precarity. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological pathologies generate the most professional impairment in persons without RWC. Prevention of these pathologies is essential. While rheumatic disease is the first cause of professional impairment, the proportion of workers with these diseases who have no remaining work capacity is relatively low; this may be due to the efforts made to facilitate their return to work.

[Representativeness of general practice university lecturers]. / Représentativité des médecins généralistes maîtres de stage universitaires.

OBJECTIVE: In order to develop primary care research by general practice university lecturers, it was necessary to evaluate the representativeness of this group of lecturers at the Angers Faculty of Medicine. METHODS: Declarative study based on self-administered questionnaires filled in by 216 university lecturers. The questionnaire was derived from that of the regional panel of the Research, studies, evaluation and statistics directorate of 2007, investigating the sociodemographic characteristics, professional organization, activities and certain professional practices of general practitioners. University lecturers were compared to the population of the panel by means of a Chi-square test of conformity. RESULTS: A total of 181 university lecturers participated in the survey, comprising 65% of men. The proportion of women was higher among university lecturers and the 45-54years age-group was underrepresented. The university lecturers group was significantly different from the panel in terms of predominantly group practice and shorter weekly working hours. No significant difference was observed for the type of town of practice ahd the continuing medical education participation rate. CONCLUSION: University lecturers present certain specificities, partly related to the reference population used. The development of research based on such a network appears to be feasible in terms ofrepresentativeness, provided these specificities are clearly described.

Inhabitants' and professionals' social representations of health determinants in a disadvantaged urban area in France: a qualitative analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Access to care in French disadvantaged urban areas remains an issue despite the implementation of local healthcare structures. To understand this contradiction, we investigated social representations held by inhabitants of such areas, as well as those of social and healthcare professionals, regarding events or behaviours that can impact low-income individuals' health. METHOD: In the context of a health diagnosis, 288 inhabitants living in five disadvantaged districts of Aix-les-Bains, as well as 28 professionals working in these districts, completed an open-ended questionnaire. The two groups of respondents were asked to describe what could have an impact on health status from the inhabitants' point of view. The textual responses were analyzed using the Alceste method. RESULTS: We observed a number of differences in the way the inhabitants and professionals represented determinants of health in disadvantaged urban areas: the former proposed a representation mixing personal responsibility with physiological, social, familial, and professional aspects, whereas the latter associated health issues with marginalization (financial, drug, or alcohol problems) and personal responsibility. Both inhabitants and professionals mentioned control over events and lifestyle as determinants of health. DISCUSSION: The results are discussed regarding the consequences of these different representations on the beneficiary - healthcare-provider relationship in terms of communication and trust.

Evaluation of orthodontists' experience with the surgery first protocol in orthodontic-surgical management.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to analyze the popularity of surgery first among orthodontists as well as the protocols used for its implementation and to collect the opinions (favorable or unfavorable) of practitioners and patients regarding it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to a population of dental surgeons qualified in Dentofacial Orthopedics or in the process of specialization (residents) practicing in France. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 27 questions. There were 10 open-ended questions and 17 closed-ended questions (8 binary and 9 multiple choices). The conditional pathway allows the respondent's path through the form to be modified based on their answers. This survey was conducted using Google Forms online survey software. RESULTS: On average, the responding practitioners had 15.9 years of experience, and most of them (78.2%) work in private practice. Most treated between 200 and 400 cases per year, of which 7% were surgical cases. Orthodontists who are familiar with and practice the surgery first protocol use it on average for 7 cases per year. The most frequent indication for the surgery first protocol was: transverse maxillary defects. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery first protocol is a preferred option in cases of high severity since it prevents respiratory worsening during the pre-surgical orthodontic phase. The lack of a standardized protocol for this approach, at the pre-surgical and post-surgical levels, requires an increase in the number of high-level evidence publications to clarify the methods of application of this protocol.

["Medical deserts" and accessibility to care: what are we talking about?] / « Déserts médicaux ¼ et accessibilité aux soins : de quoi parle-t-on ?

In France, accessibility to primary health care seems to be threatened by the existence or the emergence of underserved areas often called "medical deserts". These areas are characterized by several parameters such as a poor number of health professionals, remoteness or high needs of care. We discuss here different methods to measure primary health care accessibility or imbalance between health care providers and needs. Thus, we aim to show the confusion generated by the concept of "medical deserts" and the stakes for public authorities to define measures to attract and retain general practitioners in such areas.

[Anesthesiologists in France].

We review some anesthesiologist's curriculum and demographic characteristics in France to the community of Japanese anesthesiologists. To become a certified anesthesiologist and an intensive care physician currently requires six years' medical education, passing national medical examination, and five years' special training as an intern of anesthesiology and intensive care. This educational course was started in 1984. There are 7942 certified anesthesiologists in France in 1999. The average age is 45.9 years and the ratio of female is 35.3%. Approximately two thirds of certified anesthesiologists are working in public institutions. 89% is full-time workers. More than half of certified anesthesiologists actually participate in daily intensive care practice. The number of certified anesthesiologists has been increasing gradually totaling 10,062 persons in 2005. The number of certified anesthesiologists per ten thousands general population is 1.7 persons and the corresponding ratio to all medical doctors is 4.8%. Working hours and holidays are regulated by the French Labour Law. The anaesthesiologist often works in a team with a nurse anaesthetist. The number of certified anesthesiologists in France is larger than that in Japan. Management of anesthesia in France seems to have an advantage in manpower.

The static evolution of the new Italian code of medical ethics.

Eight years since the last revision, in May 2014 the Italian code of medical ethics has been updated. Here, the Authors examine the reform in the light of the increasing difficulties of the medical profession arising from the severity of the Italian law Courts. The most significant aspects of this new code are firstly, the patient's freedom of self-determination and secondly, risk prevention through the disclosure of errors and adverse events. However, in both areas the reform seems to be less effective if we compare the ethical codes of France, the United Kingdom and the United States. In particular, the non-taking into consideration of the said code quality standards and scientific evidence which should guide doctors in their clinical practice is to say the least questionable. Since these are the most significant changes in the new code, it seems inevitable to conclude that the 2014 edition is essentially in line with previous versions. Now more than ever it is necessary that medical ethics acknowledges that medicine, society and medical jurisprudence have changed and doctors must be given new rules in order to protect both patients' rights and dignity of the profession. The physician's right to refuse to perform treatment at odds with his own clinical beliefs cannot be the only mean to safeguard the dignity of the profession. A clear boundary must also be established between medicine and professionalism as well as the criteria in determining the scientific evidences that physicians must follow. This has not been done in the Italian code of ethics, despite all the controversy caused by the Stamina case.

[Medical demography from 2003 to 2025 present and future difficulties]. / La démographie médicale de 2003 à 2025. Difficultés présentes et à venir.

The present and future medical demography is determined by the French government, which decides the number of students in medicine and residents in medical specialties. There are too few students to replace retiring (65-year-old) practitioners. Medical needs may not be met in the coming 20 years. There is an urgent need to increase the number of medical students.

Anaesthesiological manpower in Europe.

Information about physician anaesthesiologist manpower in the countries of the European Union was collected from questionnaires sent to the delegates representing their respective countries on the European Board of Anaesthesiology. In the countries of the European Union and Switzerland and Norway 40,259 specialist anaesthesiologists are recorded. The number of anaesthesiologists in relation to population varies between as little as 4.4 and 4.6 (Ireland and UK) and as many as 15.6 (Italy), with a mean of 10.8/100,000 inhabitants. There are 11,610 physicians recorded in training in anaesthesiology. The ratio of trainees to specialists in the European Union countries was 28.8/100, varying from as low as 6.5 in France, to as high as 96.7 and 98/100 in Ireland and the UK respectively. These figures indicate a wide difference in the numbers of specialists and trainees between the European countries studied. However, the overall mean figure is close to that reported in the USA (9.2/100,000).

Contribution à l’étude de l’Histoire de la Societe de Pharmacie de la Mediterranee Latine / No disponible

Esta sociedad agrupa farmaceuticos universitarios y oficinales de tres paises del Europa ocidental : Espana, Francia e Italia…..pero, desde 2002, esta sociedad es abierta para farmaceuticos de cultura latina o que partenecen a un pais del mediterraneo. El autor del articulo conta la historia de esta sociedad, nacida en 1953, poco despues del final dela segunda guerra mundial. Reùne, cada dos años, en uno despues en otro de los tres paises fundadores, un congreso internacional que reùne, despues 60 anos, lo mas selecto del cuerpo farmaceutico. En 1984, el profesor IMBESI ( Italia) propone de abrir esta sociedad a otros paises……esta idea fue mal aceptada al principio, fue objeta de largas discuciones, pero, en 2002, durante el congreso de TOURS ( Francia) fue ligeramente modificada y despues aceptada. El articulo se termino con la lista de los 30 ultimos congresos internacionales(AU)

Cette société rassemble des pharmaciens universitaires et officinaux de trois pays de l’Europeoccidentale : Espagne, France et Italie. mais depuis 2002, cette société est ouverte à despharmaciens de pays de culture latine ou qui appartiennent au bassin méditerranéen. L’auteur de l’article raconte l’histoire de cette société, née en 1953, peu après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale ; elle réunit tous les deux ans, dans l’un puis dans l’autre des trois pays fondateurs, un congrès international qui, régulièrement depuis 60 ans, rassemble l’élite du corps pharmaceutique. En 1984, le professeur IMBESI (Italie) proposa d’ouvrir cette société à d’autres pays que cestrois pays fondateurs……cette idée fut mal acceptée au début, fit l’objet de très longues discussions mais, en 2002, lors du congrès de Tours ( France )elle fut légèrement modifiée puis acceptée(AU)