Gunnar Inghe: A founding father of Scandinavian social medicine and still highly relevant.

Gunnar Inghe (1910-1977) was a founding father of Scandinavian social medicine and the first editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. He worked as a physician for social care clients in Stockholm from 1944 to 1961 and was professor in social medicine from 1961 to 1975. We (F.D. and U.J.) were his last two PhD students. As we were recollecting the 50-year history of the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health in 2022, it became evident to us how relevant Gunnar Inghe's work, 45 years after his death, still is for today's social medicine, population health research and policy in Scandinavia. We shall explain why with five examples of Inghe's work: reproductive health, health of paupers, foundation of the discipline, international solidarity and collaboration between medical and social care.

[Social medicine: places, collaborations, human-centered practices]. / Médecine sociale : des lieux, des collaborations, des pratiques centrées sur l'humain.

People in complex social situations are often confronted with multiple health problems related to their living conditions, pathologies, addictions and other co-morbidities. They need multi-professional support, while respecting the ethics of care, and in coordination with social partners. Various dedicated services exist, in which nurses are very present.

[Physicians and Society: On the Change in the Occupational Profile of Physicians in the Mid-19th Century, a Socio-Medical Concept by Salomon Neumann]. / Arzt und Gesellschaft: Zum Wandel des Berufsbildes Arzt in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, ein sozialmedizinisches Konzept von Salomon Neumann.

The medical profession is not a trade, it is by its nature a free profession (Federal Doctors' Ordinance). The medical practice as an institution and the medical profession are, however, subject to current social conditions, currently particularly shaped by the rules of health economics and digitization. Salomon Neumann, who, along with Rudolf Virchow, is considered the founder of social medicine in Germany, published the vision of liberating academically trained doctors from the trade regulations applicable to craftsmen and other professions in 1847. On the basis of law and reason that applies to public action, he conceived the establishment of an association, a new professional representation of the previously isolated doctors in freedom, solidarity and self-administration. The failure of the bourgeois revolution in 1849 with subsequent social restoration delayed innovative developments. The professionalization of the medical profession begins with the formation of a unified medical status in 1852, the formation of medical associations in the 1860s, the establishment of the German Association of Physicians in 1872 as an umbrella organization and the establishment of state medical associations in 1948 as public corporations.

Ein Leben für die Gesundheit der Armen: Laudatio für Prof. Dr. med. Gerhard Trabert anlässlich der Verleihung der Salomon-Neumann-Medaille.

The German Society for Social Medicine and Prevention (DGSMP) confers the Salomon Neumann Medal for outstanding merit in the field of Preventive and Social Medicine. The Salomon Neumann Medal 2017 was awarded to Gerhard Trabert, founder and chairman of the association "Poverty and Health in Germany" and professor for social medicine und social psychiatry at the RheinMain University of applied sciences in Wiesbaden. It honours a physician in the field of social medicine, whose personality and activity as "doctor for the poor of today", carries the sociopolitical engagement of Salomon Neumann, fittingly to the 200th birthday of the award's name giver, into our time.

[Not Available]. / Le docteur Richard Cabot : précurseur de la médecine bio-psycho-sociale.

Richard Cabot (1868-1939) was a physician who practiced in the Massachusetts General Hospital and taught in the Harvard University of Boston. He was a famous clinician, and devel- oped social work and ethics together.

[Social medicine service of undergraduate medicine students in the Hospitalary Donation Coordination area of the Mexican Institute of Social Security]. / Integración del médico en servicio social a la coordinación hospitalaria de donación.

The cadaveric or donor-related transplant is a worldwide priority program. In Mexico, the human hospitalary resources primarily assigned to issues about donation and transplant are scarce. In our country, recent legal changes permit that undergraduate medicine students under University linking programs can be integrated in activities that guarantee a social profit, for example, the hospitalary donation coordination of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. This is a proposal with a legal framework, based in experiences of the Barcelona Provincial Hospital Clínic, that integrate undergraduate medicine students as monitors in the Hospitalary Donation Coordination area of the Mexican Institute of Social Security who are available 24 hours. During this social service stage, undergraduate medical students can benefit their community by optimizing potential for transplants via hospital organ donations.

Germinal Rodríguez: salud pública, política y divulgación sanitaria en primera persona, Argentina, 1922-1960 / Germinal Rodríguez: public health, politics and medical popularization in the first person, Argentina, 1922-1960

Resumen Este trabajo reconstruye la trayectoria del médico argentino Germinal Rodríguez en diálogo con la historia social de la salud y la enfermedad y con una reciente corriente historiográfica de biografías médicas. En base a una metodología cualitativa de análisis documental, analizamos expedientes oficiales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, fuentes periodísticas, libros de Rodríguez y otras fuentes secundarias. Como resultado, podemos afirmar que su vida profesional estuvo marcada por la enseñanza universitaria y una exitosa carrera académica, así como por su intensa militancia socialista entre 1920-1930. Rodríguez fue también un divulgador, un experto de consulta en políticas públicas para su partido y funcionario estatal en los años del peronismo.

Abstract This article examines the career of Argentine doctor Germinal Rodríguez, situating it within the context of social history of medicine and the recent trend of medical biographies. Using a qualitative documentary analysis methodology, we analyzed various sources, including official records from the University of Buenos Aires, journalistic articles, and books by Rodríguez himself. Our analysis reveals that Rodríguez's enjoyed a successful academic career in university teaching, while concurrently engaging in active socialist activism between 1920-1930. Beyond academia, Rodríguez served as a science popularizer, a policy consultant for his party, and even a public official during the Peronist era.

["Medicine is a social science" - the 200th birthday of Salomon Neumann]. / "Die Medizin ist eine soziale Wissenschaft" ­ zum 200. Geburtstag von Salomon Neumann.

Salomon Neumann (1819-1908) is one of the outstanding representatives of 19th century social medicine. As a medical reformer, statistician and city councilor, he made a significant contribution to improving social and hygienic conditions in Berlin. His most famous work was published in 1847 under the title "Die oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege und das Eigenthum" [Public Health and Property]. From 1859 to 1905, Neumann was active in the Berlin City Council for the improvement of the living conditions of the population. He was involved in the construction of municipal hospitals, supported the modernisation of sewage disposal, organised the Berlin censuses of 1861 and 1864 and was active in the field of health and social statistics. Not only was Neumann exposed to anti-Semitic reprisals during his lifetime, a foundation he founded to promote the science of Judaism was dissolved by the National Socialists in 1940. On the occasion of his 200th birthday, this article commemorates the life and work of the democratically minded and socially committed doctor and health politician. Salomon Neumann has rendered great services to social medicine in Germany.

Public health policy and the building up of a Brazilian medical identity.

Since George Herbert Mead studied "the social self" and the interactionists went further in distinguishing "images of self", a lecture on the building up of a Brazilian medical identity should try to focus on the patterns of self-images, presented images, and aspired-to images among the Brazilian medical elites during the First Republic (1889-1930). In no other period of Brazilian history were those "images" of professional identity so close--in contrast, later periods of Brazilian history witnessed an almost permanent "collision" or the clashing of such images among public health specialists. Oswaldo Cruz, Carlos Chagas, Artur Neiva and Belisário Pena are perhaps the best examples of successful careers as "sanitarians" (to recall John Duffy's historical work on luminaries before and after the "New Public Health" in the United States), and as important political actors during Brazil's First Republic. In light of the prominent political, policy-oriented, and scientific roles public health professionals played in Brazil, it is interesting to suggest that in large part such prominence resulted from the symbolic impact of the ideologies of sanitary reform on the political agenda of that period of Brazilian history. Where many studies look for personal rivalries and disputes around Chagas and Neiva as public figures, we may also see the importance of finding identity-building processes among public health specialists as an integrated group (e.g., trying to appear as "significant others" for the new generations of medical graduates in the country), regardless of existing rivalries. Cruz and Chagas, especially, were names with great impact in the Brazilian press (pro and con), a circumstance made possible largely by their easy and direct access to the Brazilian presidents Rodrigues Alves and Epitácio Pessoa, and, most clearly, by public health being one of Brazil's political priorities to find a place among the "civilized nations" of the world. A task that further concerns us is the drawing of a few tentative and very crude comparisons between identity-building among the medical and sanitary professionals in Brazil and France.

[THE HANOVERIAN SCHOLAR AND THE DOCTOR OF THE PEASANTS]. / L'ERUDITO DI HANNOVER E IL MEDICO DEI VILLANI LEIBNIZ, RAMAZZINI E LA NASCITA DELLA MEDICINA SOCIALE.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Bernardino Ramazzini met in Modena in autumn 1689, and made friends. Rereading their correspondence and finding other coeval documents, the author reconstructs a scientific relation forgotten by historians. They not only discussed on air pollution, artesian wells and barometric forecast, but - more generally - favored the foundation of social medicine on epidemiology. Hence the Leibnizian contribution to the European fortune of Third Hippocrates.

Science and the education of physicians: Sigerist's contribution to American medical reform.

This paper seeks to place Henry E. Sigerist within a generation of American scientists who saw science as an intellectual bulwark against burgeoning fascism and nationalism. It responds to a recent critique of scientific positivism and the medical reform ethos of the 1930s and 1940s. Critics argue that faith in scientific medicine led health activists to choose medical care, guaranteed by insurance, rather than social reform. The paper focuses on the place Sigerist assigned to science in medicine and argues that his embrance of scientific medicine must be qualified by his historical perspective. Sigerist's singular contribution to the dialogue of medical reform came from his projection of an educational prototype that he believed might reconcile science with the imperatives of an industrial society. While embodying much of the spirit of reformers of the 1930s and 1940s, Sigerist also foreshadowed our own.

Changes in Cuban health care: an argument against technological pessimism.

Since the popular revolution in 1959, alterations in the organization and delivery of health care in Cuba have paralleled the country's broader political, economic, and social changes. This paper discusses the evolution of the Cuban health care system during the past seventeen years within the wider context of societal development. The authors compare three "snapshots" of Cuba, the first in 1959, the second in 1970, and the last in 1976, and touch upon such issues as the organization of health care delivery, the recruitment and socialization of health workers, and aspects of the process of receiving health care. They point out that the Cuban experience should be of particular interest to the developing world. For though it is true that a larger portion of Cuban national resources has been directed to the health and social services than in other developing countries, nonetheless, it was largely through the reorganization and equalization of the prerevolutionary health care system that improvement in the health status of the population was achieved. It appears that Cuba could well serve as an example for those who are skeptical about the possibility of combining technical development with improvement in the humane quality of care.

[Dermatology in the organization of public health in Cuba]. / La dermatología en la organización de la salud pública en Cuba.

The authors refers the actual status of medical and dermatological administration in Cuba.

[Paul Konitzer (1894-1947): hygienist, physician, social medicine and health politician]. / Paul Konitzer (1894-1947): hygieniker, amtsarzt, sozialmediziner, gesundheitspolitiker.

Paul Konitzer was one of the outstanding and well-known physicians in the years after the World War II in East-Germany. THe paper describes his professional way as hygienist, social medical, municipal physician and last but not least as health politician in the times of four different political regimes: the imperial era in Germany till 1918, the time of "Weimarer Republic" till 1933, the Nazi dictatorship till 1945 and the early years in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. The life of Konitzer is a typical example of the fate of a German doctor in the first half of the 20th century. Konitzer was arrested in February 1947 by the Soviet Military Government in Berlin in connection with some political troubles and reproach with a typhus epidemic in a German camp for Russian Prisoners of War in the Nazi era. On April 22nd 1947 he died in prison of Dresden by suicide without condemnation.

Protección de la salud en el trabajo: de lo indemnizatorio mercantil al real cuidado de la salud / Protection of health at the workplace: from monetary compensation to true health care

Este artículo cuestiona los mecanismos de protección de la salud en el trabajo desarrollados internacionalmente hasta ahora por el campo de la seguridad y la salud en el trabajo. Su objetivo fue hacer un análisis de los enfoques de la salud ocupacional y el aseguramiento que han estructurado la praxis hegemónica de la protección de la salud en el trabajo y contrastarlos con el enfoque de la salud de los trabajadores proveniente del campo de la medicina social­ salud colectiva. La metodología usada para el desarrollo del artículo fue la de una investigación documental, conjugada con la experiencia en formación, investigación y organización en el campo de la salud de los trabajadores del autor del artículo. Las reflexiones epistémicas, ontológicas, metodológicas, políticas y prácticas, sobre la base de lo revisado documentalmente, permitieron sostener que a pesar de algunos beneficios de los mecanismos tradicionales de protección de la salud en el trabajo, los enfoques de la salud ocupacional y el aseguramiento no transforman las condiciones de trabajo que históricamente han generado efectos negativos sobre la salud y la vida de los trabajadores, mientras que el enfoque de salud del trabajador proporciona elementos que aportan a configurar una protección integral del cuidado de la salud en trabajo, con un sentido de autonomía y emancipación de los trabajadores y una apuesta real por la transformación tanto de las condiciones de trabajo, como de las del modo de producción(AU)

This paper questions the mechanisms of protection of health at the workplace currently applied globally in occupational safety and health. The author performed an analysis of occupational health and insurance approaches that have driven the hegemonic practice of occupational health protection, and contrasted them with an approach centered on workers' health coming from the field of social medicine/collective health. The methodology used for the development of the paper was that of a documentary investigation, combined with the author's experience in training, research and organization in occupational health. The epistemic, ontological, methodological, political and practical reflections, on the basis of the documentary review, allows the author to postulate that, despite some benefits of the traditional mechanisms of occupational health protection, these approaches do not transform the working conditions that have historically generated negative effects on the health and life of workers. In contrast, the workers' health-centered approach provides elements that contribute to configuring an integral protection of health care in the workplace, with a sense of autonomy and emancipation of workers and true commitment to the transformation of both working conditions and those of the means of production(AU)