[Academic medicine in the Soviet Occupation Zone, German Democratic Republic and East Germany. Annotated bibliography for the publication period 2001-2010 including an supplement for the publication period 1990-2000]. / Akademische Medizin in der SBZ, DDR und Ostdeutschland. Annotierte Bibliographie für den Erscheinungszeitraum 2001-2010 incl. Nachträge für 1990-2000.

The bibliography lists separate publications of the period 2001-2010 concerning the history of academic medicine in the Soviet Occupation Zone and German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the transformation of the faculties of medicine after 1990. It also complements the previous bibliography (WmM 2001) for the publishing period 1990-2000. It registers a total of 153 separate publications (monographs, documentations, edited volumes, booklets, catalogues of exhibitions and special issues) and grey literature (not bookselling and internet publications, unpublished theses).

Germinal Rodríguez: salud pública, política y divulgación sanitaria en primera persona, Argentina, 1922-1960 / Germinal Rodríguez: public health, politics and medical popularization in the first person, Argentina, 1922-1960

Resumen Este trabajo reconstruye la trayectoria del médico argentino Germinal Rodríguez en diálogo con la historia social de la salud y la enfermedad y con una reciente corriente historiográfica de biografías médicas. En base a una metodología cualitativa de análisis documental, analizamos expedientes oficiales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, fuentes periodísticas, libros de Rodríguez y otras fuentes secundarias. Como resultado, podemos afirmar que su vida profesional estuvo marcada por la enseñanza universitaria y una exitosa carrera académica, así como por su intensa militancia socialista entre 1920-1930. Rodríguez fue también un divulgador, un experto de consulta en políticas públicas para su partido y funcionario estatal en los años del peronismo.

Abstract This article examines the career of Argentine doctor Germinal Rodríguez, situating it within the context of social history of medicine and the recent trend of medical biographies. Using a qualitative documentary analysis methodology, we analyzed various sources, including official records from the University of Buenos Aires, journalistic articles, and books by Rodríguez himself. Our analysis reveals that Rodríguez's enjoyed a successful academic career in university teaching, while concurrently engaging in active socialist activism between 1920-1930. Beyond academia, Rodríguez served as a science popularizer, a policy consultant for his party, and even a public official during the Peronist era.

[The medical and pharmaceutical profession and the mutual care system in the writings of Jaime Vera (1859-1918)]. / Profesión y asistencia médico-farmacéutica en los escritos de Jaime Vera (1859-1918).

This article presents the perspectives of the physician and politician Jaime Vera y López (1859-1918), co-founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, on the medical profession, medical practice, and healthcare systems. It compares the Report (Informe) that he presented to the Comisión de Reformas Sociales (1884) with his later writings published in the socialist press ("Farmacia y cooperación obrera,, 1914 and "La locura en los niños. Camino del remedio", 1916). We observe the discrepancies between the political-programme documents and the articles centring on professional questions and highlight how his theoretical focus is modified when applied to matters of medical practice.

Socializing health services in Greece.

Greece's first socialist government has established the legal framework for a national health system. The Government would not have been able to initiate such an action if the previous health delivery system had not had significant imperfections. In addressing these deficiencies, none of the solutions offered by the government has proved more controversial than the proposal to bring the practice of medicine under its control. To meet this objective, the Greek Government is employing strategies that maintain the growth in the total number of physicians; expand the ranks of its own physician corps; eliminate private ownership of most hospitals and clinics; and increase physicians' accountability to the public sector. It may be that the ultimate success of the Government's attempt to establish a national health system will depend on its ability to control physicians as a group.

Swedish socialism and big business.

It is argued that during 44 years of Social Democratic government in Sweden intimate cooperation has developed between this government and multinational corporations. This cooperation was based upon the development of common interests, and was the result of an economic policy of structural rationalization and state intervention. A strong tendency of concentration of capital can be observed. Data are presented to support the theses developed.

Towards a national health service for South Africa. A personal view.

Circumstances are propitious for a new look at the Gluckman Report of 1942-1944 with a view to introducing a national health service for South Africa, including the homelands and national states. The circumstances relate to the ethical question of the patient's medical care, without economic disadvantage, being paramount in a health care system. Other issues concern doctors in a salaried service; a burgeoning population; the high cost of health care to the individual patient and to the State as a result of a proliferation of health bureaucracies. The issues are compounded by economic decline, unemployment and adverse socio-economic factors, which militate against the privatization of health care.

Guyana.

PIP: The population characteristics, geography, history, government, economy, political situation, and foreign relations of Guyana are briefly described. In 1984 population size was estimated at 775,000, and the annual population growth rate was 0.7%. Ethnically the population is 51% East Indian, 43% African and mixed African, 4% Amerindian, 4% European, and 2% Chinese. 57% of the population is Christian, 33% Hindu, and 9% Muslim. Schooling is compulsory for those aged 5-16 years, and the literacy rate is 86%. Life expectancy is 70 years, and the infant mortality rate is 41. The country is divided geographically into a coastal region, where 90% of the population lives; a strip of grass-covered savanna running to the south of the coastal region; and an interior, sparsely populated, forested region, which contains 85% of the the land surface of the country. In the late 1500s the Dutch settled in Guyana, and in 1796 the British became the de facto rulers of Guyana. Amerindians and then later African slaves were exploited as laborers during the colonial era. Still later, indentured workers were brought in from India, Portugal, and China. Guyana became an independent country in 1966 and a republc in 1970. Since 1964 the country has been ruled by Forbes Burnham, 1st as prime minister, and then after the adoption of a new constitution in 1980, as executive president. The government consits of a unicameral National Assembly, an executive president representing the major party in the assembly, a cabinet, and a judicary branch. Forbes is a member of the People's National Congress, which is the dominant party in the country. The party is supported primarily by urban blacks, and the goal of the party is to make Guyana into a nonaligned socialist country. The major opposition party is the People's Progressive Party, which favors the establishment of a Moscow oriented communist country and is supported primarily by the East Indian population. Currently, public sector enterprises dominate the economic system, and 51% of the population is employed in the public sector; however, there are also cooperative and private sector enterprises. 33.8% of the work force is engaged in agriculture, 44.5% in industry and commerce, and 21.7% in services. The gross national product (GNP) was US$419 million (1983), the annual economic growth rate was 10.1% (1982-3), and per capita income was US$457 (1983). Agriculture accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product (GDP), and major agricultural products are sugar and rice. Sugar processing and marketing is handled by a government owned company. Industry, primarily the mining and processing of bauxite and aluminum, accounts for 27% of the GDP. In 1983 exports totated US$193.3 million, and exports amounted US$243 million. During the last several years, the economic situation deterioritated. Productivity is declining, equipment and facilities are outdated, and many skilled workers are emigrating. A number of economic reforms were adopted, but recovery depends on the ability of the government to reach a standby facility agreement with teh International Monetary Fund. Guyana maintains ties with both communist and capitalists countries and is engaged in a major territorial dispute with Venezuela. Since 1966, the US provided Guyana with US$415 million in unilateral and bilateral aid.^ieng

France.

PIP: In 1986, France had a population of 55,493,000, with an annual growth rate of 0.4%. The infant mortality rate stood at 8.2/1000. Of the work force of 23.8 million, 8.3% were engaged in agriculture, 45.2% were in the industry and commerce sector, and 46.5% were engaged in services. The unemployment rate stood at 10.7%. The country's gross domestic product (GDP) was US$724 billion in 1986, with an average annual growth rate of 2.0%, and per capita income averaged $13,046. France has substantial agricultural resources, a diversified modern industrial system, and a highly skilled labor force. Following the return of a socialist majority in government in 1981, several large manufacturing firms were nationalized along with much of the commercial banking sector. Initial socialist policies were stimulative, relying partly on income redistribution and partly on increased government spending. However, the resultant increase in import demand was not offset by an increased demand French exports. In 1983, an economic stabilization plan of reductions in the budget deficit, involving spending cuts, increased taxes, and tighter monetary and credit policies, was successfully implemented. Although current economic policies should promote stronger growth over the medium to long term, trade competitiveness remains weak and high unemployment is a major social problem.^ieng

Poland.

PIP: In 1986, Poland's population was 37.5 million and the annual population growth rate was 0.8%. The infant mortality rate was 19.3/1000 and life expectancy stood at 71.6 years. Of the labor force of 17.5 million, 30% were engaged in agriculture, 44% were in industry and commerce, 8% were government employees, and 11% were employed in services. Poland is a communist state. The economy is based on the Soviet model of state ownership of most of the country's productive assets, although the private sector predominates in agriculture. The rights of private farmers are now protected through a 1983 amendment to the constitution. Poland's economy has performed poorly in comparison with other Eastern European economies. The economic growth rate is 5% and inflation averages 20%. Per capita income is US$2000. Industries were centralized following World War II, and this systemic rigidity is considered to have contributed to the economy's poor performance. Another important factor has been low reliance of foreign trade, meaning that Poland's industries have failed to develop competitiveness. The government has committed itself to a so-called second-stage of economic reform, but to date there have been few concrete accomplishments.^ieng

Modernization, globalization and the welfare state: a comparative analysis of old and new convergence of social insurance since 1930.

Convergence of policies and institutions across countries has been a recurrent theme within social sciences. 'Old' and 'new' convergence hypotheses have been associated with changing concepts and catchwords, such as modernization, logic of industrialism, post-industrialism, post-Fordism and globalization, but share some underlying theoretical perspectives. The purpose of this paper is to analyse tendencies towards convergence of social insurance systems in 18 OECD countries between 1930 and 1990, a period which has seen our sample of countries develop from predominantly agricultural societies to industrial or post-industrial market democracies. Data from the Social Citizenship Indicator Program (SCIP) are used to examine the development of institutional variables within the various national social insurance systems. Sub-samples of larger and smaller countries are examined separately, in order to test the open-economy hypothesis that smaller countries, being more exposed to international pressures than larger ones, could be expected to show higher degrees of social protection and also more convergence. Hypotheses on differentiated institutional barriers against pressures from the processes of transnationalization of the economy, as well as possible convergence effects of the supra-national policy making within the European Union, are discussed in the last section.