Anatomia macroscópica interna e avaliação elétrica do coração de Bradypus variegatus / Internal macroscopic anatomy and electrical evaluation of the Bradypus variegatus heart

The Bradypus variegatus species presents peculiar anatomophysiological properties and many aspects of its organic systems still need to be clarified, especially regarding the cardiovascular system, given its participation in vital activities. Disorderly anthropic action has had drastic consequences in sloth populations and the need to treat sick and injured animals is increasingly common. To this end, the importance of knowing its characteristics is emphasized. Therefore, this study proposed to describe the internal macroscopic structures of the sloth's heart, as well as to measure the ventricular walls and indicate the electrical activity of the organ. For the dissections, 15 Bradypus variegatus cadavers were used (1 young female, 9 adults females and 5 adult males) belonging to the Área de Anatomia of the Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal (DMFA), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recide, PE, Brazil. After they were fixed and preserved, the specimens received a midsagittal incision in the chest, followed by soft tissue folding and removal of ribs to access the heart. The organ was derived from the cavity and sectioned sagittal medially to identify its internal anatomy. Ventricular walls and interventricular septum were measured with a steel caliper (150 mm / 0.02 mm). An electrocardiogram was performed to determine the electrical profile on 5 healthy B. variegatus sloths, living under semi-livestock conditions at the Recife Zoo, PE, Brazil. The electrodes were taken from the regions, scapular and glutes of the animals that were called hugging a keeper during the procedure, carried out in the Zoo itself, using a portable device. Based on the data obtained, sloths have cardiac chambers separated by septa, however between atria and ventricles, in both antimeres, there are atrioventricular ostia, where valves are found, consisting of 3 valves on the right and 2 on the left. The atria are practically smooth inside and have their cavity enlarged by the atria, the right being larger than the left, these having a greater amount of pectineal muscles in relation to the atria. The ventricles have trabeculae and papillary muscles, 3 on the right and 2 on the left. These muscles hold the tendinous chords that connect the valves. The existence of trabeculae marginal septum was not evidenced. The thickness of the wall of the left ventricle, as well as that of the interventricular septum, proved to be greater than the thickness of the wall of the right ventricle, regardless of the age or sex of the animals. Based on the electrocardiographic recordings, the sloths presented sinus rhythm, with a heart rate between 67 and 100 bpm. The electrical axis ranged from -60º to -90º. The P wave is smoother than the QRS complex. While the S-T segment was classified as isoelectric. The T wave was shown to be + and predominantly > or = at 25% of the S wave, which characterized an rS type QRS deflection in both females and males. The general characteristics of the cardiac chambers in sloths are similar to those observe in other domestic and wild mammals. However, the presence of pectineal muscles associated with the atria and auricles differs from that observed in mammals such as the paca and raccoon and in birds such as the ostrich, which have trabecular structures in these cavities. The number of valves in sloths is equal to the anteater. However, it has a marginal trabeculae septum, not seen in Bradypus variegatus. According to the electrocardiographic findings, the rhythm was sinus, but much lower than that observed in the capuchin monkey, which also maintains arboreal habits.(AU)

Expressão do receptor do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial no câncer de colo uterino: uma revisão sistemática / Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression in cervix cancer: a systematic review

Objetivo: identificar através da revisão sistemática a expressão do receptor do fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) nos diferentes graus de expressão e sua correlação com o prognóstico em portadores de câncer de colo uterino. Método: revisão sistemática de pesquisa nas bases de dados: PubMed, MedLine Old, MedLine, LILACS, SciELO e Science Direct. Resultados: foram encontrados 107 publicações, sendo 9 na PubMed, 80 na MedLine, 2 na MedLine Old, 16 na Science Direct e nenhuma no LILACS e SciELO. Apenas 13 artigos foram selecionados baseados nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Conclusão: apesar da escassez de estudos envolvendo a expressão do VEGF no câncer de colo uterino, há a possibilidade de correlacionar a expressão com pior prognóstico

Objective: to identify through a systematic review the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in different degrees of expression and its correlation with prognosis in patients with cervix cancer. Method: the systematic review was realized through research on databases: PubMed, MedLine Old, MedLine, LILACS, SciELO and Science Direct. Results: 107 publications were found, which 9 in PubMed, 80 in Medline, 2 in Old Medline, 16 in Science Direct and none in LILACS and SciELO. Only 13 articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Conclusion: despite the scarcity of studies involving the expression of VEGF in cervical cancer, it is possible to correlate the expression with worse prognosis.

Extratemporal fascicular study of facial nerve in human

Peripheral nerves are structures exposed to physical, chemical and mechanical traumas. These lesions can cause a varying magnitude of damages, between which compression, distention and section, which culminate in motor, psychological and aesthetic alterations, mainly with facial expression nerves, like the facial nerve. The objective of this study was to verify the fascicular disposition of the facial nerve through its histology. Ten human cadaver heads, with ages between 53 and 66, were dissected. Extratemporal segments of the facial nerve were collected and routine techniques for histological microscopic evaluation were applied. Results showed that the extratemporal segments of the facial nerve analyzed are oligofascicular and polyfascicular, with a number of 3 to 8 fascicules. We conclude that knowledge on the fascicular organization of nerves, particularly the facial nerve, is paramount in surgical procedures using grafts, interfascicular sutures, among other microsurgeries which involve nerve restoration.

Variation of length of styloid process / Variación de longitud del proceso estiloides

The styloid process is a bony projection that arises from the tympanic portion of the temporal bone, and its elongation is considered an anomaly that may be related to calcification of the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments, which can trigger a series of symptoms that characterize the Eagle's syndrome. The objective of this study was to report three cases of elongated styloid process seen in human skulls, trying to alert the dentists in the knowledge of this disease in order to include it in their diagnosis, associated with atypical facial pain or in the oral cavity of to facilitate better treatment for these cases.

El proceso estiloides es una proyección ósea que tiene su origen en la porción timpánica del hueso temporal y su elongación es considerado una anomalía que puede relacionarse con la calcificación de los ligamentos estilohioídeo y estilomandibular, y de esta forma desarrollar una serie de síntomas que caracterizan al Síndrome de Eagle. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir en tres cráneos humanos la elongación del proceso estiloides y dar a conocer al cirujano dentista esta anomalía, para que la incluya en su diagnóstico, cuando se éste presenta dolores atípicos de la cara o de la cavidad oral, y así facilitar el mejor tratamiento en estos casos.

Variation in clavicular origin of sternocleidomastoid muscle / Variaciación en el origen clavicular del músculo esternocleidomastoideo

The sternocleidomastoid is a muscle with a great extension that occupies the cervical region and is extended obliquely from the head to the trunk. Its morphology is not uniform, once its ends are wide and slim while its medial edge is thick and narrow. The aim of our work was to relate a case of variation in clavicular origin of this muscle that was extended beyond the half of clavicle laterally, in both sides of the neck.

El esternocleidomastóideo es un músculo de gran extensión en la región cervical con trayecto oblicuo desde la cabeza hasta el tronco. Su morfología no es uniforme, debido a que sus extremos son anchos y finos, mientras que él es grueso y estrecho en su borde medial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relatar un caso de la variación en el origen clavicular de este músculo que se extendí mas allá de la mitad de la clavícula en dirección lateral, en ambos lados del cuello.

Evaluation of dental eruption of third molars in the length of mandible / Evaluación de la erupción dentaria de los terceros molares en relación a la longitud de la mandíbula

The aim of this work was to evaluate the eruption of the third molar teeth in the length of the mandible using the orthodontic documentation obtained between 2005 and 2006 as sampling method, a total of 193 cases of both sexes. The cephalometric analysis and panoramic radiographic studies were chosen from two clinics randomly selected in the city of Recife - Pernambuco - Brazil. It was analyzed the linear size of mandibular bone by the use of McNamara's Cephalometric Analysis, and also the presence or not of dental retention of inferior third molar teeth with the help of panoramic radiographic study, evaluating the commitment of these retentions with the effective length of mandible. The work concluded that when the effective mandibular length is small induces a dental retention of these third molars, mostly the left inferior third molar, which 46.5 percent of the cases was observed as retained. However, in 53.8 percent of the cases was observed the absence or no-formation of these dental germs for the left inferior third molar and 60 percent for the right, showing a big size of the effective length of the mandible exposing that the no-formation of these teeth was not directly related to the lack of space in the dental arch. The study demonstrated that the sexual dimorphism does not influence the eruption of these teeth, however, according to age, was emphasized a dependence concerning about dental eruption, retention or absence of left inferior third molar.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la erupción del tercer molar a lo largo de la mandíbula usando documentación de ortodoncia obtenida entre los años 2005 y 2006, en un total de 193 casos de individuos brasileños, adultos, de ambos sexos. El análisis cefalométrico y los estudios radiográficos panorámicos fueron obtenidos de dos clínicas y seleccionados al azar en la ciudad de Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Se analizó el tamaño linear de la mandíbula usando el método cefalómetrico de McNamara, y también la presencia o ausencia de retención dental del tercer molar inferior con la ayuda de radiografías panorámicas, evaluando la relación de esas retenciones, si las hubiere, con la longitud efectiva de la mandíbula. Los resultados muestran que cuando la longitud mandibular efectiva es pequeña induce a retención dental de los terceros molares, siendo en la mayoría de los casos el tercer molar inferior izquierdo, lo cual fue obervado en 46,5 por ciento. Sin embargo, en el 53,8 por ciento de los casos se observó ausencia o no formación de los gérmenes dentales del molar mencionado, característica que se encontró en 60 por ciento en el lado derecho, mostrando un gran tamaño de longitud efectiva de la mandíbula, indicando que la no formación de ese molar no fue directamente relacionada a un reducido espacio en el arco dental. El estudio demostró que el dimorfismo sexual no influencia la erupción de ese molar, sin embargo, la variable edad, resaltó una dependencia relacionada con la erupción dental, retención o ausencia del tercer molar inferior izquierdo.

Neonatal administration of fluoxetine decreased final Sertoli cell number in Wistar rats / Administración neonatal de fluoxetina disminuye el número final de células de Sertoli en ratas Wistar

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the application of fluoxetine a highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) ¡ in rats during the suckling period induces changes in testicular development. Groups of newborn male rats were randomly assigned with different doses of fluoxetine 24 hours after birth. Each litter stayed with its respective mother during 21 days. Body weight (BW) was measured daily from the 1st -21st day to calculate daily doses of fluoxetine. 5 mg (T1), 10 mg (T2) 20 mg (T3) or deionized water, were injected intraperitoneally. On the 21st day, animals were heparinized, anesthetized and blood was collected by cardiac puncture to determine by radioimmunoassay the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Testis were removed, weighed, and processed for morphometric analysis. Fluoxetine groups presented decreased body and testicular weight when compared with the control group on the 21st day. Our findings show that the manipulation of the serotoninergic system with fluoxetine during the critical period of testicular development alters the Sertoli cell population and all testicular parameters related to this cell.

El propósito del presente estudio fue probar la hipótesis que el uso de fluoxetina - un inhibidor altamente selectivo de la serotonina (SSRI) - induce cambios en el desarrollo testicular de ratas durante el período de amamantamiento. Los grupos de ratas macho recién nacidas fueron asignados aleatoriamente con diversas dosis del fluoxetina, 24 horas después del nacimiento. Cada cría permanecía con su madre respectiva durante 21 días. El peso corporal (BW) fue medido diariamente desde el 21día 1 al 21, para calcular las dosis diarias del fluoxetina. 5 mg (T1), 10 mg (T2) y 20 (T3) o agua desionizada fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente. En el día 21, los animales fueron tratados con heparina, anestesiados y la sangre fue recogida por punción cardiaca para determinar por radioinmunoanálisis los niveles de la hormona folículo-estimulante (FSH). Los testículos fueron retirados, pesados y procesados para el análisis morfométrico. Los grupos tratados con fluoxetina presentaron disminución del tamaño y peso testiculares, en comparación con el grupo control día 21. Los resultados demuestran que la manipulación del sistema serotoninérgico con fluoxetina durante el período crítico del desarrollo testicular, altera la población de células de Sertoli y todos los parámetros testiculares relacionados con este tipo celular.

Teste de estimulação repetitiva no músculo ancôneo para diagnóstico da miastenia grave: mapeamento da sua área de placa motora / Repetitive stimulation test on the anconeus muscle for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis: the mapping of its motor end-plate area

OBJETIVO: Mapear a área de placa motora do músculo ancôneo para definir a melhor localização dos eletrodos de registro em testes de estimulação repetitiva (TER) no diagnóstico dos distúrbios da transmissão neuromuscular. MÉTODO: Registramos o potencial de ação composto do músculo ancôneo sobre a pele que o recobre, após estimulação do ramo que o inerva. Analisando as formas de onda registradas em cada ponto da pele foi possível definir a área de placa. RESULTADOS: A área de placa motora do ancôneo é uma linha paralela à borda da ulna. O melhor local de colocação do eletrodo "ativo" de registro situa-se cerca de 2 cm distal ao olécrano e 1 cm lateral à borda da ulna. CONCLUSÃO: A realização de TER no músculo ancôneo é simples e bem tolerada. Com a estimulação do ancôneo o antebraço praticamente não se move, sendo o procedimento livre de artefatos de movimento.

PURPOSE: To map the motor end-plate area of the anconeus muscle and define the best place for positioning the recording electrodes in repetitive stimulation tests (RST) for the diagnosis of neuromuscular transmission disorders. METHOD: The compound muscle action potential of the anconeus was recorded after stimulating the motor branch of the radial nerve that innervates it. By analyzing the waveforms registered at each point of the skin we were able to define the motor end-plate area. RESULTS: The motor end-plate area of the anconeus is a line parallel to the ulna border. The best place for placing the "active" recording electrode is about 2cm distal to the olecranon and 1 cm lateral to the border of the ulna. CONCLUSION: Performing RST in the anconeus muscle is simple and well tolerated. Stimulation of the anconeus almost doesn't move the forearm and the procedure is virtually free of movement artifacts.

Anomalous Branch of Internal Pudendal Artery / Rama Anómala de la Arteria Pudenda Interna

The ischiatic artery classically described as a branch of the inferior gluteal artery, is a long and thin vessel that is related to the ischiatic nerve. In a dissection was observed that this artery emerges from the internal pudendal artery with a caliber larger than the ones described in the literature. The knowledge of anatomical variations is important to the surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

La arteria isquiática se describe clásicamente como una rama de la arteria glútea inferior, es un vaso largo y delgado que se relaciona con el nervio isquiático. En una disección se observó que esta arteria surge de la arteria pudenda interna con un calibre más grande que lo descrito en la literatura. El conocimiento de variaciones anatómicas es importante para los cirujanos, radiólogos y anatomistas.

Anatomical aspects of the placenta of the sloth, Bradypus variegatus, Schinz, 1825

Sloth plows euterians mammals, belonging to the order Edentata, sub-order Xenarthra, infra-order Tardigrada, family Bradipodidae, which comprehend three specimen, Bradypus tridadctylus, Bradypus variegates and Bradypus torquatus. They plows few work found in the literature related to the anatomy of the placenta of this specimen. The material used in this research was consisted of 3 placentas of Bradypus variegatus of adult females (Briton, 1941) original of the Forests of the City of Recife and Zone of the Forest of the State of Pernambuco with average weight 4,2 Kg. Placentas were fixed in buffered glutaraldehyed 4 per cent, pH 7,4, 0,1M and processed goes optical microscopy. Macroscopically was observed that the placenta of the sloth is composed of discoidal lobes and had the fundal position of the uterine cavity. The fetal membranes identified were chorium, applied on the uterine surface and, amnion adherent to inner face of chorium. In the specimen examined presented vestige of allantois sack and vitelline sack in these gestational phase. Anatomically, placenta of Bradypus variegatus could be classified like chorium-amniotic. Microscopic analysis of the placenta showed endothelial cells of maternal vessel hypertrophied and fetal components without cellular limits identified. The fetal tissue presented an epithelioid aspect with fetal vessel surrounded to connective tissue and epithelioid cells or next to maternal vessel. According our description, Placenta of Bradypus variegatus could be classified microscopically in syndesmochorial and endotheliochorial

Sistematizaçäo da veia cava caudal em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945) / Systematization of the caudal vena cava in buffalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945)

Para o presente trabalho utilizou-se 25 animais, fetos de búfalos da Raça Murrah, com idades variando entre 5 e 9 meses, sendo 15 fêmeas e 10 machos, com vistas à dissecaçäo e sistematizaçäo dos vasos em estudo. Os animais foram coletados em abatedouro e fixados em soluçäo aquosa de formol 10 por cento. Obtiveramse para a Veia Cava Caudal os seguintes afluentes de origem: as veias ilíacas comuns direita e esquerda, e seus afluentes colaterais; veia sacral mediana; veias frênicas; veias lombares (1-5); veias circunflexas profunda do ílio direita e esquerda; 3-4 veias hepáticas; veia genital direita (testicular ou ovárica); veias adrenais e veias renais direita e esquerda

Sistematizaçäo da veia cava cranial em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945) / Systematization of the cranial vena cava in buffalos (Bubalus bubalis bubalis Simpson, 1945)

Para o presente trabalho utilizou-se 25 animais, fetos de búfalos, com idades variando entre 5 e 9 meses, sendo 15 fêmeas e 10 machos, com vistas à dissecaçäo e sistematizaçäo dos vasos em estudo. Os animais foram coletados em abatedouro e fixados em soluçäo aquosa de formol 10 por cento. Obtiveram-se para a Veia Cava Cranial os seguintes afluentes de origem: veias jugulares externas direita e esquerda, e os afluentes colaterais: as veias jugulares internas direita e esquerda, veias mediastínicas e pericárdicas, veias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, veias tímicas, veias subclávias direita e esquerda, o tronco costocervicovertebral direita esquerda, e ocasionalmente o ducto torácico

Longitud total del intestino de conejos sin raza definida (oryctolagus cuniculus) / Full length of the underbred rabbit´s intestine (oryctolagus cuniculus)

Estudiamos la longitud total del intestino en conejos sin raza definida, con el objetivo de contribuir con el manejo nutricional de esta especie. El estudio fue realizado en 34 conejos adultos de 94 días de edad (17 machos y 17 hembras), sometidos al mismo régimen alimenticio y ambiental. Fueron sacrificados y eviscerados y a seguir, medimos el tubo digestivo desde el píloro al ano. El material, fue preparado y colocado sobre un plano horizontal, siempre dentro de un período no superior a 5 horas después del sacrificio del animal. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores promedio: Intestino delgado: 23,11±1,66 cm; Ciego: 27,69 ±2,46 cm; Colon-recto: 103,40 ± 9,19 cm; Longitud total: 154,21 ± 7,17 cm; el análisis estadístico no demostró diferencias significativas relativas al sexo (p<0.05).

Capacidad del estómago de conejos sin raza definida, SRD, oryctolagus cuniculus / The stomach capacity of underbred rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus

Se estudió la capacidad del estómago de conejos sin raza definida (SRD), con el objetivo de contribuir con el manejo nutricional de la especie estudiada. 30 conejos adultos (15 machos y 15 hembras) de 94 días de edad fueron sometidos a un mismo régimen alimentario y ambiental, posteriormente sacrificados y viscerados. Una vez retirados los estómagos, se procedió a preservar 3 cm de los extremos esofágicos y duodenal. Los órganos fueron vaciados, lavados e inmersos en un recipiente con agua a 38,5 §C, hasta que las presiones internas y externas se igualaron. Mediante pinzas Clamp fueron cerrados el cardias y el píloro, para determinar su capacidad volumétrica. Las medidas máxima y mínima fueron de 125,30 y 72,50 ml para los machos, y de 139.50 y 72.50 ml para las hembras, teniendo como media global 97,74 ml. No se observaron diferencias significativas relativas al sexo (5 por ciento)

Ocorrência de septaçäo do forame do processo transverso em vértebras cervicais de brasileiros adultos / Ocurrence of a septum in the foramen of transverse processus in the cervical vertebrae in adult brazilians

A existência de um septo no forame do processo transverso das vértebras cervicais de adultos foram estudadas em cem conjuntos de vértebras cervicais de brasileiros, tendo sido observadas em 65 por cento dos casos.