Correlación del score de gleason en biopsia prostática con el de pieza operatoria. ¿Cuál es nuestro porcentaje de upgrading? / Correlation between Gleason Score of prostate biopsy and prostatectomy specimen. ¿How high is our upgrading rate?

Introducción. El cáncer de próstata es el segundo cáncer más prevalente del mundo y ocupa el quinto lugar en mortalidad en hombres. El score de Gleason es el factor pronósticos más importante. Sin embargo, numerosos estudios han reportado diferencias entre el score de Gleason de la biopsia prostática y el obtenido de la pieza operatoria. Es por este motivo que el objetivo del presente estudio, es evaluar la concordancia entre el score de Gleason de la biopsia prostática transrectal comparado con el de la pieza operatoria de la prostatectomia radical.(AU)

Introduction. Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in the world, and occupies the fifth place in mortality among men. Gleason score (GS) is the most important prognostic factor. However, a number of studies have reported differences between the GS of the trans rectal biopsy and the prostatectomy specimen. That is the reason of the this study, our objective is to evaluate concordance between Gleason scores, of the biopsy and the prostatectomy specimen.(AU)

Resultados oncológicos y funcionales en prostatectomía radical laparoscópica en grupo de bajo riesgo vs riesgo intermedio y alto / Oncological and functional results OF radical laparoscopic prostatectomy in low-risk group vs intermediate and high risk

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prostatectomía radical (PR) es el tratamiento de elección en pacientes con cáncer de próstata organoconfinado y esperanza de vida mayor a 10 años. Dentro de este grupo se pueden distinguir pacientes de riesgo bajo, intermedio y alto según D'Amico. Parámetros oncológicos y funcionales, como la continencia inmediata o precoz y potencia sexual sirven para evaluar el resultado de este procedimiento. OBJETIVO: Evaluar parámetros oncológicos y funcionales entre el grupo de riesgo bajo Vs Intermedio alto. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo de carácter descriptivo. 132 Pacientes sometidos aprostatectomía radical laparoscópica entre 2003-2013 por un único cirujano. Datos recopilados en el momento de la cirugía y controles postoperatorios. Se agruparon según edad, Score de Gleason, PSA y estadio clínico en pacientes de riesgo bajo e intermedio-alto. En controles se realizó encuesta de continencia, potencia sexual y evaluación de biopsia. Los datos se analizaron considerando p<0,05 estadísticamente significativo según prueba Xi Square. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron en total 132 pacientes, edad promedio 64,2(±7)años (48-75). PSA promedio 8,4(±6)ng/dl (1,5-37). El grupo de riesgo bajo(G1) corresponde a 92 pacientes (70 %), Promedio 64 años, PSA 6, 83 por ciento T1c. El grupo de riesgo intermedio-alto (G2) 40 pacientes (30 %), Promedio 64,9 años, PSA 13,7; 86 por ciento T1c. Márgenes positivos en G1 13(14 por ciento )pacientes Vs 11(26 por ciento) pacientes en G2. En G1 41 (45 por ciento ) están continentes al mes, 73 por ciento al tercer mes y 92 por ciento al año Vs 35 (41 por ciento ) están continentes al mes, 65 por ciento al tercer mes y 825 al año en G2. De los pacientes con seguimiento mayor a un año y erección satisfactoria previa, en G1 un 53 por ciento logró erección de igual calidad al octavo mes Vs G2 un (53 por ciento ) lo logró al mes 11. No hubo diferencia significativa en márgenes (+), continencia y potencia postoperatoria entre ambos grupos con (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados oncológicos y funcionales no difieren en pacientes de bajo riesgo VS riesgo mayor. No hubo diferencias significativas en los parámetros estudiados, aunque se necesitan estudios de mayor cantidad de pacientes y revisiones sistemáticas para comparar series de distintos centros.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Radical prostatectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with localized prostate cancer and life expectancy over 10 years. Within this group we can distinguish patients with low, intermediate and high risk according to D'Amico. Oncological and functional parameters, such as immediate or early continence and sexual potency are useful to evaluate the outcome of this procedure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate oncological and functional parameters among low-risk group vs. intermediate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive clinical study. 132 patients underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy between the years 2003-2013 performed by a single surgeon. Data collected that at the time of surgery and postoperative controls. They were grouped according to age, Gleason Score, PSA and clinical stage in patients with risk low- and intermediate-high. During controls, a survey was performed in relation to continence, sexual potency and evaluation of biopsy. Data were analyzed considering p <0.05 statistically significant according Xi Square test. RESULTS: 132 patients participated, with an average age of 64.2 (± 7) years (48-75). PSA average 8.4 (± 6) ng / dl (1.5 to 37). The low risk group (G1) corresponds to 92 patients (70 pertrcent), average 64 years, PSA 6.83 pertcent T1c. The intermediate-high risk group G2) consisted of 40 patients (30 pertcent), average 64.9 years, PSA 13.7; 86 pertcent T1c. G1 positive margins in 13 (14 percent) patients vs 11 (26 pertcent) patients in G2. In G1 41 (45 pertcent) are continent in a month, 73 pertcent in the third month and 92 pertcent in one year vs 35 (41 pertcent)are continent in a month, 65 pertcent in the third month and 825 in a year in G2. Of patients with follow-up longer than a year and satisfactory prior erection in G1, a 53 pertcent achieved erection of equal quality in eighth month vs. G2 one (53 pertcent) did it achieved it in month 11. There was no significant difference in margins (+), postoperative continence or potency between the two groups (P> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: oncological and functional results do not differ in low-risk patients vs. higher risk. There were no significant differences in the parameters studied, althoug. (AU)

Bacteriemia por Ochrobactrum anthropi en paciente en hemodiálisis por catéter tunelizado permanente: Caso clínico / Catheter associated bacteremia caused by Ochrobactrum anthropi in a patient on hemodialysis: Report of one case

Ochrobactrum anthropi is a rare pathogen in humans that is usually related to infections in inmunocompromised patients or people with indwelling medical devices. There are very few reported cases of O. anthropi bacteremia in patients on hemodialysis. We report a 19-year-old female on hemodialysis through a jugular catheter, with fever and malaise lasting one month. The catheter was withdrawn and Ochrobactrum anthropi was isolated from it and from blood cultures. The patient was successfully treated with levofloxacin.

La hipertensión arterial, ¿Sólo un biomarcador de la enfermedad ateroesclerótica sistémica? / Hypertension as a biological marker of systemic atherosclerotic disease

There is a close link between hypertension and atherosderosis. Hypertension causes atherosclerotic damage of several organs, called target organs and the risk factors for hypertension and atherosderosis are very similar. The risk of mortality associated to hypertension increases with blood pressure values below the cutoff point of normality (140/90 mm Hg), even below 130/85 mm Hg, and includes a stage called pre hypertension. Moreover, the initial damage of the arterial walls and target organs are present before there is a significant elevation of blood pressure. Therefore, hypertension could become a biological marker of the evolution of an underlying atherosclerotic process. A new pathophysiological paradigm has been proposed in which the severity of hypertension is not classified according to blood pressure values, but rather on the initiation and progression of vascular damage among target organs. These alterations determine the prognosis and management of systemic vascular damage that can be called "hypertensive atherosclerotic disease" or simply systemic atherosclerotic disease.

Morbi-mortalidad de la hipertensión arterial según magnitud del cambio de los factores de riesgo: seguimiento a 30 años / Morbimortality of arterial systemic hypertension according to risk factor control: a 30 years follow up study

Antecedentes: El tratamiento integral de la hipertensión arterial esencial involucra el tratamiento farmacológico y el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivo: Estudiar a largo plazo la magnitud y frecuencia del cambio de los factores de riesgo, incluida la presión arterial, sobre la morbi-mortalidad de la hipertensión. Método: Estudio observacional durante 30 años de una cohorte de 1.360 hipertensos esenciales tratados con fármacos habituales (tiazidicos, B-bloqueadores, antagonistas del Ca++ e inhibidores ECA) y medidas dietéticas, educacionales y farmacológicas tendientes a mejorar el estilo de vida (cigarrillo, alcohol y sedentarismo) y controlar adecuadamente las enfermedades concomitantes (diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidad, gota). Se analizó el cambio individual de los 8 factores de riesgo fijando como éxito: PA <140/90 mmHg, cero consumo de cigarrillos, alcohol > 2 vasos de vino al día, colesterol total <200 mg por ciento, glicemia < 120mg por ciento e índice de masa corporal <30 peso/talla². De acuerdo al éxito individual, se separaron dos grupos: B con cambio adecuado de 4 o más FR y M, sin ese resultado. Se comparó la morbi-mortalidad entre ellos, en total y en forma separada para pacientes complicados y no complicados al ingreso. Estadística según tasas acumulativas y diferencias según método de Cox. Resultados: mortalidad general 0.91 por ciento/año y morbilidades comparables a las de la literatura reciente. Cambio de los factores de riesgo inferior al 50 por ciento, en especial diabetes (26 por ciento) obesidad (18 por ciento) y sedentarismo (15 por ciento). El grupo B con control adecuado de más de 4 factores de riesgo presentó significativamente una menor mortalidad, menor morbilidad total y menor incidencia de Infarto miocárdico, tanto en pacientes previamente complicados como sin ellas al ingreso. Conclusión: Este resultado positivo, a pesar del moderado control de los FR, enfatiza la necesidad de realizar no solo prevención primaria sino también secundaria en forma más intensa y agresiva.

Perfil del hipertenso adulto mayor tratado / Morbidity and mortality of treated elderly hypertensive patients

Background: There is concern about the consequences that hypertension has on the well being and mortality of elderly people. Aim: To compare the morbidity and mortality of young and old treated hypertensive subjects. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of hypertensive subjects treated and followed for a period of 10 ñ 9 years. Subjects that started treatment at an age of less than 65 years and those that started treatment after 65 years of age, were analyzed separately. The antihypertensive drugs used for treatment and blood pressure reduction were similar in both groups. Results: Subjects that started treatment after 65 years of age (157 females and 133 males) had lower serum cholesterol levels and a higher prevalence of end organ damage than their younger counterparts. Women over 65 had a higher body mass index than women of less than 65. Males over 65 years had a higher prevalence of diabetes than younger males. Mortality and complications of hypertension were higher in subjects that started treatment after 65 years of age. Conclusions: The higher mortality of subjects that start hypertensive treatment after 65 years of age, is indicative of the need to detect and treat hypertension at the earliest possible moment

Optimización de la reducción de la presión arterial en hipertensos esenciales / Optimization of antihypertensive treatment

Background: A blood pressure below or equal to 140/90 mmHg, the aim of antihypertensive treatment, is rarely achieved. Only 16 percent of patients controlled by our group reach this goal. Aim: To analyze the causes of suboptimal treatment and to assess the effects of an optimization of antihypertensive therapy. Patients and methods: A random sample of 160 patients was analyzed and followed during one year. Results: Sixty six patients (41 percent) had a normal blood pressure, maintained during the first three months of follow up. The main causes of suboptimal reduction of blood pressure in the remaining 94 patients were an incorrect prescription or dosage of medications in 37.5 percent, lack of compliance in 34 percent, insufficient delivery of medications by the health service in 24 percent and secondary effects of drugs in 5 percent. When these factors were corrected, blood pressure normalized in 41 of them. In other 37, a reduction of 5 mmHg or more in blood pressure, was obtained. The most frequent changes introduced were modifications in dosage and addition of a new medication. Therefore, in 90 percent of these patients, blood pressure was reduced or normalized. Conclusions: A correct identification of the cause of antihypertensive treatment failure is imperative. The correction of this cause leads to a further reduction in blood pressure in 90 percent of those subjects with suboptimal treatment

Morbimortalidad de la hipertensión arterial esencial tratada en un seguimiento de 26 años / Mortality and morbidity of treated essential arterial hypertension: a 26 years follow up

Background: Treatment has a definitive impact on mortality in hypertension. The magnitude of blood pressure reduction, the type of drug used and the associated risk factors may modulate the effect of treatment on mortality. Aim: To report the effects of treatment of essential hypertension, in a cohort followed for up to 26 years. Patients and methods: A cohort of 1,172 essential hypertensive patients followed up to 26 years. Patients were treated with different antihypertensive drugs, alone or in combination (diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) according to international rules and consensus. Subjects were followed until death or loss from follow-up. Blood pressure reduction was aimed to obtain figures near 140/ 90 mm Hg. Causes of death and complications were obtained from hospital records, phone and death certificates. Survival was studied using life tables (Kaplan Meier method and intention to treat analysis) and Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results: Initial blood pressure dropped significantly from 181/109 to 154/92 mm Hg, p <0.001. Mean follow-up time was 10.6ñ6.1 years. There were 143 cardiovascular deaths, 142 acute myocardial infarctions, 101 strokes, 83 subjects had cardiac failure and 49 had renal failure. The observed rates were 0.92 percent per year for cardiovascular mortality, 1.36 percent per year for coronary heart disease, 0.94 percent per year for stroke. Conclusions: Our mortality rate is lower than that found in classical randomized studies but similar or slightly higher than the more recent ones. Morbidity rates were also very similar. Except for mortality rate, frequency of complications did not change in comparison to our previous report after 15 year of follow up. Aging did not seem to negatively influence mortality rates in adequately treated hypertensive patients

Factores predictores de riesgo de morbimortalidad en hipertensos esenciales seguidos 25 años / Risk factors for morbidity and mortality in subjects with essential hypertension, followed for 25 years

Background: Among hypertensive patients, other risk factors for mortality and morbidity, besides blood pressure, must be considered when therapeutic decisions are done. Aim: To assess the incidence and relevance of cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of patients with essential hypertension. Material and methods: A cohort of 1.072 treated patients with essential hypertension was followed for a period up to 25 years. Four hundred eighty six were men and 586 were women, age ranged from 31 to 70 years. At entry, 56 percent of subjects did not have any organic complications associated to hypertension (stage I WHO criteria), 30 percent had mild alterations (Stage II) and 14 percent had major complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure or renal failure). Likewise, 43.8 percent had mild, 14.5 percent, moderate and 41.7 percent, severe hypertension. Patients were treated with monotherapy or combined therapy based on diuretics, beta blockers, calcium antagonists and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Goal of therapy was 140/90 mm Hg. Risk factors associated diseases and complications were registered carefully. Causes of death were obtained from hospital records and death certificates. Mortality was analyzed using life tables (intention to treat method included). Results: Blood pressure dropped significantly during follow up from a mean of 182/110 to 154/92 mm Hg. During follow up, 143 patients died and 429 complications (lethal or non lethal) were recorded. Twenty four percent of patients smoked, 24 percent reported alcohol intake, 56 percent had hypercholesterolemia, 11 percent were obese, 13 percent had diabetes and 3 percent had gout. The proportional hazard model showed that the existence of previous complications, the presence of more than 3 risk factors, and age over 60 and mean systolic and diastolic pressure during therapy, were independent and significant risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: The incidence of risk factors among our hypertensive patients is very similar to that of other national or international cohorts

Fibrobroncoscopía en pediatría: utilidad diagnóstica y terapéutica / Flexible bronchoscopy in pediatrics: a useful therapeutic and diagnostic tool

Se analizan 137 fibrobroncoscopías realizadas en 121 pacientes durante 25 meses (abril 1995 a mayo 1997) con rango de edad entre 20 días a 15 años promedio de 4,3 años. Noventa y cinco procedimientos fueron diagnósticos (70 por ciento), el resto terapeútico. Las principales indicaciones clínicas que en su conjunto representan el 77 por ciento de los procedimientos fueron: atelectasias (31 por ciento), lavado broncoalveolar (22 por ciento), estridor (14 por ciento) y evaluación del paciente traqueostomizado crónico (10 por ciento). Veintidos de los procedimientos diagnósticos (23 por ciento) se hicieron en patología congénita, 14 (64 por ciento) por estridor siendo la laringomalacia el principal diagnóstico (50 por ciento). El lavado broncoalveolar permitió hacer diagnóstico bacteriológico en 25 por ciento de los casos y también fue útil en hemosiderosis pulmonar y aspiración crónica. En 90 por ciento de los pacientes con patología adquirida de la vía aérea superior se estableció diagnóstico y se dieron las recomendaciones de estudio, constituyéndose en el método de evaluación de mejor rendimiento. Los procedimientos terapéuticos se realizaron principalmente en atelectasia aguda (78 por ciento), con mejoría en la mayoría de ellos (63 por ciento). Extracción de cuerpo extraño, selle de fístulas broncopleurales, intubaciones difíciles y resección de granuloma subglótico. La fibroendoscopía es un método seguro, versátil y altamente resolutivo con pocas complicaciones de orden menor. En esta comunicación las complicaciones mayores fueron inferiores al 1 por ciento