الملخص
Resumen Objetivo: determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: para ello, entre el 21 de noviembre y el 12 de diciembre del año 2020, se desarrolló un estudio transversal en 1182 muestras de residentes de un municipio bonaerense en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se midió IgG por ELISA en muestras obtenidas vía digitopunción. Resultados: la prevalencia general fue del 12,2 % (n = 144; IC95 %: 10,3 - 14,0) con un cociente 1:3,8 entre la incidencia acumulada y la observación en nuestro estudio; en mujeres fue del 13,0 % (IC95 %: 10,2 - 15,7) y en hombres, del 10,5 % (IC95 %: 7,6 - 13,3) (p = 0.21). Las prevalencias en grupos etarios fueron las siguientes: 18 a 30 años, del 17,8 % (IC95 %: 12,0 - 23,6); 31 a 60 años, del 12,2 % (IC95 %: 9,3 - 15,1) y 61 años o más, del 9.9 % (IC95 %: 6.9 - 13.9) (p = 0.02). Las prevalencias según los terciles socioeconómicos (por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas) fueron para el Tercil I (mejor tercil): 7,7 % (IC95 %: 4,7 - 10,7); el Tercil II: 12.5 % (IC95 %: 8,7 - 16,4); y el Tercil III: 15,2 % (IC95 %: 11,6 - 18,8) (p = 0.002). Conclusiones: también hubo diferencias entre las localidades de dicho municipio y entre variables clínicas autorrefenciadas. Se detectaron 12 muestras positivas para IgM: el 1 % del total y el 8,3 % respecto de los casos IgG-positivos. Los estudios de seroprevalencia resultan útiles y podrían contribuir a modelizaciones matemáticas más ajustadas.
Abstract Objective: determine the prevalence of anti-bodies against SARS-CoV-2. Method: between November twenty-one and December twelve of two thousand and twenty year, a cross-sectional study was carried out in 1182 samples from residents of a Buenos Aires town in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. IgG was measured by ELISA in samples obtained by acupressure. Results: the global prevalence was 12.2 % (n = 144; 95 % CI: 10.3 - 14.0) with a ratio of 1: 3.8, between cumulative incidence and observational values. Prevalence in women and men were 13.0 % (95 % CI: 10.2 - 15.7) and 10.5 % (95 % CI: 7.6 - 13.3), respectively (p = 0.21). By age, the observed values were: 17.8 % (95 % CI: 12.0 - 23.6) in 18 and 30 years old group; 12.2 % (95 % CI: 9.3 - 15.1) in 31 to 60 years old group, 9.9 % (95 % CI: 6.9 - 13.9) in people over 61 years old (p = 0.02). According the socioeconomic tertiles (for Unsatisfied Basic Needs) the prevalence values were 7.7 % (95 % CI: 4.7 - 10.7) for Tertile I (best tertile), 12.5 % (95 % CI: 8.7 - 16.4) for Tertile II, and 15.2 % (95 % CI: 11.6 - 18.8) for Tertile III (p = 0.002). Conclusion: there were also differences between the neighbourhoods and between self-reported clinical variables. Specific IgM antibodies were detected in 12 samples, which represented 1% of the total. Seroprevalence studies provide useful information that can be apllied to fit modeling.
الملخص
Resumen Introducción: Los parásitos intestinales tienen mayor impacto en las poblaciones infantiles ya que pueden, a largo plazo, conducir a un retraso en el crecimiento con alteración del desarrollo cognitivo. Sumado a esto, los entornos de vulnerabilidad social favorecen la transmisión y permanencia de estos parásitos en el ambiente. Métodos: En un estudio transversal realizado en el Municipio de Hurlingham (conurbano bonae rense) se estimó la prevalencia de enteroparasitosis y sus factores de riesgo asociados en una población infantil concurrente a Centros de Atención Primaria para la Salud locales mediante un análisis coproparasitológico, un test de Graham y una encuesta socioambiental y laboral. Resultados: Un total de 66 niñas (50.8%) y 64 niños (49.2%) entre 0 a 12 años fueron analizados. El 89.1% de los mayores de 4 años estaban escolarizados. En el 28.5% de los hogares la madre o el padre tenía trabajo formal y el 63.8% percibía la asignación universal por hijo (AUH). Se observaron condiciones de vulnerabilidad social en la población analizada, tales como: falta de acceso al agua de red y cloacas y un saneamiento ambiental deficiente. El diagnóstico parasitológico reveló un total de 75 casos [57.7% (IC 95%: 48.7-66.3)] de parasitosis. Los protistas fueron los parásitos más frecuentes y las especies más prevalentes: Blastocystis spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia y Cryptosporidium sp. La presencia de parásitos estuvo asociada a la escolarización (p<0.01) y a la edad del niño (p<0.05). Dis cusión: Este fue el primer relevamiento sobre las enteroparasitosis en el municipio de Hurlingham y el contexto socioeconómico y ambiental donde se desarrollan.
Abstract Introduction: Intestinal parasites have the greatest impact on child populations as they can, in the long term, lead to stunted growth with advances in cognitive development. The transmission of these parasites is favored by environments of social vulnerability. Methods: In a cross-sectional study carried out in the District of Hurlingham, in the suburbs of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of intestinal parasitoses and its associated risk factors in a child population attending Primary Health Care Centers was estimated. Coproparasitological survey, Graham test and a socio-environmental and labor survey were performed. Results: A total of 130 children, 50.8% women and 49.2% men (0-12 years) were analyzed; 89.1% of those over 4 years of age were in school. In 28.5% of households, the mother or father had a formal job and 63.8% received the Universal Child Allowance. Conditions of social vulnerability were observed in the analyzed population: poor access to network water and sewage and environmental sanitation. The parasitological diagnosis revealed that 75 children [57.7% (95% CI: 48.7-66.3)] were parasitized. Protists were more frequent than helminths and the most prevalent species were Blastocystis spp, Enterobius vermicularis, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium sp. The parasites in children were associated with schooling (p<0.01) and age (p<0.05). Discussion: This work constitutes the first survey on intestinal parasitoses in the District of Hurlingham and the socioeconomic and environmental context where it is developed.
الملخص
In recent years, emerging diseases were defined as being infectious, acquiring high incidence, often suddenly, or being a threat or an unexpected phenomenon. This study discusses the hallmarks of emerging diseases, describing the existence of noninfectious emerging diseases, and elaborating on the advantages of defining noninfectious diseases as emerging ones. From the discussion of various mental health disorders, nutritional deficiencies, external injuries and violence outcomes, work injuries and occupational health, and diseases due to environmental factors, the conclusion is drawn that a wide variety of noninfectious diseases can be defined as emergent. Noninfectious emerging diseases need to be identified in order to improve their control and management. A new definition of "emergent disease" is proposed, one that emphasizes the pathways of emergence and conceptual traits, rather than descriptive features.
الموضوعات
Humans , Disease/classification , Communicable Diseases, Emergingالملخص
In the last decades the need of better measurements of health outcomes has increased the interest for new clinical indicators. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has emerged in this context as a multidimensional model approach where the patient is the exclusive source of information. The main objective of HRQoL measurement is to provide a global evaluation of the impact of diseases and the consequences of treatments over the daily life of the patients. The instruments developed for that purpose are questionnaires; either generic--for the comparison between different diseases-, or specific--aimed to evaluate particular conditions. These questionnaires must demonstrate several psychometric properties, such as reliability, validity, responsiveness, and for some authors also feasibility. In many areas, HRQoL studies have demonstrated to increase the knowledge of the natural history of diseases and its global consequences, beyond the classic health outcomes information based on morbidity and mortality rates. This knowledge may assist in the design of epidemiological studies and improve the comparison of strategies in therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, some controversial issues remain such as the clinical implications of absolute scores obtained, and the need for updating the content of the instruments in accordance with the changes in natural history of diseases under evaluation