الملخص
Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: El ácido úrico es un factor de riesgo independiente de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares. OBJETIVO: Analizar el papel del ácido úrico como factor pronóstico en el accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, efectuado en un hospital privado y académico. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de evento vascular cerebral en el periodo de 2012 a 2016. Se clasificaron dos grupos: pacientes con hiperuricemia y sin hiperuricemia. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 202 pacientes, 59 (30%) con hiperuricemia y 143 (70%) sin hiperuricemia. En el análisis comparativo la mortalidad fue de 7.3% (n = 10) en pacientes sin hiperuricemia y de 5% (n = 3) en pacientes con hiperuricemia (p = 0.56). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de glucosa (p = 0.02), creatinina (p = 0.004), colesterol (p = 0.028), ácido úrico (p ≤ 0.0001) y triglicéridos (p = 0.014) entre ambas poblaciones. El análisis con regresión logística con corrección para potenciales de confusión no encontró asociación significativa entre la existencia de hiperuricemia al ingreso y la probabilidad de muerte (OR 2.098, IC95%: 0.47-9.332, p = 0.3304). CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio demuestra que en los pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de evento cerebrovascular isquémico las concentraciones de ácido úrico o la hiperuricemia no se relacionan con incremento en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Elevations in serum uric acid levels are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular conditions. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between high uric acid levels and the prognosis of patients with a cerebrovascular accident. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A retrospective cohort study performed at a single academic center. All patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident during the period between 2012 and 2016 were included in the analysis. Cohorts were segregated in patients with hyperuricemia and patients with normal serum uric acid levels. RESULTS: Two hundred two patients with cerebrovascular accident were analyzed, 59 patients (30%) were diagnosed with hyperuricemia, 143 (70%) were used as a control group. On a comparative analysis, mortality rates were 7.3% (n = 10) on hyperuricemia group vs 5% (n = 3) in the control group (p = 0.056). Significant differences were found on serum cholesterol levels (p = 0.028), uric acid (p ≤ 0.0001), glucose (p = 0.02), creatinine (p = 0.004) and triglycerides levels (p = 0.01) between cohorts. After controlling for potential confusing factors, there wasn't found an association between the increase in serum uric acid levels and the odds of mortality (OR 2.098, IC95% 0.47-9.332, p = 0.3304). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that inpatients diagnosed with a cerebrovascular accident mortality rates are not associated with hyperuricemia or increasing levels of serum uric acid.
الملخص
Resumen OBJETIVO: Revisar la bibliografía de la prevalencia, factores de riesgo, síntomas, diagnósticos y tratamiento de las pacientes con istmocele. MÉTODO: Búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos: PubMed, EMBASE y Google Scholar. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos, palabras y sus combinaciones: "Cesarean section defect, uterine niche, isthmocele, uterine sacculation, uterine diverticulum, uterine pouch, isthmocele diagnosis, segmentocele y isthmocele treatment". La variable primaria estudiada fueron los síntomas asociados con el istmocele. Las variables secundarias: prevalencia, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico y tratamiento. RESULTADOS: Se reunieron 549 artículos de los que se eliminaron 288 por duplicidad y 228 no cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; al final solo se analizaron 33 artículos. El istmocele tiene una prevalencia de 15 a 84% en mujeres con antecedente de cesárea. Su incidencia se correlaciona directamente con la cantidad de cesáreas previas. Su aparición puede ser sintomática o asintomática. La manifestación clínica más común es el sangrado uterino anormal, que sucede en 28.9 a 82% de los casos. Incluso 88% se diagnostican en el ultrasonido transvaginal. La histeroscopia quirúrgica se asoció con disminución de los síntomas en 56.9 a 100%. CONCLUSIONES: El istmocele suele identificarse de manera fortuita en el ultrasonido transvaginal y casi siempre es asintomático. Puede ocasionar sangrado uterino anormal e infertilidad secundaria. Su prevalencia depende del método diagnóstico utilizado. La histeroscopia es el método de tratamiento más efectivo.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: Review the literature on the prevalence, risk factors, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment of patients with isthmocele. METHOD: An electronic search was performed using the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. The following terms, words and their combinations were used: "Cesarean section defect, uterine niche, isthmocele, uterine sacculation, uterine diverticulum, uterine pouch, isthmocele diagnosis, segmentocele y isthmocele treatment". The primary outcome was the symptoms associated with a cesarean scar defect. The secondary outcomes were prevalence, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of istomocele. RESULTS: 549 articles were collected, of which 288 were eliminated due to duplication and 228 did not meet the inclusion criteria; In the end, only 33 articles were analyzed. A prevalence of 15 to 84% was found in women with a previous caesarean section. The prevalence of this alteration is correlated with the number of cesarean sections; the greater the number of caesarean sections, the greater the risk of developing an isthmocele. Its presence can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. The most common symptom is abnormal uterine bleeding, occurring in a 28.9% to 82% of the patients. Up to 88% of cases are diagnosed by a transvaginal ultrasound. A surgical hysteroscopy was associated with a 56.9% to a 100% improvement of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Isthmocele is commonly identified incidentally through a transvaginal ultrasound and is usually asymptomatic. It can cause abnormal uterine bleeding and secondary infertility. Its prevalence depends on the diagnostic method used. A surgical hysteroscopy is the most effective treatment method.