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Purpose To investigate the effect of MYD88 gene overexpression on the proliferation and apoptosis of human diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL)cells,and to prelimi-narily explore the mechanism of MYD88 gene action.Methods PEGFP-C2-MYD88 overexpressing MYD88 L265P gene was transfected into DLBCL cells by plasmid transfection.The exper-iment was divided into blank control group,negative control group and MYD88 L265P overexpression group.The fluores-cence expression of MYD88 L265P after overexpression was ob-served under inverted fluorescence microscope.RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expres-sion of MYD88 L265P,IRAK4,NF-κB and BCL2 in DLBCL cells before and after overexpression of MYD88 L265.CCK8 method was used to detect DLBCL cells proliferation and Ho-echst staining was used to detect DLBCL cells apoptosis.Re-sults After overexpression of MYD88 L265P,compared with the blank control group(0.670 4±0.017 5)and the negative control group(0.715 3±0.019 6),the MYD88L265P overex-pression group(1.157 2±0.010 2)increased significantly,with statistical significance(all P＜0.05).After overexpression of MYD88 L265P,compared with the blank control group(0.69 ±0.04)and the negative control group(0.81±0.07),the MYD88L265P overexpression group(0.48±0.05)was signifi-cantly decreased,with statistical significance(all P＜0.05).After overexpression of MYD88 L265P,compared with the blank control group(mRNA:1.0158±0.0115,0.987 3±0.010 2,1.007 6±0.015 3,protein:0.183 4±0.058 9,0.096 8± 0.015 7,0.147 5±0.0418)and negative control group(mR-NA:0.9132±0.0098,1.0032±0.0156,0.9327± 0.011 2,protein:0.187 9±0.042 3,0.088 9±0.0513,0.134 8±0.050 1),the mRNA(3.243 2±0.013 6,2.976 6 ±0.0213,1.585 9±0.019 8)and protein expressions(0.452 7±0.052 4,0.218 9±0.047 5,0.301 4±0.059 8)of IRAK4,NF-κB and anti-apoptosis protein BCL2 in MYD88L265P overexpression group were significantly increased,which was statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion After overexpression of MYD88 L265P,the apoptosis rate of DLBCL cells decreased and the cell proliferation rate increased.The mechanism may be related to the mutation of MYD88 L265P gene,activation and amplification of NF-κB pathway,and pro-motion of the overexpression of antiapoptotic protein BCL2.
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Objective To clarify the expression and distribution of brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cerebrum of plateau yaks and cattle, and to explore the relationship between BDNF function and the adaptability of altitude hypoxia. Methods Five yaks and five cattles were selected.The content and distribution of BDNF in frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebrum white matter and hippocampus of yak and cattle were analyzed by Real⁃time PCR, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. Results Real⁃time PCR result showed that BDNF mRNA expression in the cerebrum of yaks and cattles was highest in temporal cortex, followed by hippocampus, parietal cortex, occipital cortex and frontal cortex, and lowest in white matter. Western blotting results showed that the content of BDNF protein in the cerebrum of yaks was the highest in temporal cortex,followed by hippocampus. The content of BDNF protein in other tissues was parietal cortex, frontal cortex and cerebrum white matter, and the content of BDNF protein was the lowest in occipital cortex. The content of BDNF protein intlecerebrum of cattles was the highest in the temporal cortex, followed by the hippocampus. The content of BDNF protein in other tissues was parietal cortex, occipital cortex and frontal cortex in descending order, and the protein content in cerebrum white matter was the lowest. Immunohistochemical results showed that the positive expression of BDNF protein in the cerebrum of yaks and cattles was basically similar, mainly distributed in the granulosa cells and glial cells in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, parietal cortex and occipital cortex, glial cells in cerebrum white matter, pyramidal cell layer and polyform cell layer in the hippocampus. There was the small amount of distribution in Martinotti cells and the molecular layer of hippocampus in the cerebral cortex. Conclusion BDNF mRNA and protein are distributed and expressed in different brain regions of yaks and cattles, but the expression level different, which is speculated to be closely related to the specific functions of different cerebrum regions. The expression level of the cerebrum of yak is higher than that of cattle except occipital cortex, suggesting that it is related to the altitude hypoxic environment. BDNF may play an important role in enhancing hypoxic tolerance and protecting internal environmental homeostasis in the process of animal adaptation to hypoxic environment.
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Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. It is very hard to treat pancreatic cancers for their high heterogeneity, complex tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance. Currently, gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, capecitabine and FOLFIRINOX are standard chemotherapy for resectable or advanced metastatic pancreatic cancer. Considering the limited efficacy and toxic side effects of chemotherapy, targeted and immune drugs have gradually attracted attention and made some progress. In this article, we systematically reviewed the chemotherapeutic drugs, targets and related targeted drugs, and immunotherapy drugs for pancreatic cancer.
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Tumor brings great threat to human public health. In recent years, incidence rate and mortality of tumor were rapidly increased in the world. Anti-tumor therapies have undergone the development of cytotoxic therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Among them, tumor immunotherapy is rapidly developed and becomes an important anti-tumor therapy in recent years, although it also brings some related side effects. Tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of immune cells, vascular vessels, fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix, etc. TME significantly affects the efficacy of immunotherapy. Macrophages in the TME are named as tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). Recently, increasing studies have shown that TAMs play an important role in the regulation of tumor immunity, especially in tumor immune surveillance and immune escape. Currently, more and more anti-tumor immunotherapy strategies targeting TAMs are at the development stage. Based on the important role of TAMs in the TME and their potential as therapeutic targets in tumor immunotherapy, we first reviewed the subtypes and functions of TAMs, as well as the roles of TAMs in tumors. Furthermore, we summarized the research progress on anti-tumor strategies targeting TAMs and the current status of drug targeting TAMs. The current review will provide new ideas and novel insights for tumor immunotherapy.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between the levels of selenium, iron and copper in cord blood of neonates and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD), and analyze their interaction effects. Methods: The subjects were obtained from the birth cohort in Lanzhou area established from 2010 to 2012. A baseline survey was conducted in the first trimester, and the follow-up was conducted in the second trimester, third trimester and 42 days after delivery. The umbilical vein blood was collected from newborns at delivery, and information on their birth outcomes was extracted from medical records. A nested case-control study was used to select 97 neonates with CHD newly diagnosed by echocardiography as the case group, and 194 neonates were selected as the control group by 1∶2 matching according to their mother's age, block and CHD onset time. Inductively coupled ion mass spectrometry was used to detect the concentrations of selenium, iron and copper in neonatal cord blood. The element exposure was categorized into three groups, the low, medium and high concentrations, according to the quartiles Q1 and Q3 of selenium, iron and copper concentrations in the control group. The association between cord blood selenium, iron and copper concentrations and CHD was analyzed by conditional logistic regression model using medium concentration as the reference standard. The association of their interactions with CHD was analyzed by a phase multiplication model. Results: The M (Q1, Q3) concentration of neonatal cord blood copper was 746.12 (467.48, 759.74) μg/L in the case group and 535.69 (425.21, 587.79) μg/L in the control group, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). After adjustment for confounders, logistic regression models showed that the risk of CHD development was increased in neonates with either high copper in cord blood (OR=4.062, 95%CI: 2.013-8.199) or high copper combined with high iron (OR=3.226, 95%CI: 1.343-7.750). No correlation was observed between selenium and iron concentrations and the development of CHD in neonates. There was a multiplicative interaction between copper and iron in cord blood on the risk of developing CHD (OR=1.303, 95%CI: 1.056-1.608). Conclusion: There is a multiplicative interaction between iron and copper elements. The high copper and the high copper combined with high iron in umbilical cord blood are risk factors for neonatal CHD.
الموضوعات
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Copper/analysis , Selenium , Iron/analysis , Fetal Blood/chemistry , Case-Control Studies , Heart Defects, Congenitalالملخص
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein on a Drosophila model of hereditary Parkinson's disease caused by gene mutations and to preliminarily elucidate the mechanism of baicalein in delaying hereditary Parkinson's disease. In this paper, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-RNAi Parkinson's Drosophila were used as the model group and wild-type Drosophila w1118 were used as the control group. Different doses of baicalein and Madopa were administered to the model group to observe their effects on the life span, motor ability, the abnormal rate of wings, dopamine content and dopaminergic neurons of PINK1-RNAi Parkinson's Drosophila and their effects on mitochondrial dysfunction including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. The results showed that the effective administration doses of baicalein were 0.8 mg·mL-1 for low concentration, 1.6 mg·mL-1 for medium concentration and 3.2 mg·mL-1 for high concentration, and the optimal administration dose of the positive drug Madopa was 0.1 μg·mL-1. Baicalein and Madopa could significantly improve the life span, exercise ability and reduce the abnormal rate of wings of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), and low dose baicalein showed the best effect; baicalein could improve the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and the effects of low dose and high dose were the best, but Madopa showed no significant effect; baicalein and Madopa had no significant effect on dopamine content (P > 0.05). Baicalein and Madopa could increase the ATP content of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), and low dose baicalein showed the best effect; middle dose baicalein could significantly increase the mtDNA content of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), but Madopa had no significant effect; baicalein and Madopa had no significant effect on ROS content (P > 0.05).
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By integrating plant metabonomics and target quantitative analysis methods, this study systematically analyzed the differences of chemical constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis leaves from different producing areas in Shanxi, so as to provide theoretical basis for rational and effective utilization of Scutellaria baicalensis leaves. Based on the idea of plant metabonomics, the liquid quality of 53 batches of Scutellaria baicalensis leaves from 8 different producing areas in Shanxi was analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS, and the collected data were imported into SIMCA 14.1 software for multivariate statistical analysis to screen the different chemical constituents among different habitats in Shanxi. Meanwhile, a method for simultaneous determination of 7 flavonoids and 3 organic acids in Scutellaria baicalensis leaves was optimized and established to quantitatively analyze the differences of chemical components in Scutellaria baicalensis leaves from different producing areas in Shanxi. The results of plant metabonomics showed that there were differences in the chemical composition of Scutellaria baicalensis leaves in northern Shanxi (Datong, Xinzhou), Jinzhong (Yangquan, Luliang) and southern Shanxi (Changzhi, Yuncheng, Jincheng, Linfen): there were 14 significant differences in chemical composition between northern Shanxi and Jinzhong; there were 18 significant differences in chemical constituents between southern Shanxi and central Shanxi. There were 15 significant differences in chemical constituents between northern Shanxi and southern Shanxi. Among them, scutellarin and isocarthamidin-7-O-glucuronide were the common differences among the three regions, and the content of scutellarin was the highest in southern Shanxi and the lowest in northern Shanxi. The content of isocarthamidin-7-O-glucuronide was the highest in Jinzhong area and the lowest in northern Shanxi area. Quantitative analysis further confirmed that the average contents of apigenin, naringenin and citric acid were the highest in northern Shanxi, scutellarin, caffeic acid, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, malic acid and wogonoside were the highest in southern Shanxi, and wogonoside and baicalin were the highest in central Shanxi. This study is of great significance to the quality control of Scutellaria baicalensis leaf resources, and provides theoretical basis for rational and effective utilization of Scutellaria baicalensis leaf resources.
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Dayuanyin (DYY) has been shown to reduce lung inflammation in both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and lung injury. This experiment was designed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of action of DYY against hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and to evaluate the effect of DYY on the protection of lung function. Animal welfare and experimental procedures are approved and in accordance with the provision of the Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science. Male C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, model group, DYY group (800 mg·kg-1), and positive control sildenafil group (100 mg·kg-1). The animals were given control solvents or drugs by gavage three days in advance. On day 4, the animals in the model group, DYY group and sildenafil group were kept in a hypoxic chamber containing 10% ± 0.5% oxygen, and the animals in the control group were kept in a normal environment, and the control solvent or drugs continued to be given continuously for 14 days. The right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy index, organ indices and other metrics were measured in the experimental endpoints. Meantime, the expression levels of the inflammatory factors in mice lung tissues were measured. The potential therapeutic targets of DYY on pulmonary hypertension were predicted using network pharmacology, the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway-related proteins were measured by Western blot assay. It was found that DYY significantly reduced the right ventricular systolic pressure, attenuated lung injury and decreased the expression of inflammatory factors in mice. It can also inhibit hypoxia-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. DYY has a protective effect on lung function, as demonstrated by DYY has good efficacy in HPH, and preventive administration can slow down the disease progression, and its mechanism may be related to inhibit the activation of NF-κB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by DYY.
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Cardiovascular diseases are fatal threats to human health and also important fields in drug discovery. Organoid is a miniature with the structure and function similar to the organ, which is formed by the self-updating and specific differentiation of stem cells during the in vitro culture. Considering its characteristics of human origin, physical features, self-assembling and genetic stability, heart organoid has attracted much attention in the study of cardiogenesis, cardiovascular diseases modeling and related drug research. Hence, this article will review the development of heart organoids and its construction strategies, highlighting its application and prospects in drug discovery.
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Hyperuricemia is a chronic metabolic disease caused by purine metabolism disorder or uric acid excretion disorder. The experimental animal model of hyperuricemia is the basis for studying the pathological mechanism and drug treatment of hyperuricemia. This paper reviews the experimental animal models of hyperuricemia commonly used in drug research, and introduces the modeling principle, preparation methods, species selection and related detection techniques of the models, so as to provide reference for the application of such models in research.
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Objective Saiga antelope is a small population inhabiting in desert and semi desert areas of national and world endangered protected animals, its wild population is extremely rare. In order to explore the correlation between hypoxic tolerance and neuroglobin (NGB) in Saiga antelope. A female Saiga antelope died of dystocia was used as the experimental animal, and the tissue samples were sampled repeatedly for 3 times to study the distribution and expression of NGB in brain of Saiga antelope in the process of adapting to hypoxia. Methods The distribution and expression of NGB in the parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, hypothalamus, hippocampus, pear like leaf, cingulate gyrus, striatum and thalamus of Saiga antelope were detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC) and Real-time PCR. Results The result of IHC showed that NGB was positive in all parts of Saiga antelope brain, and the cells that had positive reactions in the parietal, frontal, temporal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex were mostly granular cells and martinotti cells. NGB was found in the granular cell layer, pyramidal cell layer and molecular cell layer in hippocampus, and the positive staining of pyramidal cell layer was the strongest. NGB positive expression in Pear like leaves and hypothalamus mainly occured in multi-type cells. NGB was expressed in the granulocytes and glial cells of cingulate gyrus, mainly in the granular cells. The positive expression of NGB in striatum was mainly located in granular cells, the positive expression of NGB in thalamus could be seen in the polymorphosis and glial cells, and the positive substance of the multi-type cells was obviously colored. The result of Real-time PCR showed that NGB was expressed in different regions of Saiga antelope brain, the highest expression in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, the second in the parietal lobe, and the expression was significantly higher than that in the rest of the brain tissue (P0.05). Conclusion The expression of NGB in different regions of Saiga antelope has some selective differences in the long-term adaptation to hypoxia environment. The frontal and parietal lobes have the highest tolerance to hypoxia, followed by hippocampus, and the striatum is the weakest, which may be related to the specific functions of different regions of brain tissue, but the specific mechanism remains to be further explored.
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Objective To explore the expression and distribution characteristics of vascular endothelial growth factor-B(VEGF-B) in diencephalon and brainstem of Yak’s brain tissues, and to investigate the associations between its expression and hypoxia adaptation. Methods Five healthy yaks were selected, and the brain tissues were divided and collected according to the gross anatomical structure of the brain, including pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, oblongata and pons. The characteristics of expression and location of VEGF-B in different regions of Yak’s brain tissues were detected by Real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical techniques. Results The results showed that the highest expression level of VEGF-B mRNA of yak brain tissue was in the pituitary, and the content was significantly higher than that found in other parts of the brain(P<0. 05). Following the expressions were in the hypothalamus, thalamus and medulla oblongata, while the lowest expression level was in pons. The expression level of VEGF-B protein in Yak’s brain tissue was similar to the mRNA expression level except that the thalamus was higher than that of hypothalamus. The result of immunohistochemistry showed that VEGF-B protein-positive substances were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of various types of cells. Among them, the positive staining of VEGF-B was mainly concentrated in eosinophils of pituitary. The positive staining of VEGF-B was mainly concentrated in pleomorphic cells of thalamus and hypothalamus. The distribution of VEGF-B protein-positive substances were mainly focused in nerve cell body of medulla oblongata and pons. Conclusion VEGF-B protein is expressed in both diencephalon and brainstem of yak, which may be closely related to its functions of anti-apoptosis, "survival factor" and angiogenesis. However, the specific mechanism of its neuroprotective effect on Yak brain under hypoxic environment needs to be further studied. The difference of expression in different regions may be related to the tissue specificity and function in different regions of the brain.
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Objective @#To investigate the effects of 3 types of trihalomethanes ( THMs) , the by⁃products in treatment of drinking water disinfection , on the development and reproductive capacity of germ cells of Caenorhabditis elegans. @*Methods @#Tribromomethane ( TBM) , trichloromethane ( TCM) and triiodomethane ( TIM) , 3 types of THMs were selected and wild type Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a model to detect germ cell apoptosis , oocyte number and the final brood size after exposure to different concentrations of THMs.@*Results @#The results of germ cell apoptosis showed that the exposure to 50 μmol/L TCM and TIM caused elevated levels of germ cell apoptosis in a dose⁃dependent manner. Oocyte counting results showed that exposure to 50 μmol/L all three THMs significantly reduced the number of oocytes. The brood size results showed that only 50 μmol/L TIM exposure significantly de⁃ creased the brood size of nematodes.@*Conclusion @#THMs showed negative impacts on the reproductive system of Caenorhabditis elegans , and the toxicity is related to the halogenated elements of THMs.
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Cancer is a complex disease associated with multiple gene mutations and malignant phenotypes, and multi-target drugs provide a promising therapy idea for the treatment of cancer. Natural products with abundant chemical structure types and rich pharmacological characteristics could be ideal sources for screening multi-target antineoplastic drugs. In this paper, 50 tumor-related targets were collected by searching the Therapeutic Target Database and Thomson Reuters Integrity database, and a multi-target anti-cancer prediction system based on mt-QSAR models was constructed by using naïve Bayesian and recursive partitioning algorithm for the first time. Through the multi-target anti-cancer prediction system, some dominant fragments that act on multiple tumor-related targets were analyzed, which could be helpful in designing multi-target anti-cancer drugs. Anti-cancer traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its natural products were collected to form a TCM formula-based natural products library, and the potential targets of the natural products in the library were predicted by multi-target anti-cancer prediction system. As a result, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids were predicted to act on multiple tumor-related targets. The predicted targets of some representative compounds were verified according to literature review and most of the selected natural compounds were found to exert certain anti-cancer activity in vitro biological experiments. In conclusion, the multi-target anti-cancer prediction system is very effective and reliable, and it could be further used for elucidating the functional mechanism of anti-cancer TCM formula and screening for multi-target anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer natural compounds found in this paper will lay important information for further study.
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Humans , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Bayes Theorem , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Neoplasms/drug therapyالملخص
Cystine/glutamate antiporter [system Xc(-)] is a sodium independent amino acid transporter, which is a heterodimer composed of light chain subunit xCT and heavy chain subunit 4F2hc (CD98) through covalent disulfide bond. System Xc(-) typically mediates cystine uptake and glutamate output, helps to maintain the balance of glutamate, cystine and cysteine inside and outside the cell, regulates the level of glutamate inside and outside the membrane and the synthesis of intracellular glutathione, thus affecting oxidative stress and glutamate neurotoxicity. This review expounds the structure and function of system Xc(-), analyzes the role of the transporter in physiology and pathology, discusses the role and mechanism in different diseases, and discusses the specific research progress of system Xc(-) as a drug target. This review summarizes the research status of system Xc(-) and provides theoretical guidance for further research on system Xc(-) and drug discovery.
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Objective:To observe the clinical effect on patients of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast by neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and to analyze the changes of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) and Ki67 in neoplasm.Methods:A total of 83 patients which were treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast invasive ductal carcinoma diagnosed were selected in North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hopital from January 2014 to December 2020. There were 30 cases of Luminal type A, 31 cases of Luminal type B, 10 cases of HER-2 positive type and 12 cases of triple negative type. To observe the clinical effect of different molecular subtypes, detect the expression of Er, PR, HER-2 and Ki67 in pathological tissues before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and conduct a retrospective case-control study. Comparison between the two groups use χ2 test, matched χ2 and accurate probability method. Results:Fifty-eight cases were clinically effective, the total effective rate was 69.8% (58/83), and 9 cases were pathological complete response (pCR), accounting for 10.8% (9/83). After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the highest clinical efficacy was luminal type B in 26 cases, and the highest PCR was triple negative type in 3 cases. The pathological results showed that the expression of ER (6 cases of positive expression were increased, χ2=1.03, P=0.310), PR (8 cases of positive expression were increased, χ2=1.56, P=0.210) and HER-2 (2 cases of positive expression were decreased, χ2=0.10, P=0.748) was not different before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The expression of Ki67 was decreased in 25 cases (30.1%) after chemotherapy compared with 59 cases (71.1%) before chemotherapy (34 cases of positive expression were decreased, χ2=27.85, P<0.001). Five cases were added among Luminal type A after chemotherapy, all of which were transformed from Luminal type B, but the kappa value was 0.919 (>0.75), the consistency rate was 91.9%. The consistency was idea before and after chemotherapy. Five cases were added after Luminal type A chemotherapy, all of which were transformed from Luminal type B, but the kappa value was 0.919 ( P>0.75), and the consistency rate was 91.9%,The consistency before and after chemotherapy was good. After chemotherapy, HER-2 expression remained unchanged in 59 cases (clinically effective in 48 cases), up-regulated in 9 cases (clinically effective in 4 cases) and down regulated in 15 cases (clinically effective in 6 cases)( χ2=12.82, P=0.002). Ki67 expression remained unchanged in 35 cases (20 cases were clinically effective), up-regulated in 7 cases (2 cases were clinically effective) and down regulated in 41 cases (36 cases were clinically effective)( χ2=14.63, P=0.001). Conclusion:The clinical effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of breast invasive ductal carcinoma is ideal. The clinical effective rate of Luminal B type is the highest, and the pCR rate of triple negative type is the highest.And it can significantly reduce the expression of Ki67. The down-regulation of HER-2 and Ki67 is significant for clinical efficiency.
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Objective: To investigate the effect of pesticides and herbicides on lipid metabolism. Methods: In November 2020, Based on the data of the national health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) (2011-2014) , select the population aged 20~65 who have demographic information, pesticide use and data of four lipid metabolism indicators [total cholesterol (TC) , triglyceride (TG) , high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) ] (n=3039) . The subjects were divided into insecticide group (320 people) and non insecticide group (2719) according to the use of insecticides, and herbicide group (156 people) and non herbicide group according to the use of herbicides. Results: Among the 3039 subjects, the males and female were 1509 (49.7%) and 1530 (50.3%) respectively. The males age was (39.7±12.0) years and the females age was (40.2±12.0) years The concentration of HDLC in the NHANES (55.4±15.0) mg/dl was lower than that of (58.2±14.2) mg/dL in the non herbicide group (P<0.05) (b=-0.044, P<0.05) . The results showed that the use of herbicides was related to the decrease of HDLC and the increase of LDLC and LDLC/HDLC in female population (b=-0.050, 0.062, 0.067, all P<0.05) . Conclusion: Herbicide exposure can cause the change of lipid metabolism, and the effect on female population is more obvious.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL , Lipid Metabolism , Nutrition Surveys , Pesticidesالملخص
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high clinical heterogeneity. According to its motor symptoms, PD patients are divided into predominant tremor-dominant, postural instability and gait difficulty-dominant/akinetic-rigid and mixed subtypes. Different subtypes show different prognostic characteristics and different sensitivities to drugs. Therefore, the early classification of PD is of great significance for the treatment and prognosis of the disease. This paper reviews the clinical classification methods of different subtypes of PD, summarizes the latest biochemical markers and imaging features, and analyzed the differences in incidence, prognosis and pathological mechanism. The current clinical treatment drugs and methods have been preliminarily targeted for treatment based on PD classification, and there are many animal models of PD subtypes have been studied, providing new methods and strategies for mechanism research and preclinical pharmacodynamics evaluation of PD subtypes.
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Drug resistance is a major challenge in the treatment of breast cancer. Many causes and mechanisms lead to the occurrence of drug resistance in breast cancer. Exosomes and their contents (DNA, mRNA, protein, and non-coding RNA) are important mediators of intercellular communication and play a role in tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Among them, non-coding RNA carried by exosomes plays a crucial role in limiting drug efficacy. This article reviews the latest research progress on the relationship between exosomal non-coding RNA and drug resistance of breast cancer at home and abroad.
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Type 2 diabetes is a hypermetabolic disease characterized with disorders of glucose/lipid metabolism, absolute or relative lack of insulin, and can induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and abnormal release of inflammatory factors can lead to abnormal signal transduction in skeletal muscle, thus make protein synthesis and degradation imbalance and eventually causing muscle atrophy. Under normal conditions, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)/insulin can activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT). AKT not only increases protein synthesis through mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR), but also phosphorylates forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factor and then inhibits the transcription of several ubiquitin ligases (such as MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF1), or autophagy related genes. The weakened IGF-1/PI3K/AKT pathway in type 2 diabetes is an important factor leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. Studies have shown that the commonly used anti-type 2 diabetic drugs have different effects in regulating the synthesis and degradation of skeletal muscle protein. Studies reported that drugs with effect of anti-diabetic muscle atrophy include thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide analogs, glucose-sodium cotransporter 2 inhibitors, etc.; drugs that are still in controversial or even promote skeletal muscle atrophy include metformin, and some sulfonylurea or non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues. This article overviewed and analyzed the currently commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes and summarized the related mechanisms, with the aim to provide references for the rational applications of drugs for type 2 diabetes.