Risk Factors for the Mortality of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Non-Centralized Setting: A Nationwide Study

Background@#Limited data are available on the mortality rates of patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to analyze the relationship between COVID-19 and clinical outcomes for patients receiving ECMO. @*Methods@#We retrospectively investigated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring ECMO in 19 hospitals across Korea from January 1, 2020 to August 31, 2021. The primary outcome was the 90-day mortality after ECMO initiation. We performed multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of 90-day mortality. Survival differences were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier (KM) method. @*Results@#Of 127 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who received ECMO, 70 patients (55.1%) died within 90 days of ECMO initiation. The median age was 64 years, and 63% of patients were male. The incidence of ECMO was increased with age but was decreased after 70 years of age. However, the survival rate was decreased linearly with age. In multivariate analysis, age (OR, 1.048; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.010–1.089; P = 0.014) and receipt of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (OR, 3.069; 95% CI, 1.312–7.180; P = 0.010) were significantly associated with an increased risk of 90-day mortality. KM curves showed significant differences in survival between groups according to age (65 years) (log-rank P = 0.021) and receipt of CRRT (log-rank P = 0.004). @*Conclusion@#Older age and receipt of CRRT were associated with higher mortality rates among patients with COVID-19 who received ECMO.

Functional Aspects of the Obesity Paradox in Patients with Severe Coronavirus Disease-2019: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study / 결핵및호흡기질환

Background@#Results of studies investigating the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been conflicting. @*Methods@#This multicenter, retrospective observational study, conducted between January 2020 and August 2021, evaluated the impact of obesity on outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 in a Korean national cohort. A total of 1,114 patients were enrolled from 22 tertiary referral hospitals or university-affiliated hospitals, of whom 1,099 were included in the analysis, excluding 15 with unavailable height and weight information. The effect(s) of BMI on patients with severe COVID-19 were analyzed. @*Results@#According to the World Health Organization BMI classification, 59 patients were underweight, 541 were normal, 389 were overweight, and 110 were obese. The overall 28-day mortality rate was 15.3%, and there was no significant difference according to BMI. Univariate Cox analysis revealed that BMI was associated with 28-day mortality (hazard ratio, 0.96; p=0.045), but not in the multivariate analysis. Additionally, patients were divided into two groups based on BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and underwent propensity score matching analysis, in which the two groups exhibited no significant difference in mortality at 28 days. The median (interquartile range) clinical frailty scale score at discharge was higher in nonobese patients (3 [3 to 5] vs. 4 [3 to 6], p<0.001). The proportion of frail patients at discharge was significantly higher in the nonobese group (28.1% vs. 46.8%, p<0.001). @*Conclusion@#The obesity paradox was not evident in this cohort of patients with severe COVID-19. However, functional outcomes at discharge were better in the obese group.

Head-to-Head Comparison between Xpert MTB/RIF Assay and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Using Bronchial Washing Specimens for Tuberculosis Diagnosis / 결핵및호흡기질환

Background@#With the introduction of Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert), its incorporation into tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic algorithm has become an important issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Xpert assay in comparison with a commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. @*Methods@#Medical records of patients having results of both Xpert and AdvanSure TB/NTM real-time PCR (AdvanSure) assays using the same bronchial washing specimens were retrospectively reviewed. @*Results@#Of the 1,297 patients included in this study, 205 (15.8%) were diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Using mycobacterial culture as the reference method, sensitivity of the Xpert assay using smear-positive specimens was 97.5%, which was comparable to that of the AdvanSure assay (96.3%, p=0.193). However, the sensitivity of the Xpert assay using smear-negative specimens was 70.6%, which was significantly higher than that of the AdvanSure assay (52.9%, p=0.018). Usng phenotypic drug susceptibility testing as the reference method, sensitivity and specificity for detecting rifampicin resistance were 100% and 99.1%, respectively. Moreover, a median turnaround time of the Xpert assay was 1 day, which was significantly shorter than 3 days of the AdvanSure assay (p<0.001). @*Conclusion@#In comparison with the AdvanSure assay, the Xpert assay had a higher sensitivity using smear-negative specimens, a shorter turnaround time, and could reliably predict rifampin resistance. Therefore, the Xpert assay might be preferentially recommended over TB-PCR in Korean TB diagnostic algorithm.

Microbiologic pattern and clinical outcome of non-ICU-acquired pneumonia: Korean HAP registry analysis

Background/Aims@#Most studies on hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) have been conducted in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. This study aimed to investigate the microbiological and clinical characteristics of non-ICU-acquired pneumonia (NIAP) and to identify the factors affecting clinical outcomes in Korea. @*Methods@#This multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients admitted to 13 tertiary hospitals between July 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019. Patients diagnosed with NIAP were included in this study. To assess the prognostic factors of NIAP, the study population was classified into treatment success and failure groups. @*Results@#Of 526 patients with HAP, 379 were diagnosed with NIAP. Overall, the identified causative pathogen rate was 34.6% in the study population. Among the isolated organisms (n = 113), gram-negative bacilli were common pathogens (n = 91), such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 25), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 23), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 21). The multidrug resistance rates of A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae were 91.3%, 76.0%, and 57.1%, respectively. Treatment failure was significantly associated with K. pneumoniae (odds ratio [OR], 3.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35 to 9.05; p = 0.010), respiratory viruses (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.34 to 10.82; p = 0.012), hematological malignancies (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.57 to 8.00; p = 0.002), and adjunctive corticosteroid treatment (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.27 to 4.52; p = 0.007). @*Conclusions@#The causative pathogens of NIAP in Korea are predominantly gram-negative bacilli with a high rate of multidrug resistance. These were not different from the common pathogens of ICU-acquired pneumonia.

A Case of Long-term Survival in a Patient with Primary Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of the Lung / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) arising primarily in the lung is an extremely rare and aggressive malignancy with poor chances of patient survival. We present a case of long-term survival by a 29-year-old woman with PNET diagnosed after a hertological and immunohertochemical examination of a biopsy specimen obtained by performing video-assisted thoracic surgery. The patient underwent a left lower lung lobe lobectomy and 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient has been free of any symptoms of the recurrence of the disease for 6 years after treatment completion.

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Due to Mediastinal Tuberculous Lymphadenitis / 가정의학회지

Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome refers to a medical emergency resulting from compression of the SVC. It requires early diagnosis and treatment, and is usually caused by malignant tumors; rarely, mediastinal tuberculous lymphadenitis can cause SVC syndrome. Here, we present a case study of an immunocompetent 61-year-old woman who presented with acute onset SVC syndrome and was diagnosed with tuberculous lymphadenitis on thoracotomy; the symptoms resolved with anti-tuberculosis therapy. This unusual case highlights the importance of the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with acute onset SVC syndrome; a timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment lead to complete recovery.

A Case of Protein Losing Enteropathy as Only Clinical manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus / 고신대학교의과대학학술지

Protein losing enteropathy (PLE) due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is relatively uncommon. PLE may be appeared sequentially after the diagnosis of SLE or concurrently with SLE. In most of concurrent cases, PLE was diagnosed one of various symptoms of SLE. Cases of PLE as the initial and only clinical presentation of SLE have been rarely reported. We described a 30-year old woman with general edema and abdominal distension was diagnosed PLE after stool alpha 1 antitrypsin clearance test. Her symptoms were getting worse even though the treatment with intravenous albumin. She was finally diagnosed PLE associated with SLE by additional laboratory findings (positive antinuclear antibody and anti-dsDNA IgG and low C3, C4 and CH50). She was treated with high dose of steroids and her symptoms were improved.

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Accompanied by Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis / 대한내과학회지

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging disease caused by the SFTS virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). A 77-year-old female farmer was bitten by a tick and developed a fever 5 days later, resulting in admittance to the emergency room. The laboratory findings showed elevated liver enzyme levels, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. Lymphoma was suspected based on computed tomography results. After confirming SFTS virus infection via the polymerase chain reaction, a bone marrow biopsy revealed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HLH is rarely observed in patients with SFTS and few studies have reported the presence of SFTS in bone marrow. Here, we report a case of SFTS that was initially mistaken for a lymphoma, and was accompanied by HLH.

A Case of Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia with an Increased Number of Eosinophils in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / 대한내과학회지

Here, we present a case of desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) that was initially misdiagnosed as chronic eosinophilic pneumonia due to an increased number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). A 56-year-old male smoker presented with a productive cough that had been present for 1 month. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) revealed multifocal patchy ground-glass and reticular opacities in the subpleural area. BALF analysis revealed an elevated level of eosinophils (37%). Thus, the patient was initially diagnosed with chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and was administered prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day). However, his symptoms and the diffuse infiltrative shadows on HRCT did not improve after 2 months of treatment, and a video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy led to the diagnosis of DIP. Prednisolone (1 mg/kg/day) was administered again, and the patient's symptoms improved. At 1 year after the end of treatment, the patient remained symptom-free.

Comparative Study on the Treatment Outcome and Safety of TURP, ILC, TUNA and TEAP for Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: We wanted to compare the treatment outcome, safety, efficacy and complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), interstitial laser coagulation (ILC), transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) and transurethral ethanol ablation of the prostate (TEAP) for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective, randomized study, a total of 403 patients with symptomatic BPH were treated by TURP, ILC, TUNA or TEAP from January 1998 to December 2002. ILC was performed using the Indigo 830e LaserOptic(TM) System with a specially designed interstitial thermotherapy light guide, TUNA was performed using the VidaMed TUNA System and TEAP was performed using the Prostaject(TM) device. The treatment outcomes were evaluated at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), the prostate volume, the maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax), the post-void residual urine (PVR), and the quality of life (QoL) assessment score. RESULTS: All the patients in the four groups showed significant improvement for all the parameters. After 1 year, the four groups showed significant improvement in the clinical and voiding parameters (IPSS, Qmax, PVR, prostate volume and QoL). Our results did not show significant differences in the IPSS, prostate volume and QoL among the four groups. However, the TURP group showed a higher Qmax, and the TEAP group showed a less reduced prostate volume than the other groups during the follow-up period (p<0.05). The period of hospital admission showed no significant difference between the ILC, TUNA and TEAP groups, but the TURP group showed a longer hospital admission period compared to the other groups. The TURP group was markedly associated with more complications than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: These early results indicate that ILC, TUNA and TEAP are safe, effective and useful alternative therapies to TURP for the patients with symptomatic BPH.

The clinical analysis of hyperglycemic controls with four times daily administration of insulin on diabetes in pregnancy / 대한산부인과학회지

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administrating insulin four times daily, compared to 1-3 times daily, improves maternal and perinatal outcomes of diabetes. METHODS: From August 1998 to April 2004, the 14 pregnant diabetic women were treated with four times daily administration of NPH and insulin-lispro and 15 pregnant diabetic women were treated with 1-3 times daily administration of Mixtard (30% RI, 70% NPH) or NPH. We compared the maternal and fetal complications between two groups. The goals for therapy are to achieve and maintain normoglycemia (premeal whole blood capillary glucose levels of less than 90 mg/dL and 1-hour after-meal levels of less than 120 mg/dL). RESULTS: The pregnant diabetic women who were treated with four times daily administration of NPH and Insulin lispro, instead of 1-3 times daily administration of Mixtard or NPH, resulted in better maternal and fetal outcome. But there was no significant difference between two groups statistically. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that this four times daily administration of NPH and insulin-lispro protocol achieved the glucose target level without maternal hypoglycemic events and helped to reduce the perinatal complications in pregnant diabetic women.

A case of retroperitoneal teratoma / 대한산부인과학회잡지

Retroperitoneal teratomas, which were found occasionally in children but very rarely in adults, occur mainly at the upper pole of left kidney and diagnosed after they grow very enormously. Authors experienced one case of about 20 cm-size retroperitoneal teratoma, which occurred to a 30-year-old postpartum woman at the left upper pole of kidney.

Histological Characteristics of the Interface of Corneal Stroma and Descemet's Membrane

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to clarify the histological characteristics of the interface of the corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane of the human eye. METHODS: Nighteen donor eyes without corneal pathology were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The Descemet's membrane including the corneal endothelium was cheked for scanning electron microscopy. The junctional characteristics of the posterior corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane was examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The scanning electron microscopy showed that collagen sheet faced each other at the right angle near the Descemet's membrane and penetrated the Descemet's membrane with the irregular arrangement. The transmission electron microscopy showed that the electron-dense collagen filaments extended to the posterior stroma from Descemet's membrane. The arrangement of electron-dense collagen filaments paralleled with the arrangement of the collagen fibrils of the posterior stroma. CONCLUSIONS: The interface of the corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane was composed of two-typed extracellular materials without the intercellular specificatons.

The Cellular Characteristics of the Secondary Pupillary Membrane

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the cellular characteristics of the secondary pupillary membrane. METHODS: The secondary pupillary membrane was removed from the anterior lens surface during cataract extraction from 2 patients with cataract associated with uveitis. Specimen from one patient was stained with hematoxylin-eosin with flat preparation method. Specimen from the other patient cultured for 1 and 2 weeks was observed with transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The flat preparation showed the neovascular membrane with pigment-laden cells. The cultured cells consisted of the well preserved vascular components which had the vascular endothelial cells and pericyte and pigment-laden cells lined by basement membrane on first week of culture. The iris pigment epithelial cell which contained the pigment granules within cytoplasm and lined by basement membrane were observed on second week of culture. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the secondary pupillary membrane consists of vascular membrane and pigment epithelial cell of iris which is a major component of secondary pupillary membrane and secrets extracellular matrix.

A case of Prolapsed Ureterocele / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Ureteral duplication is the most common developmental abnormality of the urinary tract. The ureter which is originated from upper segment of kidney is often associated with a ureterocele and the lower ureter, the vesicoureteral reflux. An ureterocele is a sacculation of the terminal portion of the ureter. On the base of location of the orifice, ureterocele is classified into simple and ectopic type. The simple ureterocele has normally located ureteral orifice and is more commonly found in adults than in children and relatively small in size. The ectopic ureterocele is found in the bladder neck or urethra and is protruded external meatus, seldomly, and can produce infravesical obstruction. We treated prolapsed huge ureterocele in 10 month old female with pyelopyelostomy. And in follow up study, the ureterocele was not found in radiologic study and urinary tract infection was eradicated.

Assessment of Adequate Recovery from Vecuronium - Induced Neuromuscular Blockade / 대한마취과학회지

Time to antagonism induced by pyridostigmine from different levels of neuromuscular blockade was evaluated in 45 patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide, fentanyl, and vecuronium. Neuromuscular blockade, as monitered by train-of-four count, was antagonized at varing degrees of spontaneous recovery. Train-of-four ratio was used as an index of the ability of the patients to maintain adequate spontaneous ventil'ation, and maximum inspiratory pressure as an index of the ability of the patients to protect their airways against aspiration or obstruction. We measured time from administration of pyridostigmine to train-of-four ratio of 70% indicating the recovery of the ability to maintain adquate spontaneous ventilation, and time to maximum inspiratory pressure of -45 cmH2O indicating the recovery of the ability to protect the patients airways against aspiration or obstruction. For a train-of-four count level of 0-1, reversal time to train-of-four ratio of 70% was 22.73+/-3.00 minutes and that to maximum inspiratory pressure of -45 cmH2O was 30.33+/-2.69 minutes. For a train-of-four count level of 2- 3, reversal time to train-of-four ratio of 70% was 17.33+/-3.18 minutes and that to maximum inspiratory pressure of -45cmH2O was 22.27+/-2.91 minutes. For a train-of-four count level of 4, reversal time to train-of-four ratio of 70% was 8.40+/-3.58 minutes and that to maximum inspiratory pressure of -45 cmH2O was 14.60+/-3.11 minutes. It is concluded that the more shallow is the neuromuscular blockade, the more rapid and the safer is the reversal of neuromuscular blockade, although the dose of reversal drug was determined according to the depth of neuromuscular blockade. Moreover, it should take more than 30 minutes to antagonixe profaund neuromuacular hlock- ade induced by vecuronium to such a degree that not only can the patients maintain adequate spontaneous ventilation, but they can maintain the airways and protect them against aspiration as well.