Implicancias del marco legal chileno en la prevención del embarazo adolescente: conflicto e inseguridad en los profesionales de la salud / Implications of chilean legal framework in teen pregnancy prevention: conflict and insecurity in health professionals

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a psychosocial and multifactorial problem described as a lack of exercise of rights in sexual and reproductive health. There are important aspects in the doctor-patient relationship and confidentiality that directly affect the continuity and quality of care. There are controversies in the laws relating to the provision of contraception and confidentiality, and those that protect the sexual indemnity, especially in adolescents under 14 years. Aim: To describe the implications of the legal framework for professional midwives in the care of adolescents younger than 14 years in sexual and reproductive health. Material and Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted to 13 female and 2 male midwives working at Primary Health Care Centers in the Metropolitan Region. Results: The attention of adolescents younger than 14 years in sexual and reproductive health involves medical-legal issues for health professionals. All professionals recognize that mandatory reporting sexual activity is a complex situation. All professionals notify pregnancies. In relation to the delivery of contraception, clinical care is problematic since professionals should take shelter from a legal standpoint. Conclusions: The medical-legal context of pregnant women under 14 years of age care generates a context of uncertainty and fear for professionals and becomes a source of conflict and insecurity in the exercise of the profession.

Perfil epidemiológico de adolescentes mujeres con antecedentes de agresión sexual consultantes en el área de salud mental de un centro de salud sexual y reproductiva / Characteristic of child sexual aggression in adolescent women admitted to the mental health unit of an adolescent sexual and reproductive health centre

Objetivo: conocer la frecuencia y describir las características de las agresiones sexuales infantiles en adolescentes mujeres ingresadas a la unidad de salud mental de un Centro de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva Adolescente. Método: estudio de diseño transversal y analítico, se revisaron las fichas clínicas entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2009. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad de la agresión, tipo y frecuencia de ésta; sexo, edad y tipo de relación con el agresor; revelación y persona a la que se le informa de la agresión sexual y denuncia de la agresión. Resultados: la mayor frecuencia de agresión sexual se presenta en la edad pre-escolar (28,1 por ciento) y la más común es el abuso sexual (73,8 por ciento), tipo de agresión que es la más común en todas las edades. La mayoría de las agresiones fue un episodio único (59,3 por ciento). La totalidad de los agresores eran conocidos o familiares de la víctima, todos varones, el 29,1 por ciento eran menores de 18 años. El 36 por ciento nunca reveló la agresión sufrida. El 31,8 por ciento de las agresiones sin revelar ocurrieron en la edad pre-escolar. Sólo un 14,1 por ciento realizó denuncia. Conclusión: la mayoría de las agresiones sexuales ocurridas durante la infancia y adolescencia no son reveladas, ni denunciadas legalmente, manteniendo un alto nivel de silenciamiento y dificultades por parte de los equipos de salud para apoyar y tratar a las víctimas.

Objective: to describe the frequency and characteristic of child sexual aggression in adolescent women admitted to the Mental Health Unit of an Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Centre. Method: this is a cross-sectional and analytical study, clinical records were reviewed the between january 2006 and december 2009. The variables studied were: age of aggression, type and frequency of this aggression, sex, age and type of relationship with the perpetrator; disclosure and person who is informed and judicial complaint of sexual aggression. Results: the highest frequency of sexual aggression occurs in the preschool age (28.1 percent) and the most common is sexual abuse (73.8 percent), type of aggression is the most common in all ages. Most of the attacks were a single episode (59.3 percent). All the attackers were males and acquaintances or relatives of victims, 29.1 percent were under 18 years old. 36 percent never disclosure the assault. The 31.8 percent of unveiled attacks occurred in preschool. Only 14.1 percent made a judicial complaint. Conclusion: the majority of sexual assaults that occurred during childhood and adolescence are unveiled, nor legally reported maintaining a high level of silencing and difficulties by health equipment to support and treat victims.

Características y consecuencias de las agresiones sexuales en adolescentes consultantes en un centro de salud sexual y reproductiva / Characteristics of sexual assault and its consequences in adolescents at a sexual and reproductive health center

Antecedentes: La agresión sexual es un evento traumático y doloroso que afecta de manera transversal, a las víctimas de ambos sexos, de todos los niveles socioeconómicos con graves consecuencias para la salud física, psicológica y social para quienes la sufren. Objetivo: Determinar las características de las agresiones sexuales y sus consecuencias en adolescentes consultantes en un centro de atención en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva. Método: Estudio analítico de corte transversal de 573 adolescentes atendidas en un centro de medicina reproductiva (CEMERA) en el período 2003-2010 y que reportaron antecedente de abuso sexual. Se estudiaron tanto las características como las consecuencias del abuso, datos que se obtuvieron desde las fichas clínicas. Resultados: En el 86,5 por ciento de los casos se reportó abuso sexual y en un 13,5 por ciento violación. El 48,5 por ciento de los agresores son familiares. La edad más vulnerable fue entre 5-9 años con un 41,2 porciento. En el 39,2 por ciento el abuso sexual fue reiterado. En un 43,4 por ciento el lugar fue el propio hogar de la víctima. Un 70 por ciento reveló y de estos el 45,9 por ciento lo hizo en forma tardía. Sólo en un 19 por ciento se hizo la denuncia legal. De las adolescentes que iniciaron actividad sexual voluntaria (83,3 por ciento), un 35,4 por ciento tenía menos de 15 años. Un 11,8 por ciento reportó 3 y más parejas sexuales. Conclusión: El antecedente de abuso sexual debe ser considerado en la atención de adolescentes que consultan por salud sexual y reproductiva. El equipo de salud debe estar preparado para atender sus múltiples necesidades.

Background: Sexual assault is a traumatic and painful event, which affects victims of both genders, across all socioeconomic levels, with serious consequences for physical, psychological, and social health. Objective: Determine the characteristics of sexual assault and its consequences in adolescents at a sexual and reproductive health center. Method: Analytic and cross-sectional study of 573 adolescents seen at a reproductive medicine center (CEMERA) in the period 2003-2010 and who reported history of sexual abuse. Patient's clinical records were reviewed to study the characteristics as well as the consequences of sexual abuse. Results: The abuse was reported as sexual abuse in 86.5 percent of the cases and as rape in 13.5 percent. In 48.5 percent of the cases, the aggressors were relatives of the victims. The most vulnerable group is between 5-9 of age, representing 41.2 percent of the cases. For 39.2 percent of the cases, the sexual abuse was reiterative, and in 43.4 percent, the abuse took place on the victim's home. 70 percent of the victims told someone about the abuse; 45.9 percent of those revealed their abuse in a delay manner. Only 19 percent of victims filed a legal complaint. Of the adolescents who started voluntary sexual activity (83.3 percent) a 35.4 percent was under de age of 15, and 11,8 percent reported having 3 or more sexual partners. Conclusion: A history of sexual abuse must be considered in the attention of adolescents who consult for reproductive and sexual health. The health team must be prepared to address their multiple needs.

Comportamientos sexuales y diferencias de género en adolescentes usuarios de un sistema público de salud universitario / Sexual behavior and gender differencesamong adolescents consultingat a university public health system

Background: The predetermined gender roles and the emphasis on reproductive responsibility on women, excluding men, have negative consequences on their sexual reproductive health and satisfactory sexual practices. Aim: To describe and analyze changes in sexual practices and gender differences in adolescents of the lower-middle socioeconomic level, users of public health system who started their sexual activity. Material and methods: We studied 4,971 adolescents of both sexes aged between 12 and 19 years, who consulted in a clinic for adolescents between the years 1990 and 2005. Several variables related to adolescent sexuality were considered. Uni and bivariate analysis were carried out and a model of stratified lineal regression per sex was fixed to explain the following variables: age at which sexual activity is initiated, number of sexual partners, time period between start of dating and the start of sexual activity along time. Results: The average age when men and women start their sexual activity was 15.7 and 15.5years, respectively. Along years and among women but not men, there was a reduction in the age of start of sexual activity and an increase in the number of sexual partners. The mean íapse between start of dating and the start of sexual activity in men and women was 6.2 and 7.5 months, respectively. This figure had an 11.696 and 13.9 percent reduction per year of study in females and males, respectively. Conclusions: There is an increasing expansion of sexual roles in adolescents, but certain patterns of contradictory conservative reasoning are maintained.

Uso del preservativo en adolescentes nuligestas con uso de anticonconceptivos hormonales / Condom use by in nulliparous adolescent using the hormonal contraceptive method

El propósito del presente estudio es explorar las frecuencias del uso del condón en adolescentes usuarias regulares de un método anticonceptivo, como también conocer las razones de no uso del condón en aquellas que no lo usan. Se incluyó una muestra intencionada de adolescentes varones para conocer diferencias de género. Metodología, estudio exploratorio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se selecciono una muestra de adolescentes usuarias de anticonceptivos consultantes en CEMERA entre el 4 y 30 de Julio del año 2004. La recolección de la información se realizó a través de una encuesta auto administrada a 205 adolescentes. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, sexo, frecuencia y razones de uso y no uso del condón. La información fue ingresada a una planilla Excel, y se realizó análisis uni y bi variado, a través del programa STATA 8.0. Resultados, un 82,4 por ciento de la muestra corresponde a mujeres y un 17,6 por ciento a hombres. El 52,4 por ciento corresponde a adolescentes entre 16 y 17 años. Un 49,7 por ciento no ocupó nunca el condón durante el último mes y sólo un 7,3 por ciento lo ocupó siempre en sus relaciones sexuales. Las razones de no uso del condón fueron en un 25,8 por ciento por estar utilizando un método anticonceptivo, un 17,5 por ciento por tener pareja única, un 16,4 por ciento por que no le gusta, un 14,4 por ciento por incomodidad. Al analizar las variables por edad y sexo, no se apreciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se concluye que si bien el uso del condón ha ido aumentando en la población adolescente, aún sigue ligado a la prevención de embarazo y no a la prevención de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual y que el presente estudio no presenta diferencias de género en los resultados.

The intention of the present study is to explore the frequencies of the use of condom in regular usuary adolescents of a contraceptive method, as also to know the reasons for non use of condom in which they do not use it. A deliberate sample of adolescent men was included to know differences sort. Methodology, descriptive exploratory study of cross section. I select a sample of usuary adolescents of consultants contraceptives in CEMERA between 4 and 30 of Julio of year 2004. The harvesting of the information was made through a survey administered to 205 adolescents. The studied variables were age, sex, frequency and reasons of use and nonuse of condom. The information was entered a list Excel, and analysis was made uni and bi varied, through program STATA 8.0. Results, a 82.4 percent of the sample correspond to women and a 17.6 percent to men. 52.4 percent correspond to adolescents between 16 and 17 years. A 49.7 percent never occupied condom during the last month and only a 7.3 percent always occupied it in their sexual relations. The reasons of use of condom were not in a 25.8 percent to be using a contraceptive method, a 17.5 percent to have unique pair, a 16.4 percent so that it does not like, a 14.4 percent by uncomfortable. When analyzing the variables by age and sex, were not appraised statistically significant differences. One concludes that although the use of condom has been increasing in the adolescent population, still follows bound to the prevention of pregnancy and not the prevention of Infections of Sexual Transmission and that the present study does not present/display differences of sort in the results.