effect of different polishing methods and storage media on discoloration of resin composites

Statement of Problem: Accumulation of plaque and staining due to a rough surface, and penetration of colourant agents from food and beverages in to the resin composite results in an incomplete polymerization. There is a little information on the effect of finishing and polishing techniques on the discoloration of nanohybrid and microhybrid composites when exposed to staining solutions

Objectives: To determine the degree of surface staining of nanohybrid and microhybrid composites after polishing and immersion in distilled water and two commonly used staining solutions

Materials and Methods: A nanohybrid [Ice; SDI] and microhybrid [Gradis direct; GC] composites were used. Disc-shaped specimens were prepared and treated with either a matrix finish or polished using Sof-Lex discs [3M/ESPE] and Enhance point [Dentsply]. After 24 h immersion in distilled water at 37[degree sign]C the specimens were polished and colour coefficients [CIE L[asterisk] a[asterisk] b[asterisk]] was measured by a spectrophotometer. All specimens were immersed in 37[degree sign]C distilled water in an incubator for 7 days and colour coefficients were measured again. The colour change [[DELTA]E] was calculated using the following formula: [Delta]E = [[[Delta]a][2]+[[Delta]b][2]+[[Delta]L][2]] [1/2]. The data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA/Tukey HSD and Student's t-test

Results: There was a significant interaction between resin composites, polishing systems and staining solutions [p < 0. 05]. ANOVA and Tukey's tests showed that Ice had a significantly lesser colour change than Gradia direct and matrix finish revealed the smoothest surface followed by Sof-Lex discs and Enhance point. Distilled water and cola caused no perceptible colour change [[Delta]E < 3.3]. The effect of surface polish on staining was statistically significant [p < 0 .05]

Conclusions: Sof-Lex discs in comparison to Enhance point stimulated greater staining resistance for both composites. The nanohybrid exhibited less colour change than microhybrid composite. Coffee was the only storage media that induced a perceptible colour change [[Delta]E > 3.3] compared to cola and distilled water

influence of surface polish and beverages on the roughness of nanohybrid and microhybri resin composite

Statement of the Problem: Surface roughness is a key factor in the aesthetics of restorative dentistry as it can determine the clinical quality and success of restorative materials. The chemical process of dissolution in the presence of mechanical forces can accelerate the surface roughness of tooth-coloured restorative materials

Objectives: To determine the degree of surface roughness of a microhybrid and a nanohybrid resin composite after polishing and immersion in various solutions

Materials and Methods: Two resin composites were used: a microhybrid [Gradia direct, GC], and a nanohybrid [Ice, SDI]. A total of 54 disc-shaped specimens were prepared for each composite and immersed in distilled water incubated at 37[degree]C for 24 hours. After 24 h, the baseline measurement for surface roughness [Ra] was performed and the specimens were divided into 3 groups of 18 and tested with unpolished or after polishing with Sof-Lex disc and Enhance point systems. Specimens in each group were subdivided into 3 subgroups [n = 6] and immersed in 3 solutions [distilled water, coffee, and cola] for 7 days incubated at 37[degree]C. After 7 days, the specimens were rinsed with tap water for 10 seconds, dried with paper towel and Ra was measured again. Two randomly selected specimens of each group were sputter coated with gold and examined using a Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM]

Results: Gradia direct showed a greater R[a] than ice in all solutions for all polishing systems [p < 0.001]. Specimens polished with Enhance point revealed a significantly greater roughness than Sof-Lex discs and both showed greater R[a] than unpolished specimens. Specimens immersed in coffee exhibited significantly greater surface roughness than that of distilled water [p < 0.05] and cola [p < 0.001]

Conclusions: Nano-hybrid composite showed a significantly smoother surface than microhybrid. Coffee exhibited the highest R[a] compared to distilled water and cola. Enhance point revealed significantly greater R[a] than Sof-Lex discs and unpolished group

[Evaluation of the moral distress and related factors in clinical nurses of Shahroud City]

Introduction: The moral stressor situations is considered one of the issues and problems to professional nurses that can be affected negatively Their function and quality of care, the goal of present study is determining the amount and abundance of moral distress in clinical nurses and related factors in city of Shahroud

Methods: In this Cross-sectional study; 261 nurses that worked in Imam Hussein and Fatemiyeh hospitals of shahroud were studied in 2013-2014. The instrument of collecting data was consisted of demographic and occupational form and Corley moral distress questionnaire. Data were analyzed with using descriptive statics and Pearson correlation coefficient, independent T test and one-way ANOVA statistical tests

Results: The frequency and severity of moral distress in most of nurses was in the medium level and there was observed significant statistically difference between frequency and severity of moral distress in nurses [p<0.001].In the aspect the frequency, emergency and psychiatric nurses and about intensity, nurses working in departments of emergency, orthopedic and ICU reported the highest score of moral distress. There was a significant negative correlation between the age [p<0.001], job experience [p=0.01] and total score of moral distress and There was a significant difference between the type of employment and the moral distress [p<0.05] but there was no significant association between sexuality, marital status and monthly working hours with moral distress [p>0.05]

Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of moral distress among nurses, presenting strategies to reduce according to the terms with any parts is necessary. Provide the necessary training and use of nurses with age more work experience in order to how to cope with moral tension is recommended

[The relationship between empowerment with knowledge related to disease and indicators of metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients]

Introduction: due to the chronic condition of diabetes and widespread impact on various aspects of life, changing the traditional approach to empowering education and care patients with diabetes may improve levels of self-care and clinical status of them. The purpose of this study was the finding the relationship between empowerment with knowledge related to disease and indicators of metabolic controls in type 2 diabetic patients

Method: this analytical-descriptive study was conducted on 156 patients with type 2 diabetes in 2013. The data collection tool was a questionnaire to assess knowledge, empowerment assessment questionnaire [DES-28] and test record forms [hemoglobin A1C, fasting and non-fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density and low-density lipoprotein]. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient

Results: mean age of the patients was 48.11 +/- 6.18 and most of them were female [62.8%]. There was a significant relationship between the mean score for empowerment and knowledge of patients. Also a significant relationship was found between hemoglobin A1C, fasting and non-fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL with empowerment. But, there was not a significant relationship with LDL and patients with higher empowerment

Conclusion: continuous training and increasing the knowledge and Empowerment of patients can may result in a favorable outcome of life in these patients

Comparing the effects of home-based exercise rehabilitation and center-based cardiac rehabilitation on lipid profiles of the patients with coronaryartery disease

Although participation in centre-based cardiac rehabilitation [CR] is known to reduce morbidity and mortality but the participation rates of coronary artery patients are low. Therefore, establishing alternative programs in this regard is important, and it seems that home-based exercise rehabilitation is one of the predominant alternatives. This study aimed to compare the effects of the home-based exercise rehabilitation and centre-based CR on lipid profiles of patients with coronary artery disease. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 40 patients [mean age, 59 +/- 6.28 years] in Isfahan cardiovascular research center in 2014. The participants were voluntarily divided into 3 groups: home-based exercise rehabilitation, centre-based CR and control. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL-C] and low-density lipoprotein [LDL-C] were measured at baseline and after 2 months of CR. After 2 months of CR, levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and the ratio of LDL/HDL and cholesterol/HDL were significantly improved in both experimental groups. No significant difference was observed between the home-based exercise and centre-based CR programs in all indices. Both home-based exercise rehabilitation and centre-based CR can improve the lipid profiles in patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, it can be a modern approach to increase the participation of patients, reduce the costs and the current restrictions in our country to fulfill the patients' needs

[Comparison of shear bond strength of three generations of resin bonding agents and glass ionomer to dentin]

Due to specific properties of dentin, such as tubular structure and intrinsic moisture, bond to dentin is more difficult than to enamel. The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength [SBS] of composite resin to dentin using three different types of resin bonding agents and a glass ionomer-based adhesive. In this in vitro study, 72 premolar teeth without caries or restorations were selected and randomly divided into six groups of 12. The first group [1] was chosen as the control group and received no preparation of dentin surface. The remaining groups received application of Single Bond [group II], OptiBond XTR [group III], All-in-One [group IV] and GC Fuji Bond LC adhesive as pre-cure [groupV] and co-cure [group VI] on dentin surface, respectively. The samples were stored for two weeks in water at room temperature and then their SBS was measured using Zwick universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/s. statistical data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and tamhane's T2. The group bonded with OptiBond XTR had the maximum SBS [24.05 +/- 9.43 MPa] and the control group showed minimum SBS [0.68 +/- 0.32 MPa]. SBS of composite resin to dentin in groups V and VI bonded with GC Fuji Bond LC adhesive was significantly lower than that in groups bonded with resin bonding agents [p<0.05]. Based on the results, application of GC Fuji Bond LC glass ionomer adhesive is not recommended to bond composite to dentin

Determination of phenolic compounds in Pinus eldarica by HPLC

The antioxidant components have been identified in some pine species. Antioxidant properties of proantocyanidins reduce free radicals induced by DNA fragmentation and lipid proxidation and also proanthocyanidines could curb lipid peroxidation. In this study, we analyzed different parts of Pinus eldarica [bark, seed and needle] and assessed their antioxidant contents. Pine specimens were collected from four different geographic locations in Tehran. The HPLC method [UV detector, C[18] reverse phase column, 4.6 mm [25 cm, and water/ H[3]PO[4]/ methanol/ acetonitril as eluant] were employed for evaluating total polyphenols. The wavelength for detection of polyphenolic compounds was 280 nm in this study. The highest range of total polyphenols was detected in the bark of this pine, specially reported a considerable amount of tyrosol in Pinus eldarica. Tyrosol stimulated resistance to oxidative stress and also has anti aging effect. The high amount of total phenolic compounds in P. eldarica bark might be attractive for future research considering its health benefits

Influence of different bonding agents and composite resins on fracture resistance of reattached incisal tooth fragment

Statement of Problem: Reattachment of the fractured tooth fragment should be considered as a conservative treatment and valid alternative to a composite restoration.

Purpose: This in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different adhesives and composite resins on fracture resistance of dental fragment reattached to sectioned incisal edges

Materials and Method: 120 sound human maxillary central incisors were selected under standard conditions and randomly divided into 3 groups, 12 sound teeth were used as a control group and the remaining teeth were assigned to 3 groups [n=36] and each group into three subgroups [n=12]. The incisal third of samples was sectioned using a diamond disk and the respective fragments were then reattached utilizing different intermediate restorative materials, namely: i] adhesive materials alone [OptiBond S or OptiBond XTR or OptiBond All-in-One; ii] Premise flowable composite and iii] Point 4 composite in the one of mentioned adhesive interface. After storage for two weeks at 37°C and 100% humidity and then thermocycling; shear bond strength [SBS] was recorded in kilogram force [kgf] by applying a load in the middle incisal third with a Zwick Universal Testing Machine at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD [p< 0.05]

Results: The control group had a significantly higher SBS than other groups [p= 0.001]; the highest SBS values was obtained using the premise flowable composite and OptiBond S adhesive [112.44 +/- 30.46 Mpa]; and the lowest with OptiBond All-in-One alone [33.97 +/- 15.63 Mpa]

Conclusion: Although, none of the tested materials provided fracture resistance similar to that found with the intact maxillary central incisors; utilizing the premise flowable composite and OptiBond S adhesive improved the SBS of the reattached fragment than other materials

[Burnout, dimensions and its related factors in the operational staff ofmedicine emergency]

Introduction: Stressful and unpredictable conditions in the pre-hospital emergency medical staff by imposing additional psychological pressure can affect and cause serious consequences in the long run. The aim of this study was to determine the burnout, dimensions and its related factors in the operational staff of medicine emergency.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 114 operational staff of medicine emergency in Shahroud city. They were selected through convenient sampling method. The instruments used were included personal and professional information form and "Maslach Burnout Questionnaire". Content validity and test- retest reliability were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16.

Findings: Most staff had a moderate level of burnout in terms of reps [53.78%] and severity [43.82%] Burnout [in all dimensions] was the most of the personnel at the moderate level. There was a significant correlation between burnout and age [P<0.001], work experience [P=0.02] and working hours [P<0.001] but no significant correlation between marital status [P=0.18] and educational level [P=0.09].

Conclusion: Burnout among emergency medicine personnel was moderate level. Also it was noted that burnout increases as age and work experience of personnel rises. Education in order to decrease the impact of burnout condition further precaution is suggested.

[ effect of dietary regimen education on the laboratory variables in hemodialysis patients]

Introduction: Nutrition is an important factor in the treatment of patients with chronic renal disease and inappropriate dietary regimen can decrease quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality in these patients. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of diet education on the laboratory parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Method: In this quasi experimental study, 99 patients undergoing hemodialysis were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Demographic form and testing checklist was used for data gathering. Dietary face to face education was conducted for experimental group but the control group received routine education. After three months, laboratory variables in patients were evaluated and recorded. Data were analyzed using Chi-squared test, independent T-test and Paired T-test

Results: Demographic variables of the two groups were not significantly different [P>0.05]. There was no significant difference between the values of Hb, FBS, Cr, Na, K, Ca, Phosphor and albumin between two groups before intervention [P>0.05], but after the intervention, there was a significant difference in these laboratory parameters [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Study results indicate positive effects of dietary education on the laboratory indicators in the intervention group compared to the control group. Considering this, dietary education to nurses and other relevant personnel is needed to improve conditions for patients undergoing hemodialysis

Concentrations of mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic and aluminum in irrigation water wells and wastewaters used for agriculture in Mashhad, northeastern Iran

Contamination of water by toxic chemicals has become commonly recognized as an environmental concern. Based on our clinical observation in Mashhad, northeastern Iran, many people might be at risk of exposure to high concentrations of toxic heavy metals in water. Because wastewater effluents as well as water wells have been commonly used for irrigation over the past decades, there has been some concern on the toxic metal exposure of crops and vegetables irrigated with the contaminated water. To measure the concentrations of mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic and aluminium in irrigation water wells and wastewaters used for agriculture in Mashhad, northeastern Iran. 36 samples were taken from irrigation water wells and a wastewater refinery in North of Mashhad at four times-May 2008, March 2009, and June and July 2010. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure the concentration of toxic metals. Graphite furnace was used for the measurement of lead, chromium, cadmium and aluminum. Mercury and arsenic concentrations were measured by mercury/hydride system. Chromium, cadmium, lead and arsenic concentrations in the samples were within the standard range. The mean +/- SD concentration of mercury in irrigation wells [1.02 +/- 0.40 micro g/L] exceeded the FAO maximum permissible levels. The aluminum concentration in irrigation water varied significantly from month to month [p=0.03]. All wastewater samples contained high mercury concentrations [6.64 +/- 2.53 micro g/L]. For high mercury and aluminum concentrations, the water sources studied should not be used for agricultural use. Regular monitoring of the level of heavy metals in water and employing the necessary environmental interventions in this area are strongly recommended

[ effect of two methods, follow-up care by telephone and short message services on prothrombin time in patients with valve replacement surgery in hospitals of Tehran]

The aim of anticoagulant therapies is maintaining the blood level of drug for prevention of thrombotic accident without bleeding. One of the main components in coagulation system management after cardiac valve replacement surgery is to increase patients' knowledge about thess drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two methods of follow-up: short message service and telephone follow-up care on prothrombin time in patients after cardiac valve replacement surgery. This clinical trial study was done on patients admitted for valve replacement in Tehran selected hospitals in 2011. 99 patients were selected through purposive sampling and then were randomly allocated to telephone, short message services and control groups. In each group 33 patients were studied. After completing the demographic questionnaire, patients' prothrombin time was measured and recorded at discharge time and 3 months later. The booklet and oral training were presented to all of the patients before discharge. Telephone follow-up group were called within the first month twice a week and in the second and third month once a week. One message was sent daily to the patients in Short message services followup group. For data analysis SPSS 17, descriptive statistical test, Chi-square, paired TTest and one way ANOVA were used. The one way ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the means of prothrombin time in telephone follow-up, short message services follow-up and control groups after intervention [P=0.87]. Results showed that the effect of two methods in controlling the prothrobin time was the same, but according to low cost and easiness of SMS, the application of this method should be considered in cardiac center.

[Assessment of hospital information system efficiency [SHAFA] in IMAM REZA hospital]

Mechanized hospital software [HIS: Hospital Information System], is a replacing way for manual activities in hospital. This system leads to mechanize hospital activities from admission to patient discharge, effective relation between wards and being more quick and exact extraction of managing and statistical report. Nowadays, use of HIS will help improve level of recognizing problems, improving management, increasing efficiency of hospital managers, improvement in render services, increasing in level of hospital services, specialized medical services and more technical hospital structure. This study is a descriptive- analytical assessment. In this research all of users and hospital information technicians in IMAM REZA hospital took part in the study. Questioners checklist, library and web research were used together literature review, reliable and valid data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software. After concluding the row information, from statistical program named SPSS, we analyze them and the conclusion is:- 56% of users were women and 44% were men.- All HIS users are between 25-45 years old.- 44% of HIS users had BA degree and only 6% of them had master degree.- 42% of HIS users are in the range of [0-5] years old and 6% in the range of [16-20] years old had maximum to minimum level of occupational experiments.- Only 8% of users had passed ICDL courses in army association, So efficiency of 8% users had maximum level. This study emphasized on education of HIS users with different methods, make effective relation between HIS users and program technicians, repairing structure of the reporting system, improving the hardware structure and defining the level of special accessibility to software program. Finding express 64% of 52 system users are satisfied with HIS. In assessment of working system users believe that 55% of needed capabilities existed in software and on the other hand deficiency of 45% of necessary capabilities can be considered as a major problem and is being asked to be removed and increased the efficiency. Ultimately results show 70% of users assumed the speed of system is proper and 76% are satisfied with the net connection of HIS and confirmed it. Incidentally 39% of users expressed the back of system is suitable and provides the hospital necessities

[ relationship between perceived stress and the top five heart disease characteristics in patients with myocardial infarction]

Stress and stressful situations can be a prelude to fatal diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived stress with five major characteristics of the heart disease in patients with myocardial infarction. In this cross sectional descriptive-analytical study that was conducted from May 2005 till October 2009, a total of 3,200 patients with myocardial infarction, from cardiovascular care unit of Gha'em and Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, were randomly selected. A demographic questionnaire, an instrument for recording laboratory and electrocardiograph finding, and the Perceived Stress Scale were used for data collection. The results of this study show that while 35% of all cases suffer from moderate stress, 65% percent of them suffer from high level of stress. The level of perceived stress in different categories of variables such as gender, educational level, hypertension, history of hypertension, depression, cigarette smoking, exercising, job, level of incoming, location of living, and family history of cardiovascular disease was significantly different from each other. Considering the high levels of stress among patients with myocardial infarction, design and implementation of interventions for identifying stressors, as well as their management seem to be crucial

[Comparison of serum zinc level in the coronary artery disease patients with healthy volunteers]

Several studies have demonstrated that zinc plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases in Western populations. But there are limited data for other racial groups. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum zinc and coronary artery disease [CAD] in Iranian population. This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 81 individuals, aged 30 to 70 years, referred to Dr. Heshmat Hospital of Guilan, northern Iran, for routine coronary angiography. Based on the coronary angiogram results, the participants were assigned into 2 groups; 41 CAD patients in case group and 40 healthy ones in control group. Furthermore, data about smoking habit, physical activity and anthropometric indices were collected by questionnaire and using standard protocols. Serum zinc was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean serum zinc concentration in the case and control group were 73.50 +/- 1.61microg/dl and 78.47 +/- 1.66microg/dl, respectively. The mean serum zinc concentrations were significantly lower in case group than that in the controls [p<0.05]. Zinc concentration had negative correlation with age [r= -0.23 p<0.05], and positive correlation with weight [r=0.26 p<0.05]. Participants living in rural areas had lower zinc concentration than those in urban [p<0.05]. Serum zinc concentration was significantly lower in Iranian patients with abnormal versus those with a normal angiogram. It seems Serum zinc concentration correlates with some risk factors for coronary artery disease

Modeling and dose calculations of a pure beta emitting 32P coated stent for intracoronary brachytherapy by Monte Carlo code

Recently, different investigators have studied the possibility of radiation therapy in restenosis prevention and have shown promising results. In this study a unique radioactive source for intra vascular brachytherapy [IVBT] was investigated. The two-dimensional dose distribution in water for a 32P IVBT stent has been calculated. The pure beta emitter source 32P has been coated on Palmaz-Schatz stent. The dosimetric parameters required by the AAPM TG-60 formalism are discussed and calculated. The dose distribution of the activated stent was determined by Version 4C of the [MCNP] Monte Carlo radiation transport code in water and it was verified by TG-60 experimental results. Dosimetric parameters such as anisotropy function, F[r, theta], and the radial dose function, gL[r], around the Palmaz-Schatz stent at distances from 0.18 to 0.9 cm have been calculated. The Palmaz-Schatz stent with 3.5 mm external diameter and 14 mm length is coated with a thin layer of 32P. The Monte Carlo calculated dose rate at the reference point is found to be 17.85 Gy. The results were compared with previously published paper for an actual same source. The difference between these two data sets is in acceptable range. There were almost little differences [less than 0.05%] in values among them. The dosimetry parameters such as, geometry function, G[r, theta], anisotropy function, F[r, theta] and radial dose function, g[r], were determined according to TG-60 protocols and listed in tabular format. High dose variants were visible near the 32P stent surface, but these values decreased with depth in vessel layers rapidly. There are an acceptable agreement between the calculated data in this study and other published data for the same source. However, the observed differences between the calculated and measured values could be explained by the measurement uncertainty and the geometry modeling during the simulations

Intravenous pamidronate for refractory lymphedema

Based on beneficial reports of pamidronate use for reflex sympathetic dystrophy in reduction of pain and swelling, this drug can be studied as a novel treatment for refractory lymphedema. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of pamidronate on lymphedema and its possible side effects. Twelve cases of lower limb refractory lymphedema were enrolled. They received intravenous pamidronate monthly for 3 consecutive months and were followed by measuring any discomfort with visual analog scale [VAS] and physician global assessment, based on objective signs of limb volume and circumference. The limb volume, circumference, and satisfaction of the patients improved significantly. Pamidronate when is added to conservative treatments may reduce lymphedema and improve the patient's comfort

TG-60 dosimetry parameters calculation for the beta-emitter [153]Sm brachytherapy source using MCNP

The formalism recommended by Task Group 60 [TG-60] of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine [AAPM] is applicable for beta sources. Radioactive biocompatible and biodegradable [153]Sm glass seed without encapsulation is a beta-emitter with a short half life and delivers a high dose rate to the tumor in the millimeter range. In this work the dosimetry parameters of the seed for brachytherapy were evaluated. Using MCNP4C code data, the Dosimetric parameters of AAPM TG-60 recommendations including the reference dose rate, the radial dose function and the anisotropy function were obtained. Two dimensional dose distributions were also calculated. The dose rate at reference point was estimated to be 9.41 cGy.h[-1].micro Ci[-1] for [153]Sm. [153]Sm with its relatively low energy beta component falls off the most rapidly of the other beta emitters. The calculated data was compared with that of several beta and photon emitting seeds. The results showed the advantage of the beta emitting [153]Sm source in comparison with the other beta emitting sources, Because of its rapid dose fall-off of beta-ray and high dose rate at the short distances of the seed. The results would be helpful in development of the radioactive implants using [153]Sm seeds for the brachytherapy treatment

Association between severity of coronary disease and apolipoproteins A and B

Considering the controversial findings documented on the apolipoproteins A and B association as cardiovascular risk factors and the severity of CAD, this study evaluated the apoA and apoB association with severity of coronary artery disorders in an Iranian population. In a cross-sectional study 144 consecutive patients who were scheduled for coronary angiography, were divided into two groups according to severity of coronary stenosis [Mild, severe] and their medical histories and demographic data were collected. Before angiography, fasting blood samples were taken to measure fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoA and apoB. Based on their to angiography results, patients were divided groups one and two, with mild and severe coronary artery involvements, respectively Aplipoprotein levels and ratio were compared by Chi -square, Fisher, logistic regression and t-student tests in both groups. Mean age of groups one and two were 57.7 +/- 9.6 and 58.24 +/- 11.3 years respectively. Apoliprotein levels and apoA/apoB ratio had no significant association with severity of coronary artery disease involvements [p>0.05], findings which remained after adjusting data for confounding variables [p>0.05]. Factors that affect the disease severity may differ from the etiological factors that cause the disease. Hence further studies on these are recommended

viewpoints of restorative dentistry specialists towards teaching of repair versus replacement of defective direct composite restorations in Iranian Dental Schools

Teaching of repair versus replacement of defective direct composite restorations [DCRs] is a clinical concern that has not been studied among Iranian restorative dentistry specialists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the aspects of restorative dentistry specialists regarding the teaching of repair as a conservative alternative to the replacement of DCRs in Iranian dental schools. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a 14-item questionnaire was mailed to 126 restorative dentistry specialists participating at in 18 dental schools. Most of the questions were about implementation of the repair versus replacement, success rate of repair, the teaching repair and replacement of defective DCRs and the longevity of repaired restorations. Data was reported by descriptive statistic. The response rate was 86 [68.3%]; the majority [90.7%] of the specialists was implemented repair of defective composite resin, but only 9.3% of them were preferred replacement. Sixty-one [70.9%] of the respondents reported that they taught undergraduate students repair techniques as an alternative to replacing defective DCRs; 51 [59.3%] and 42 [48.8%] of them were teaching the practical and theoretical of repair techniques at the clinical level; the reasons for these approaches in order of frequency were tooth structure preservation, reduction of potentially harmful effects on the pulp, reduction in treatment time and cost. Based on the results, the repair of defective DCRs syllabus has been extensively taught in the Iranian dental schools. Most of the restorative dentistry specialists considered the repair of these restorations as a definitive measure and reported that the repaired DCRs have a longevity of 4.5 years