الملخص
ABSTRACT Objective. To examine sociodemographic differences in the awareness, understanding, use and effect of nutrition labels among Mexican and Chilean youth. Methods. Online surveys among youth (10-17 years) were obtained in 2019 (n=2631). Participants reported their awareness, understanding, and use of their country-specific nutrition facts tables (NFT) and front-of-pack labels (FOPL) (Chile: warning labels [WLs]; Mexico: guideline daily amounts [GDA]). Additionally, participants reported their perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink after viewing one of six versions of it with different FOPL (no-label control, Health Star Rating, WLs, GDAs, Traffic Light, or Nutri-Score) during an experimental task. Results. Higher self-reported nutrition knowledge was associated with higher NFT and FOPL awareness, understanding, and use, except for WL use. WLs were the most effective FOPL in decreasing the perceived healthfulness of the sweetened fruit drink compared to a no-label condition and other FOP labels. In Chile, the effect of GDA differed by income adequacy, while in Mexico Nutri-Score differed by age. Conclusions. Results suggest that nutrition label awareness, use, understanding, and impact differ across demographics, favoring higher income and nutrition knowledge. Despite this, WLs are likely to have a positive impact on nutrition-related knowledge and behaviors among Mexican and Chilean youth, independently of their socio-demographic groups.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Examinar las diferencias sociodemográficas por lo que respecta al conocimiento, la comprensión, el uso y el efecto de las etiquetas nutricionales en adolescentes de México y Chile. Métodos. En el 2019 se efectuó una encuesta en línea en adolescentes (10 a 17 años) (n=2631). Los participantes indicaron su conocimiento, comprensión y uso de los cuadros de información nutricional y los etiquetados frontales específicos de los empaques de su país (en el caso de Chile, las etiquetas de advertencia, y en el de México, las guías diarias de alimentación (GDA). Asimismo, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el que los participantes indicaron su percepción de lo saludable que era una bebida de fruta azucarada después de ver una de sus seis versiones con diferentes etiquetas frontales en los envases (control sin etiqueta, calificación de producto saludable mediante estrellas Health Star, etiquetas de advertencia, GDA, colores del semáforo, o sistema Nutri-Score). Resultados. El autorreporte de un mayor conocimiento sobre nutrición por parte de los participantes se asoció a un mayor conocimiento, comprensión y uso de los cuadros de información nutricional y los sistemas de etiquetado frontal, excepto en el caso del uso de las etiquetas de advertencia. Las etiquetas de advertencia fueron el sistema de etiquetado frontal más eficaz para reducir la percepción saludable del producto con respecto a la bebida de fruta azucarada, en comparación con la ausencia de etiqueta y el resto de los etiquetados frontales. En Chile, el efecto de las GDA variaba en función de la adecuación del ingreso, mientras que en México el efecto del Nutri-Score difería según la edad. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que el conocimiento, el uso, la comprensión y el efecto de las etiquetas nutricionales difieren entre los distintos grupos demográficos, de tal manera que son más favorables en las personas con mayores ingresos y conocimientos de nutrición. A pesar de esto, es probable que las etiquetas de advertencia tengan un impacto positivo sobre los conocimientos y los comportamientos relacionados con la nutrición en los adolescentes de México y Chile, con independencia de los grupos sociodemográficos de los que forman parte.
RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar diferenças sociodemográficas em termos de conhecimento, compreensão, uso e efeito da rotulagem nutricional entre adolescentes mexicanos e chilenos. Métodos. Foram realizadas pesquisas on-line entre adolescentes de 10 a 17 anos ao longo de 2019 (n=2631). Os participantes relataram que conheciam, compreendiam e usavam as tabelas de informação nutricional e a rotulagem frontal de embalagens específicas de seus respectivos países (Chile: rotulagem de advertência; México: valores diários de referência). Além disso, os participantes relataram sua percepção sobre a saudabilidade de um suco de fruta adoçado depois de ver uma de seis versões diferentes de rotulagem frontal (controle sem rótulo, Health Star Rating, rótulos de advertência, valores diários de referência, semáforo nutricional ou Nutri-Score) durante uma tarefa experimental. Resultados. Um maior conhecimento autodeclarado sobre nutrição foi associado a maior conhecimento, compreensão e uso de tabelas de informação nutricional e rotulagem frontal, com exceção do uso de rótulos de advertência. Os rótulos de advertência foram o tipo de rotulagem frontal mais efetivo para reduzir a percepção de saudabilidade do suco de fruta adoçado em comparação com o controle sem rótulo e outros tipos de rotulagem frontal. No Chile, o efeito dos valores diários de referência variou de acordo com a renda, enquanto no México o Nutri-Score variou de acordo com a idade. Conclusões. Os resultados sugerem que o conhecimento, a compreensão, o uso e o impacto da rotulagem nutricional variam de acordo com fatores demográficos, favorecendo uma renda mais alta e conhecimento sobre nutrição. Apesar disso, é provável que os rótulos de advertência tenham um impacto positivo sobre o conhecimento e os comportamentos relativos à nutrição entre adolescentes mexicanos e chilenos, independentemente do grupo sociodemográfico a que pertencem.
الملخص
La espectroscopía de reflectancia en el infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) es una tecnología rápida, multiparamétrica, amigable con el ambiente, de bajo costo y gran exactitud, para el análisis de diversos componentes en alimentos, en suelo y en agricultura. El objetivo del presente estudio fue construir modelos de calibración NIRS, para la predicción de nutrientes en tejido vegetal de caña de azúcar, para producción de panela, cultivada en la región de la Hoya del río Suárez. Un total de 416 muestras de tejido fueron escaneadas en el segmento espectral Vis-NIR. El análisis quimiométrico, se realizó con el software WinISI V4.10, aplicando la regresión de mínimos cuadrados parciales modificados, junto a una validación cruzada. Se evaluaron cuatro modelos con diferentes tratamientos matemáticos y el rendimiento de las calibraciones, se hizo por medio de la validación externa, analizando las medidas de bondad de ajuste, como el coeficiente de determinación de la predicción, el error estándar de la predicción ajustado por el sesgo y la desviación predictiva residual. Los resultados muestran que el modelo de calibración para N presentó el mayor poder predictivo. Para macronutrientes, las calibraciones, con mayor poder predictivo, fueron P y K y para micronutrientes, el modelo para B, mientras que para Cu presentó el más bajo poder predictivo. Se encontraron modelos adecuados para la predicción de los contenidos de N, Ca y P; para los demás nutrientes, se recomienda ampliar el conjunto de calibración.
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a fast, multiparametric, environmentally friendly, low-cost, and highly accurate technology for the analysis of components in food, soil, and agriculture. The purpose of this study was to generate NIRS calibration models for the prediction of nutrients in plant tissue of sugarcane to panela production cultivated in the Hoya del Río Suárez region. A total of 416 tissue samples were scanned in Vis-NIR spectral segment. Chemometric analysis was performed with the WinISI V4.10 software applying modified partial least squares regression with cross-validation. Four models with different mathematical treatments were evaluated, and the performance of calibrations was made through external validation analyzing the goodness-of-fit measures as prediction determination coefficient, standard error of the bias-adjusted prediction, and residual predictive deviation. The results showed that the calibration model for N had the highest predictive power. For macronutrients, the calibrations with the best predictive power were for P and K, and micronutrients for B, while Cu presented the lowest predictive power. Adequate models were found for the prediction of N, Ca, and P. In the case of the other nutrients, it is recommended to expand the calibration set.
الملخص
Abstract: Objective: To identify the behavioral and normative believes factors that might have major influence on the decision to buy packaged foods in urban Mexican families. Materials and methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in four urban cities of Mexico. Participants responded a self-administered questionnaire (n=3 340) outside of randomly selected supermarkets. A factor analysis was performed to identify what were the main behavioral and normative believes explaining consumers' decision when buying packaged foods. Results: Three factors explained the behavioral beliefs: the quality assessment of packaged foods explained 61% of the variance, products that maintain weight explained 25%, and the emotional experience with foods explained 13%. Three factors explained the normative beliefs: expectations of children and partner explained 46% of the variance, expectations from the participants' closest friends 23%, and expectation from other family members explained 14%. Conclusion: Behavioral and normative beliefs related to assessing the quality of foods and meeting family expectations respectively are the main beliefs factors affecting consumers' packaged food purchase decisions in urban consumers.
Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar las creencias de comportamiento y normativas que tienen mayor influencia en las decisiones de familias urbanas en México para comprar alimentos empaquetados. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en cuatro ciudades urbanas de México. Los participantes respondieron un cuestionario auto-administrado (n=3 340) a la salida de los supermercados que fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Se realizó un análisis factorial para identificar los principales factores de las creencias de comportamiento y normativas que explican la decisión de comprar alimentos empaquetados. Resultados: Tres factores explicaron las creencias conductuales: la evaluación de la calidad de los alimentos empaquetados explicó el 61% de la varianza, productos para control de peso explicaron el 25% y la experiencia emocional con los alimentos el 13%. Tres factores explicaron las creencias normativas: las expectativas de la pareja e hijos explicaron el 46% de la varianza, las expectativas de amigos cercanos el 23% y las expectativas de otros familiares explicaron el 14%. Conclusión: En las creencias conductuales, la evaluación de la calidad de los alimentos y en las creencias normativas, la expectativa de la pareja y los hijos tienen gran influencia en la decisión de compra de alimentos empaquetados en los consumidores de los supermercados urbanos en México.
الملخص
resumen está disponible en el texto completo
Abstract: In recent decades, the growing obesity epidemic in Mexico has become one of the most important public health challenges faced by the country. With support from the World Obesity Federation, we formed a working group in 2021 to identify and summarize priority actions that Mexico can take to face this epidemic. More than 1 000 health professionals joined the development and discussion process. Recommendations from previously published, high-level documents and guidelines were taken into account. In commemoration of World Obesity Day 2022, this statement is presented as input for health care professionals to develop actions to address obesity. The statement includes 10 recommendations that include population-level and individual-level actions. It emphasizes the importance of social participation, comprehensive interventions with a person- centered perspective, planetary sustainability, on improving education and communication campaigns, as well as fostering a built environment that promotes active living, and shielding prevention and control efforts from conflicts of interest. The statement calls for obesity to be treated seriously, based on scientific evidence, in a timely and comprehensive manner, employing a life-course and ethical approach that does not perpetuate weight stigma in society.
الملخص
Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la evidencia disponible sobre la transmisión por Covid-19 e infecciones respiratorias agudas similares al Covid-19 en espacios públicos abiertos. Material y métodos: La búsqueda incluyó 4 926 artículos en inglés de los años 2000 a 2020. Seis investigadores revisaron el título y el resumen de los artículos de Embase y PubMed; dos investigadores revisaron los de medRxiv. Todos los investigadores revisaron textos completos y otros resolvieron las discrepancias. Resultados: De los 21 artículos seleccionados, se observó que la presencia de virus en superficies públicas, aguas residuales y áreas exteriores no fue indicativa de transmisión. No obstante, se observó que el uso de cubrebocas, el lavado de manos, el distanciamiento social, no asistir a eventos masivos y la movilidad individual a espacios públicos podría ayudar a reducir el riesgo de transmisión. Conclusión: Esta información podría coadyuvar a generar recomendaciones en salud pública, sin embargo, es recomendable actualizar esta revisión conforme avance la evidencia científica.
Abstract: Objective: To describe the available evidence on the transmission of Covid-19 or similar acute respiratory infections in open, public spaces. Materials and methods: Our search included 4 926 articles in English from 2000 to 2020. Six researchers reviewed the title and abstracts from Embase and PubMed databases, and two researchers reviewed medRxiv database. All reviewed full texts and others resolved the discrepancies. Results: A total of 21 articles were selected. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on public surfaces, sewage, and outdoor areas was not indicative of transmission. Nevertheless, we observed that applying preventive measures such as the use of face masks, hand washing, social distancing, restricting attendance to massive events, and reducing people's mobility to public spaces may reduce the risk of transmission. Conclusions: This information could help to generate public health recommendations. However, we advise updating this review as new evidence is generated.
الملخص
Background: The current body of research on insecticide use in Peru deals primarily with application of insecticides offered through Ministry of Health-led campaigns against vector-borne disease. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding the individual use, choice and perceptions of insecticides which may influence uptake of public health-based vector control initiatives and contribute to the thousands of deaths annually from acute pesticide poisoning in Peru. Methods: Residents (n = 49) of the Alto Selva Alegre and CC districts of peri-urban Arequipa participated in seven focus group discussions (FGD). Using a FGD guide, two facilitators led the discussion and conducted a role-playing activity. this activity, participants insecticides (represented by printed photos of insecticides available locally) and pretended to "sell" the insecticides to other participants, including describing their qualities as though they were advertising the insecticide. The exercise was designed to elicit perceptions of currently available insecticides. The focus groups also included questions about participants' preferences, use and experiences related to insecticides outside the context of this activity. Focus group content was transcribed, and qualitative data were analyzed with Atlas.ti and coded using an inductive process to generate major themes related to use and choice of insecticides, and perceived risks associated with insecticide use. Results: The perceived risks associated with insecticides included both short- and long-term health impacts, and safety for children emerged as a priority. However, in some cases insecticides were reportedly applied in high-risk ways including application of insecticides directly to children and bedding. Some participants attempted to reduce the risk of insecticide use with informal, potentially ineffective personal protective equipment and by timing application when household members were away. Valued insecticide characteristics, such as strength and effectiveness, were often associated with negative characteristics such as odor and health impacts. "Agropecuarios" (agricultural supply stores) were considered a trusted source of information about insecticides and their health risks. Conclusions: It is crucial to characterize misuse and perceptions of health impacts and risks of insecticides at the local level, as well as to find common themes and patterns across populations to inform national and regional programs to prevent acute insecticide poisoning and increase community participation in insecticide-based vector control campaigns. We detected risky practices and beliefs about personal protective equipment, risk indicators, and safety levels that could inform such preventive campaigns, as well as trusted information sources such as agricultural stores for partnerships in disseminating information.
الموضوعات
Software , Chagas Disease , Vector Control of Diseases , Qualitative Research , Insecticidesالملخص
Abstract: Objectiv: To explore the perception of the use and comprehension of the nutrition labeling (GDA, NFT, NS) and claims in packaged foods among different socio economic-status (SES). Materials and methods: This was a qualitative study, 12 focus groups were performed in four cities of Mexico. Participants were recruited outside the supermarkets, which were selected according to SES using Basic Geostatistical Areas. The focus groups had a total of 78 participants. Results: Participants perceived several barriers to the use and understanding of the GDA; like technicalities of the terms used, and the format (small font size and percentages). Claims are mistrusted in general. Participants from the high SES believed that the claims are just a marketing strategy. Conclusion: This study shows the consumers' difficulties to understand the current nutrition labeling system regardless SES. These data might call attention in order to implement a simpler nutrition labeling system that is understood regardless of SES.
Resumen: Objetivo: Explorar la percepción sobre el uso y la comprensión del etiquetado de alimentos (GDA, NFT, NS) y sobre las declaraciones de alimentos empaquetados entre diferentes niveles socioeconómicos (NSE). Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo en el que se formaron 12 grupos focales en cuatro ciudades de México. Los participantes fueron reclutados afuera de supermercados y fueron seleccionados por nivel socioeconómico, a partir de Áreas Geoestadísticas Básicas. El número total de participantes fue 78. Resultados: Los participantes percibieron barreras para el uso y comprensión del GDA como términos técnicos utilizados, fuente pequeña y porcentajes numéricos. Se reportó desconfianza hacia las declaraciones en alimentos empaquetados. Los participantes del NSE alto perciben que las declaraciones son estrategia de marketing. Conclusión: Este estudio muestra las dificultades para entender el etiquetado de alimentos actual entre diferentes NSE. Estos datos enfatizan la necesidad de implementar un etiquetado que sea comprendido entre NSE.
الموضوعات
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Social Class , Attitude , Focus Groups , Comprehension , Food Labeling , Printing/standards , Cities , Focus Groups/statistics & numerical data , Nutrition Policy , Consumer Behavior , Qualitative Research , Mexico , Terminology as Topicالملخص
OBJETIVO: Describir las características de los binomios madre-hijo, la profilaxis antirretroviral, la evolución temporal de la transmisión vertical del VIH-1 y sus variables asociadas en una población asistida por un hospital público de complejidad terciaria de Argentina. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo desarrollado por el Grupo de trabajo en prevención de la Transmisión Vertical del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Cosme Argerich, Buenos Aires, Argentina, entre 1998 y 2008. Se compararon los períodos 1998-2003 y 2004-2008, y se identificaron las variables asociadas a esta vía de contagio. RESULTADOS: De 357 binomios madre-hijo, 21,0 por ciento de las madres presentaron coinfección con el virus de la hepatitis C y 68,0 por ciento linfocitos CD4 < 500/µL. Durante el embarazo, 75,0 por ciento de las madres recibieron tratamiento antirretroviral: zidovudina (17,8 por ciento), zidovudina-lamivudina (19,8 por ciento), zidovudina-lamivudina-nevirapina (41,9 por ciento) y zidovudina-lamivudina-inhibidor de proteasa (11,4 por ciento). El 74 por ciento presentó una carga viral (CV) en el período periparto < 1000 copias/mL. La proporción de cesáreas fue de 58,0 por ciento. Se administró zidovudina durante el parto en 83,4 por ciento de los casos. El 98,0 por ciento de los neonatos recibió profilaxis; la más frecuente fue zidovudina en monoterapia (73,0 por ciento). El 15,4 por ciento presentó bajo peso neonatal y 6,7 por ciento fue prematuro. La transmisión vertical global fue de 3,3 por ciento (10/302). En la comparación entre ambos períodos se observó un aumento de la indicación del tratamiento antirretroviral triple, mayor frecuencia de CV < 1 000 copias/mL en el período periparto, y disminución de la ausencia de profilaxis materna-neonatal y de la transmisión vertical global en el período 2004-2008. Para este período, la transmisión vertical fue de 1,3 por ciento en el hospital frente a 6,3 por ciento en la ciudad de Buenos Aires (estadísticas oficiales). La ausencia de profilaxis materna/intraparto y la prematuridad se asociaron a la transmisión vertical (P < 0,01 y P = 0,01, respectivamente) CONCLUSIONES: Se observó un descenso en la transmisión vertical global entre ambos períodos, atribuible a la mayor cobertura antirretroviral materno-neonatal y al mayor uso de tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia. La ausencia de profilaxis materna/intraparto fue el principal factor asociado a esta vía de contagio, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad de mejorar la accesibilidad al sistema de salud de los binomios madre-hijo..
OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of mother-child binomium (MCB), antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis, time trends, and variables associated with vertical transmission of HIV-1 in a population assisted by a tertiary public hospital in Argentina. METHODS: Prospective descriptive study undertaken by the Hospital Cosme Argerich s Vertical Transmission Working Group, Buenos Aires city, Argentina 1998-2008. Periods 1998-2003 vs. 2004-2008 were compared and variables associated with vertical transmission identified. RESULTS: Of 357 MCB, 21.0 percent of the mothers had HCV coinfection and 68.0 percent CD4 < 500/µL. During pregnancy, 75.0 percent received ARV: zidovudine (17.8 percent), zidovudinelamivudine (19.8 percent), zidovudine-lamivudine-nevirapine (41.9 percent), and zidovudinelamivudine-protease inhibitor (11.4 percent); 74.0 percent had viral load (VL) peripartum < 1 000 copies/mL. Caesarean delivery: 58.0 percent. Intrapartum zidovudine: 83.4 percent; 98.0 percent of infants received prophylaxis; zidovudine monotherapy was the most frequently used (73.0 percent). Of neonates, 15.4 percent had low birthweight and 6.7 percent were premature. The global vertical transmission was 3.3 percent (10/302). Comparing both periods, an increase in triple ARV and VL < 1 000 copies/mL in peripartum and a decrease in the absence of maternal/neonatal prophylaxis and overall VT was observed. The vertical transmission for 2004-2008 was 1.3 percent vs. 6.3 percent in Buenos Aires city (official statistics). Absence of maternal/intrapartum prophylaxis and prematurity were associated with vertical transmission (P < 0.01 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A decline in overall vertical transmission between the two periods was observed attributable to increased coverage of maternal/neonatal ARV administration and increased use of triple therapy. The absence of maternal/intrapartum prophylaxis was the main factor associated with vertical transmission, emphasizing the need to improve accessibility of MCB to the local public health system.