Human islet amyloid polypeptide:A therapeutic target for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus / 药物分析学报

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and other metabolic disorders are often silent and go unnoticed in patients because of the lack of suitable prognostic and diagnostic markers.The current therapeutic regimens available for managing T2DM do not reverse diabetes;instead,they delay the progression of diabetes.Their efficacy(in principle)may be significantly improved if implemented at earlier stages.The misfolding and aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide(hIAPP)or amylin has been associated with a gradual decrease in pancreatic β-cell function and mass in patients with T2DM.Hence,hIAPP has been recognized as a therapeutic target for managing T2DM.This review summarizes hIAPP's role in mediating dysfunction and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells via induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress,oxidative stress,mitochondrial dysfunction,inflammatory cytokine secretion,autophagy blockade,etc.Furthermore,it explores the possibility of using intermediates of the hIAPP aggregation pathway as potential drug targets for T2DM management.Finally,the effects of common antidiabetic molecules and repurposed drugs;other hIAPP mimetics and peptides;small organic molecules and natural compounds;nanoparticles,nanobodies,and quantum dots;metals and metal complexes;and chaperones that have demonstrated potential to inhibit and/or reverse hIAPP aggregation and can,therefore,be further developed for managing T2DM have been discussed.

Comparison of chest CT scan findings between COVID-19 and pulmonary contusion in trauma patients based on RSNA criteria: Established novel criteria for trauma victims / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PROPOSE@#In this study, we re-assessed the criteria defined by the radiological society of North America (RSNA) to determine novel radiological findings helping the physicians differentiating COVID-19 from pulmonary contusion.@*METHODS@#All trauma patients with blunt chest wall trauma and subsequent pulmonary contusion, COVID-19-related signs and symptoms before the trauma were enrolled in this retrospective study from February to May 2020. Included patients (Group P) were then classified into two groups based on polymerase chain reaction tests (Group Pa for positive patients and Pb for negative ones). Moreover, 44 patients from the pre-pandemic period (Group PP) were enrolled. They were matched to Group P regarding age, sex, and trauma-related scores. Two radiologists blindly reviewed the CT images of all enrolled patients according to criteria defined by the RSNA criteria. The radiological findings were compared between Group P and Group PP; statistically significant ones were re-evaluated between Group Pa and Group Pb thereafter. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity of each significant findings were calculated. The Chi-square test was used to compare the radiological findings between Group P and Group PP.@*RESULTS@#In the Group PP, 73.7% of all ground-glass opacities (GGOs) and 80% of all multiple bilateral GGOs were detected (p < 0.001 and p = 0.25, respectively). Single bilateral GGOs were only seen among the Group PP. The Chi-square tests showed that the prevalence of diffused GGOs, multiple unilateral GGOs, multiple consolidations, and multiple bilateral consolidations were significantly higher in the Group P (p = 0.001, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively). However, GGOs with irregular borders and single consolidations were more significant among the Group PP (p = 0.01 and 0.003, respectively). Of note, reticular distortions and subpleural spares were exclusively detected in the Group PP.@*CONCLUSION@#We concluded that the criteria set by RSNA for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are not appropriate in trauma patients. The clinical signs and symptoms are not always useful either. The presence of multiple unilateral GGOs, diffused GGOs, and multiple bilateral consolidations favor COVID-19 with 88%, 97.62%, and 77.7% diagnostic accuracy.

Prognostic significance of adjuvant radiation therapy in adenocarcinoma of the cecum

PURPOSE: Local recurrence is a common failure pattern in adenocarcinoma of the cecum. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of adjuvant radiation therapy on oncologic outcomes of patients with adenocarcinoma of the cecum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out at three large tertiary university hospitals. We analyzed the characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival of 162 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cecum that were treated and followed up between 2000 and 2013. All the patients had undergone a right hemicolectomy and received chemotherapy with (n = 48) or without (n = 114) adjuvant radiation therapy. RESULTS: The subjects were 65 females and 97 males with a median age of 56 years (range, 17 to 90 years) at diagnosis. The 5-year local control (LC), disease free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) rates were 72.7%, 57.2%, and 62.6% respectively. In a multivariate analysis, age, tumor stage, node stage, and adjuvant radiation therapy were determined to be independent prognostic factors. Age more than 55 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06–0.32; p = 0.003], T4 stage (HR = 6.8; 95% CI, 3.07–15.36; p < 0.001), node positive disease (HR = 4.2; 95% CI, 1.94–9.13; p < 0.001), and the absence of adjuvant radiation therapy (HR = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.39–6.46; p = 0.005) had a negative influence on OS. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant radiation therapy significantly improves DFS and OS in patients with adenocarcinoma of the cecum.

Prognostic Significance of Mucinous Histologic Subtype on Oncologic Outcomes in Patients With Colorectal Cancer

PURPOSE: Mucinous adenocarcinomas account for about 10% of all colorectal cancers. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of mucinous histologic subtype on oncologic outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study was performed at two large tertiary university hospitals. We analyzed the characteristics, prognostic factors, and survival of patients with colorectal cancer who were treated and followed up between 2000 and 2013. RESULTS: Totally, 144 of 1,268 patients with a colorectal adenocarcinoma (11.4%) had mucinous histologic subtype. Statistically significant results found in this research are as follows: Mucinous histologic subtype tended to present in younger patients and to have larger tumor size, higher histologic grade, higher node stage, larger number of positive nodes, and higher rate of perineural invasion compared to nonmucinous histologic subtype. On the univariate analysis, mucinous subtype was a prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival. On the multivariate analysis, primary tumor location, node stage and lymphatic-vascular invasion were independent prognostic factors for the local control rate. Rectal tumor location, higher disease stage, tumor grade II, and presence of lymphatic-vascular invasion had negative influences on disease-free survival, as did rectal tumor location, higher disease stage and presence of lymphatic-vascular invasion on overall survival. CONCLUSION: Mucinous histologic subtype was associated with some adverse pathologic features in patients with colorectal cancer; however, it was not an independent prognostic factor for oncologic outcome.

Monoplane 3D Overlay Roadmap versus Conventional Biplane 2D Roadmap Technique for Neurointervenional Procedures / 신경중재치료의학

PURPOSE: We investigated whether a 3D overlay roadmap using monoplane fluoroscopy offers advantages over a conventional 2D roadmap using biplane fluoroscopy during endovascular aneurysm treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted for 131 consecutive cerebral aneurysm embolizations by three neurointerventionalists at a single institution. Allowing for a transition period, the periods from January 2012 to August 2012 (Time Period 1) and February 2013 to July 2013 (Time Period 2) were analyzed for radiation exposure, contrast administration, fluoroscopy time, procedure time, angiographic results, and perioperative complications. Two neurointerventionalists (Group 1) used a conventional 2D roadmap for both Time Periods, and one neurointerventionalist (Group 2) transitioned from a 2D roadmap during Time Period 1 to a 3D overlay roadmap during Time Period 2. RESULTS: During Time Period 2, Group 2 demonstrated reduced fluoroscopy time (p<0.001), procedure time (P=0.023), total radiation dose (p=0.001), and fluoroscopy dose (P=0.017) relative to Group 1. During Time Period 2, there was no difference of immediate angiographic results and procedure complications between the two groups. Through the transition from Time Period 1 to Time Period 2, Group 2 demonstrated decreased fluoroscopy time (p<0.001), procedure time (p=0.022), and procedure complication rate (p=0.041) in Time Period 2 relative to Time Period 1. CONCLUSION: The monoplane 3D overlay roadmap technique reduced fluoroscopy dose and fluoroscopy time during neurointervention of cerebral aneurysms with similar angiographic occlusions and complications rate relative to biplane 2D roadmap, which implies possible compensation of limitations of monoplane fluoroscopy by 3D overlay technique.

Progressive Deconstruction of a Distal Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Using Competitive Flow Diversion / 신경중재치료의학

Progressive deconstruction is an endovascular technique for aneurysm treatment that utilizes flow diverting stents to promote progressive thrombosis by diverting blood flow away from the aneurysm's parent vessel. While the aneurysm thromboses, collateral blood vessels develop over time to avoid infarction that can often accompany acute parent vessel occlusion. We report a 37-year-old woman with a left distal posterior cerebral artery aneurysm that was successfully treated with this strategy. The concept and rationale of progressive deconstruction are discussed in detail.

Selecting chemotherapy schedules for adjuvant treatment of early stage breast cancer, what is the rationale behind?

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers that oncologists are faced with in their clinics. The varieties of clinical features of the disease result to very different scenarios in the processes of treatment decision making. While classic factors of stage, grade, age and hormone receptor status are still the criterion for choosing treatment, a very delicate list of other prognostic and predictive factors have been entered to this field over recent two decades. The evidence-based medicine rules to treat patients based on the best evidences that have been found by powered randomized clinical trials. Different panels and guidelines gathering these evidences try to help oncologists to find the best treatment methods through the variable and sometimes contradicting results. As it is always the main objective, increasing the survival rates in addition to the ideal aim of curing the disease is usually the target. Finding the best and the most practical chemotherapy regimen against breast cancer needs to notice the biology of this disease and its varieties along with each individual patient condition. It is clear that not all patients need the most complicated and expensive treatment

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in a Patient with Ruptured Blister Aneurysm Treated with Pipeline Embolization Device

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) diversion is frequently required in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who develop subsequent hydrocephalus. Procedures such as external ventricular drain (EVD) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) usually carry a very low rate of complications. However, as flow diverting stents such as Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) become more widely available, flow diverters are being used in treatment of some ruptured complex aneurysms. EVD and VPS placement in the setting of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) in these patients are associated with a significant risk of intracranial hemorrhage. We describe a management strategy and surgical technique that can minimize hemorrhagic complications associated with VPS in patients on DAT after treatment with flow diverting stents.

Trans-sphenoidal Approach to the Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery for Endovascular Access in a Cadaver / 신경중재치료의학

PURPOSE: Sometimes, intracranial pathology in the distal vasculature cannot be accessed by standard endovascular techniques because of occlusion or insurmountable tortuosity of theinternal carotid artery (ICA). A trans-sphenoidal surgical approach can follow a similar trajectory to the course of the supraclinoid ICA. This study evaluates the feasibility of a trans-sphenoidal approach to the supraclinoid ICA for endovascular access. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a fresh cadaver head, the sphenoid sinus was dissected through a trans-sphenoidal route. Bone over the carotid prominence was removed to expose the ICA. The artery was catheterized using the Seldinger technique, and three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography was performed to evaluate the procedure. RESULTS: The catheter was successfully inserted into the supraclinoid ICA via the trans-sphenoidal route. Three-dimensional radiographic reconstruction confirmed placement of the catheter and the trajectory of the sheath into the supraclinoid ICA. CONCLUSION: While the trans-sphenoidal route has innumerable disadvantages over the standard endovascular access techniques, this route could be considered when other treatment options are too risky or impractical.

Treatment of a Ruptured Vertebrobasilar Fusiform Aneurysm Using Pipeline Embolization Device

Treatment options of ruptured vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysms (VFA) are limited and often carry significant mortality and morbidity. We report the use of Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) to successfully treat a patient with a ruptured vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysm (VFA) who presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). A 73 year-old man with a history of cardiac stent placement seven days earlier presented with Hunt-Hess II SAH. He was taking aspirin and clopidogrel. Computed tomography angiogram revealed a large vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysm. Microsurgical treatment options are technically challenging and carry high risk. He underwent endovascular treatment of the ruptured VFA using overlapping PEDs. Five PEDs were placed in a telescoping fashion to reconstruct the affected portions of the left vertebral and basilar arteries. An additional 2-mm blister aneurysm in the right vertebral artery was also discovered during the conventional cerebral angiography and was treated with one additional PED. The patient remained neurologically intact after the procedure. He was continued on aspirin and clopidogrel. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging at three months demonstrated patency of the stents without any evidence of ischemic change. Follow-up conventional cerebral angiogram at six months demonstrated thrombosis of the VFA and reconstruction of the vertebrobasilar system. The patient remained clinically well. An endovascular approach using PEDs can be a safe and effective treatment option for ruptured VFA in selected cases.

Pleural and pericardial effusions: rare presentations of brucellosis, Iran

We report a rare case of brucellosis presenting with pleural and pericardial effusions in a 35 year-old male rancher in Iran with fever and dyspnea. Such findings should prompt inclusion of brucellosis in the differential diagnosis in endemic areas

Respiratory complications in Iranian hospitalized patients with HIV/AIDS

The respiratory tract has been the most commonly affected site of illness in HIV-infected patients. The current study was done to identify the frequency of respiratory complications in a consecutive case series of HIV-positive patients in Iran. This study was a retrospective analysis at the national academic reference medical center of Imam-Khomeini Hospital, in Tehran, Iran. The study included 199 new admissions for 177 HIV-infected patients between 2000 and 2005. Demographic characteristics, risk factors for HIV infection, respiratory complications, and CD4+ lymphocyte counts were evaluated in these patients. All patients were males. The mean age was 35 years [age range: 15 to 63 years]. Among 34 cases with available CD4+ lymphocyte count results, 70.6% had results <200 cells/mm[3]. Nearly half the patients [47.7%] had respiratory symptoms. The most common pulmonary complications were cough [86.3%], sputum [71.6%], dyspnea [54.7%], and hemoptysis [10.5%]. The most common diagnosis was pulmonary tuberculosis [27.1%], followed by other bacterial pneumonias [16.6%] and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [4.5%]. Intravenous drug users who had history of incarceration had the highest risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [59%], and other bacterial pneumonias [52%].Our study demonstrates that respiratory complications are highly frequent in HIV patients in Iran and that pulmonary tuberculosis is still a common complication in HIV infected patients, despite the availability of effective treatment. Results suggest the need for more effective preventive and prophylactic measures, wider use of antiretroviral treatment and effective chemotherapy for Iranian patients with HIV/AIDS

Age of menarche in girls of Uttarakhand.

Menarche is a physiological and developmental phenomenon significant in the life of a female. It occurs between the ages of 10 to 16 years. Study suggests that menarche tends to appear earlier in life as the social, nutritional and economic condition of society improves. There is paucity of information about menarchial age in hilly regions of Uttarakhand. Therefore, this research was undertaken to determine age of menarche and its variation with geographical, seasonal and nutritional status. This study was carried out through a questionnaire in 450 girl students between age 17-26 years at Uttarakhand Forest Hospital Trust, Medical College, Haldwani, India. The mean age of onset of menarche was 13.6 (+ 1.1) years. The monthly occurrence of menarche had peaks in May-June. The mean menarchial age of girls belonging to plain area was 13.18+ 1.31 years, which showed significantly earlier onset as compared to girls from hilly area (14.21 + 1.46 years). In hilly areas girls having vegetarian diet had significantly higher age of menarche (14.60 + 1.33 years), compared to girls having non-vegetarian diet (14.09 + 1.56 years). Therefore altitude, season and nutritional status have bearing on the mean menarchial age in girls of Uttarakhand.

Short-duration furazolidone therapy in combination with amoxicillin, bismuth subcitrate and omeprazole for eradication of helicobacter pylori

Resistance to metronidazole is one of the most common reasons for Helicobacter pylori treatment failure with the classic triple therapy. The clarithromycin-based regimen is not cost-effective for use in developing countries. Though furazolidone is a great substitute it has many side effects. Decreasing the duration of treatment with furazolidone to 1 week may help decrease the drug's side effects. to study the efficacy and side effects of furazolidone when given for 1 week in combination with bismuth subcitrate, amoxicillin, and omeprazole. One hundred and seventy-seven patients with duodenal ulcer were randomly divided into two groups. Group I received omeprazole 2 x 20 mg + amoxicillin 2 x 1 g + bismuth subcitrate 4 x 120 mg for 2 weeks, with furazolidone 2 x 200 mg in the first week only. Group II received the same regimen, except that 1 week of furazolidone was followed by 1 week of metronidazole in the second week. Control endoscopy was performed after 6 weeks. Three biopsies from the antrum and three from the corpus were taken for urease testing and histology. Eradication was concluded if all tests were negative for H pylori. One hundred and fifty-seven patients completed the study. Two subjects from group I and three from group II did not tolerate the regimen and were excluded from the analysis. No serious complication was detected in any patient. The eradication rates by per-protocol [PP] analysis and intention-to-treat [ITT] analysis were 89% and 79.3% in group I and 86.6% and 74.4% in group II, respectively. One week of furazolidone in combination with 2 weeks of amoxicillin, omeprazole, and bismuth subcitrate is a safe and cost-effective regimen for the eradication of H pylori. Adding metronidazole to the above regimen does not increase the eradication rate

Consumer protection act (CPA / COPRA) related to medical profession.

With the fast pace of commercialization and globalization on all spheres of life, the medical profession is no exception. Since the passing of the Consumer Protection Act in 1986, the doctor-patient’s relationship has deteriorated significantly and litigation against doctors is increasing day by day. This review article enlightens medical practitioners regarding Consumer Protection Act and how to prevent litigations.

Result of chemoradiotherapy in the treatment of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma

Introduction: malignant tumors of head and neck [H and N] mostly squamous cell carcinoma [SCC] are common in Khorasan; the standard treatment consists of surgery with or without [pre or post operative] radiotherapy and occasionally only radical radiotherapy. According to many reports on high response rate of H and N metastatic tumorssometimes greater than 50% to the chemotherapeutic agents- it is accepted to use chemotherapy as a curative treatment modality in non-metastatic H and N tumors [1]. In our country there isn't any report about this treatment policy although there are many publications from European and American centers. In this paper we intend to present some parts of our experience on primary chemotherapy for nonrnetastatic SCC of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma

Patients and methods: the study compiles 51 patients with primary SCC of larynx and hypopharynx who had been treated during 1375-1379 in Omid hospital. Twenty-four patients had been treated only by radiotherapy while 27 had been treated by chemoradiation. None of the patients in two groups had surgical treatment except for diagnostic biopsy. The reasons that surgery was not used in this groups of patients were as follow: medical contraindication, radical surgery impossibility due to advancement of primary tumor [unresectable] and refusing surgical treatment by patient. Patient's enrolments in two groups were only by physicians decision and practice and are being compared for age, sex, primary tumor site, Stage, histological grade and radiation dose [table 1]. Three endpoints are characterized: complete response [either clinical or pathologic], failure [either in local or lymphatic region] and suspicious cases, which negative biopsy but any of these: several local edema, obvious defect in barium swallow, vocal cord fixation, suspicious mucosal ulceration and progressive post treatment dysphagia. Radiotherapy was delivered by Cobalt 60 machine using classical conventional technique and dose fractionation. [For technical details see reference 2]. Chemotherapy regimen consists of commonly used combination of 5-flouracil [5FU] and cisplatin which doses are introduced in table 2. It was allowed accrual of every case whose chemotherapy was applied before [neeoadjuvant], during [concurrent] or sequential with radiotherapy and even one case after completing radiotherapy [adjuvant]. Statistical methods used are Z and T test and P value calculated which figures below 0.05 are considered significant and 0.05 up to 0.1 are considered borderline

Results: although there isn't any significant statistical difference between two groups related to age, sex, histological grade and anatomical site but as it is shown in table 1 there is a general trend toward enrolling some known and likely poorer prognostic factors in chemoradiation group. Pathologic grade 3 with 26% ratio in the chemoradiation group has higher amount than 16% in radiotherapy group and the mean age of patients in the former group is 2.5 years older. As well hypopharyngeal origin with 40% ratio has higher proportion in chemoradiation group. In distribution according to the stage of disease most of the patients in both groups are in the more advanced stages, however while no low stage cases were treated with chemoradiation in other group these are 25%. In addition clinical presentation as a large mass [more than 6 cm] is higher in patients treated with chemoradiation [37% versus 20%]