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ObjectiveTo explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription on slow transit constipation （STC） in rats. MethodThe rat model of STC was established by gavage of loperamide hydrochloride. Rats were assigned into control， model， mosapride， low-， medium-， and high-dose （3.51， 7.02， and 14.04 g·kg-1， respectively） Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription groups. The changes of general signs， fecal moisture content， and intestinal propulsion rate were measured after model establishment and drug administration. The colonic mucosal changes were observed by hematoxylin eosin staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the content of substance P （SP） and vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） in the colon of rats in each group. The gray values of aquaporin （AQP） 3， AQP4， AQP8， and c-Kit in rat colon tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot， and the changes of intestinal flora were detected by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. ResultCompared with the model group， 10 days of treatment with Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription increased the fecal moisture content and intestinal propulsion rate （P<0.01）. The medium- and high-dose Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription groups and the mosapride group showed no obvious mucosal inflammation and neat arrangement of goblet cells with a large number in the colon tissue. Moreover， the three groups showed increased SP content （P<0.01） and decreased VIP content （P<0.01） in the serum. The medium- and high-dose Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription groups showed down-regulated protein levels of AQP3， AQP4， and AQP8 （P<0.01） and up-regulated protein level of c-Kit （P<0.01）. The drug administration groups presented slightly increased observed species， Chao1， ACE， and Shannon， Simpson， and PD whole tree. The principal component analysis showed that the control group had a short distance with the high- and medium-dose Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription groups， indicating that high- and medium-dose Yiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription can recover the intestinal flora to that in the control group. ConclusionYiqi Huoxue Tongbian prescription can alleviate the defecation status of rats with slow transit constipation by down-regulating the expression of AQP3， AQP4， and AQP8 to reduce the absorption of water in the intestine， up-regulating the expression of c-Kit to increase the number and distribution of Cajal interstitial cells， and regulating the balance of flora in the colon tissue.
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The incidence of spine metastasis is increasing due to the aging demography and improvement of cancer diagnosis and treatments.Spine metastasis is one of the serious complications of advanced cancers,and its treatment should pay attention to patients' quality of life and consider interdisciplinary cooperation.Expected life span can guide doctors to select the appropriate treatment for spine metastasis patients,and various scoring systems have been developed.We elicited relevant literatures in WanFang,CNKI,PubMed and Embase databases.Articles aiming at developing model for spine metastasis or describing the clinical effectiveness and pitfalls of the existed systems were included.As a result,48 articles were carefully reviewed.In this review,thosc scoring systems were stratified into two groups:Traditional scoring systems,which were published before or in 2005,including original/revised Tokuhashi scoring systems,Tomita scoring system,Bauer scoring system,Linden scoring system,and Sioutos scoring system;and new scoring systems,which were designed during the last three years,including Lei & Liu scoring system,Bollen scoring system,Rades scoring system,Oswestry spinal risk index (OSRI),and Katagiri scoring system.The usefulness of the traditional scoring systems has been validated by many studies.However,the applicability of those scoring system were controversial due to improvement of cancer treatment and survival period in recent years.Although the improvement of life span was considered,those new scoring systems have not penetrated into clinical routine because of the lack of validation.Currently,which system has the highest accuracy rates still remains unclear.Next generation of scoring systems should take into account the practicality and reliability at the same time.In this review,we introduced above mentioned scoring systems,described the validity and limitation of those scoring system,and suggested the future directions of next generation of scoring systems.
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Tumor cells can secrete various cytokines which can enhance the activity of osteoclast in the bone microenvi?ronment, and osteoclast can promote the release of many growth factors buried in bone matrix which would promote the growth and invasion of tumor cells. Thus, a‘vicious cycle’of bone destruction is developed in the bone metastatic microenvironment. Bone metastatic microenvironment facilitate this‘vicious cycle’, while it also provides potential targets for the treatment of bone metas?tases. Osteoprotegerin, receptor activator of nuclear factor?κB and its ligand system are the typicality of molecular targets. Bone metastasis can promote the secretion of RANKL and the expression of OPG. The disbalance of RANKL/OPG is an important induc?ing factor for bone destruction. Many studies have shown that transforming growth factor?βwhich is produced by osteoclast plays an important role in mediating‘vicious cycle’. Src family tyrosine kinase, endothelin A receptor, matrix metalloproteinase, and ca?thepsin K are the potential targets of bone metastasis. Pharmacologic agents such as denosumab, can inhibit the‘vicious cycle’of bone metastasis. In addition to suppress bone destruction by Pharmacologic agents, they also can produce direct antitumor effect. They can delay the occurrence of skeletal related events, prolong the overall survival, and play an important role in patient ’s quali?ty of life at last. Patients with bone metastasis have already benefited from systemic molecular targeted therapies, and further re?searches would be of great importance in improving patient therapeutically selections and enhancing the effect.
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BACKGROUND:Core decompression and tantalum rod implantation after core decompression are common methods to repair early and middle stages of necrosis of femoral head, can effectively control and even reverse the progress of necrosis of the femoral head. Comparison of mechanical support and curative effect of femoral head after operation deserves further investigation. OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of core decompression on mechanical pulp femoral head support by using the finite element analysis and the advantages of tantalum implant treatment in the repair of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: The right femur of healthy adults was chosen as the research object, and CT scanning was conducted to get the images of cross-sections. The images were then inputted into computer to get contour of femur and rebuild three-dimensional model. Distal end of femur was completely fixed, the angle of the top of femoral head and the femoral shaft was 25°, and 570 N pressure on the femoral head was applied according to the three-dimensional space distribution of femur force under physiological state. Three-dimensional finite element models were calculated to get the colapse values in different necrotic areas of the femoral head before and after different repair methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After core decompression, colapse values were apparently increased, especialy in the weight-bearing area. With increased range of necrosis, colapse values also increased. After core decompression, colapse values decreased obviously after porous tantalum rod implantation. Although core decompression could remove dead bone, decompression itself further reduced the mechanical properties of the femoral head and changed the original femoral head support. On the basis of core decompression, porous tantalum rod provided safe and effective mechanical support for femoral head and subchondral bone plate, could effectively prevent colapse and provide conditions for the restoration of bone tissue.
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BACKGROUND:The spinal column is the most common site of cancer metastases. Most of the previous biomechanical experiments utilized models with defects only in the vertebral body or posterior elements, but the biomechanical changes of the thoracic vertebrae and posterior part with various locations of metastasis deserve further research. OBJECTIVE:To set up the three-dimensional (3D) finite element model to investigate biomechanical effects by simulating combined destruction of vertebral body and other posterior components. METHODS:Based on CT data, we constructed the 3D geometric models of the thoracic vertebrae (T9-11), including intervertebral discs, ligaments and ribs using the Mimics software. The 3D models of T9 vertebra and different parts of the posterior thoracic vertebrae related with the metastasis could be simulated, including the control group with the intact vertebrae, the group of the T10 vertebrae with the right defective hemi-vertebrae, the group of the defective hemi-vertebrae with the defective ipsilateral pedicle, the group of the defective hemi-vertebrae with the defective ipsilateral costovertebral joint, the group of the defective hemi-vertebrae with the defective ipsilateral pedicle and costovertebral joint, the group of the defective hemi-vertebrae with the defective ipsilateral pedicle, costovertebral joint and transverse process. The corresponding 3D finite element models were established using the Abaqus software. The displacement and Von Mises stress distribution of the models were analyzed when the anterior compressive flexure load was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:When the anterior compressive flexure load was applied, the entire stiffness was proportionaly decreased when the more posterior parts destroyed, especialy destruction of vertebral body and pedicle significantly decreased. The destruction of posterior structures such as the thoracic rib joints and transverse processes was not great. However, the maximal Von Mises stress increased significantly when the vertebral body and pedicle were destructed, but additional costovertebral joint destruction slightly decreased the maximal Von Mises stress because of the stress was re-distributed.
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ObjectiveTo compare the quality of Baitiao Codonopsis Radix with different commercial grades; To provide the basis for the rational utilization of Codonopsis Radix.MethodsTotally 54 batchs of Baitiao Codonopsis Radix with different commercial grades from main producing areas in Gansu were collected. The contents of lobetyolin and atractylenoideⅢ in Codonopsis Radix were detected by HPLC. Colorimetric method was used to detect the content of polysaccharide in the Codonopsis Radix. Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 Edition was referred to detect the content of extractum. One way ANOVA and factor analysis method were used to comprehensively evaluate the data.ResultsLobetyolin and atractylenoideⅢ were all negatively correlated with commercial grades. The results of the principal component factor ranking showed that the samples were not sorted by the order of commercial grades, with commercial grade two ranking in the forefront.Conclusion The quality of Baitiao Codonopsis Radix with different commercial grades is different, and the quality of commercial grade two is better than other commercial grades.
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Objective To establish a 3D atlas of Letournel-Judet classifications of acetabular fractures which provides remote access on the web through hypertext markup language (HTML) and virtual reality modeling language (VRML) for efficient remote diagnosis. Methods Firstly,different Letournel-Judet classifications of acetabular fracture were simulated based on 3D reconstruction models of healthy volunteers via Mimics software.The files of VRML format were exported after geometry modeling.Secondly,The.wrl files were edited by adding nodes of Sensor,Route,and Script to the files to make the static scene respond to users' interaction.Finally,the homepage of 3D atlas was established with the Dreamweaver software.Results The 3D atlas of Letournel-Judet classifications of acetabular fractures was established which can be accessed online.These virtual worlds can be browsed via the Internet and hyperlinked with the World Wide Web. Conclusion The 3D atlas of Letournel-Judet classifications of acetabular fractures can be easily and convenicntly used by surgeons for consultation in clinical diagnosis of an acetabular fracture.
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BACKGROUND: Histomorphological change of endplate may affect the nntritional transmission of intervertebral disk, eventually leading to intervertebral disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of endplate concavity variation on mechanical response of lumbar motion segment. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Repeated measurement design, biomechanical analysis of finite element models, performed at the Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Zhejiang University between January 2005 and January 2007. MATERIALS: SOMATOM SENSATION 16 spiral CT machine (Siemens, German) and ANSYS (Inc. Pennsylvania, USA).METHODS: A three-dimensional nonlinear geometrical and mechanical accurate finite element model of lumbar L<,4-5> segment was developed. Parametric studies were undertaken by studying endplate of three different concave angles, whereas disc angle, the gap of facet joint, finite element mesh density, and all other parameters were kept constant. Biomechanical parameters of three kinds of finite element models were tested under 5 different loading conditions, including vertical compression, flexion, extension, and anterior and posterior shearing loading. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Endplate-intervertebral disc interface strain, intervertebral disc stiffness, nucleus pulposus pressure, annular fiber stress, radial disc bulge, stress in the annulus ground substance, stresses in posterior structure and facet contact force. RESULTS: The decrease in the endplate concavity stimulated by an increasing endplate concave angle would result in decreased strains of endplate-intervertebral disc interface, increased disc stiffness and nucleus pulposus pressure, decreased annular fiber stress, radial disc bulge and stress in the annulus ground substance, and simultaneously produce decreased facet contact force and stresses in posterior structure. CONCLUSION: The decrease of endplate concavity enhances the protective effects of the disc on vertebral body breakage. Small endplate deformation results from decreased endplate concavity would contribute to the reduction of nutritional diffusion to the intervertebral disc.
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[Objective] The efleet of sagittal orientations of articular facet on the contact force and contact regions of a lumbar spine segment was evaluated.[Methods] [Results]Three-dimensional geometrical and mechanical accurate finite element models of the lumbar L4、5 motion segment representing three sagittal-orientations articular facet were generated and invalidated by an effective CAD method.Contact force and contact regions of the articular facets of three finite element models were predicted under the pure shearing loads.[Result] Under anterior shear condition,the contact force on the facet decreased with the increase of sagittal 0rientation of articular facet.however.in posterior shear load,the contact force on the facet increased with the increase of sagittal orientation.Meanwhile,under both pure shear loading,the percentages of the sagittal and the transversal components are increased with the dectease of the sagittal angle.However,under the salne load condition,there are no difference between the contact regions of the three models with different facet joint angle.[Conclusion]The spatial orientation and geometric forms of the coronal facet articular surfaces are more effective in restricting motion in transversal and sagittal planes while assuming a minor role in resisting axial force or motion than sagittal facet articular surface.It Was presumed that anterior shear force play a more prominent contribution on the degeneration of the facet joint with coronal articular surface compared with posterior shear force.
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Scaffolds provide a three-dimensional environment that is desirable for inducing and promoting the production of cartilaginous tissue.Ideally the scaffold should:① have directed and controlled degradation;② promote cell viability,differentiation,and extracellular matrix production;③ adhere and integrate with the surrounding native cartilage;④ span and assume the size of the defect;⑤ provide mechanical integrity depending on the defect location;⑥ have no toxicity,no immunogenicity or inflammatory induction;⑦ allow for the diffusion of nutrients and waste products.To date,a wide range of natural and synthetic materials have been investigated as a scaffold for cartilage repair.Based on the morphology and structure,these materials can be divided into hydrogel,sponge,fiber mesh and so on.Natural polymers that have been explored as bioactive scaffolds for cartilage engineering include:alginate,agarose,fibrin,hyaluronic acid,collagen,gelatin,chitosan,chondroitin sulfate,and cellulose.Synthetic polymers currently explored for cartilage repair include poly(?-hydroxy esters),polyethylene glycol,poly(NiPAAm),poly(propylene fumarates),and polyurethanes.
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Recently, stem cells attract significant attention in cartilage tissue engineering as an alternative to autologous chondrocytes. Bone marrow-derived stem cells showed potency to chondrogenesis in various culture conditions. Adipose-derived stem cells are a kind of fibroblast-like stem cells population which can be isolated from adipose tissue and cultured in vitro, can differentiate into chondrocyte after an extended period with stable expansion and low levels of senescence in 3D culture environment. Besides bone marrow and adipose tissue, muscle, synovium, and periosteum are other sources of adult stem cells being explored for applications in cartilage repairment. Furthermore, co-culture of human embryonic stem cells with primary chondrocytes can induce the chondrogenesis differentiation, however, the difficulties in ESC selective purification, as well as oncogenicity and ethical issues, may limited the use in clinic.
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Articular chondrocytes are the main cell sources for cartilage repair.However,the harvesting of articular cartilage is a highly invasive procedure accompanied by the potential site morbidity and loss of function for donor.In addition,low cell yields,low mitotic rates,and low bioactivity further limit the use of articular chondrocytes in clinic.Other potential autologous chondrocyte sources in vivo include auricular,nasoseptal and costal cartilage with differences function,structure,and composition which result in different discrete biochemical,physical and biomechanical properties.Presently,efforts in cartilage regeneration mainly focus on chondrocytes isolated from immature animals,which have faster growth rate and rapid capacity for differentiation than those from old donors.Skin presents a minimally invasive,relatively abundant source of fibroblasts for tissue engineering.Although the direct transplantation of fibroblasts on PLA meshes in a cartilage defect may leads to fibroplasia,fibroblasts can be induced differentiated into chondrogenic phenotype under the appropriate culture conditions.
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Stimulating factors have been employed to induce,accelerate,and/or enhance cartilage formation.For instance,stimulating factors and other additives may be added to culture media in vitro or incorporated into scaffolds for in vivo delivery to control cellular differentiation and tissue formation.At present,many growth factors and other dissoluble factors such as hyaluronic acid,chondroitin sulfate,and insulin have been used alone or synergistically in cartilage tissue engineering.The application efficacy depends on cell type and culture condition.In addition,gene therapy has emerged as another method of local delivery,where cells can be engineered to over-express bioactive molecules.An additional approach is the introduction of mechanical signals through loading regimes such as hydrostatic or dynamic compression or through the use of bioreactors.Current bioreactors used in cartilage tissue engineering include flat-sheet bioreactor,rotating wall vessel bioreactor and concentric cylinder bioreactor.Bioreactor can improve nutrition transmittability,provide hydrodynamic environment,induce shear stress,and promote production of cartilage specific matrix protein.
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20 mm) and short variation(≤20 mm).The average follow-up time was 32 months(range 24 to 48).Spinal function was evaluated by JOA(Japanese Orthopaedic Association) guidance at hospital admission and at the follow-up time of 24th month,and neurological improvement was expressed by the recovery rate.[Result]At the follow-up review of 24th month,the neurological improvement according to the recovery rate of the early surgical treatment group was higher than late surgical treatment group(P
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[Objective]To measure the feasibility and efficiency of treating vertical sacral fractures with iliac hollow screws.[Method]Sixteen patients with vertical sacral fractures were treated.10 cases of Denis type Ⅰ and 6 cases of Denis type Ⅱ.[Result]The average following-up period was 16 months. All fractures united within 3 months.Two cases showed symptoms of root L5 injuries.1 case totally recovered and 1case partly recovered by the 3nd month after operation.[Conclusion]It showed simple and easy to master for clinical applying of treating vertical sacral fractures with iliac hollow screws.
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Objective To evaluate the surgical outcomes in patients with lumbar disorder treated with enlargement of the spinal canal through spinous process osteotomy. Methods Posterior central incision was used for unilateral exposure of lamina. Osteotomy was done at the base of the spinous process; complete exposure of the lamina was done by retracting the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments. Ligament flaven was resected at the superior and inferior margin of the lamina. Undermining enlargment of the central spinal canal and the neural canal were then carried out; in some cases the intervertebral disc was resected. Thirty seven patients suffered from lumbar spinal stenosis were treated with the above mentioned procedure; among them decompression of a single segment was done in 24 cases, in two segments in 13 cases. Postoperatively, Oswestry evaluation score and imaging observation were carried out. Results Thirty four cases had follow up for one year and the excellent and good results was seen in 82.4%; 27 cases had follow up of 3 years, the rate of excellent and good results was 81.5%. Both sagittal and transverse diameter of lumbar vertebrae canal were increased notably in postoperative CT scanning. 87% of osteotomized spinous processes had bony fusion. Conclusion Spinal canal plasty by spinous process osteotomy for patients with lumbar disorders affords easy performing procedure with less complications and satisfactory surgical results.