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Objective:To examine the clinical subtypes of patients with multisystem atrophy(MSA)that may indicate the prognosis of patients.Additionally, we aim to compare the ability to perform daily activities among patients of each subtype using cluster analysis.Methods:The retrospective analysis included demographic data, clinical symptoms and signs, scale scores, and ancillary examinations of 94 patients diagnosed with multisystem atrophy at Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University.The study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of each subtype obtained through clustering.Additionally, a comparison was made between patients with traditional motor subtypes and those with new subtypes in terms of activities of daily living.The study consisted of 94 MSA patients, with an average age of 61 years and a female representation of 51.1%.Using the data collected on the continuum, a full linkage hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to classify MSA patients into four clinical subtypes: gait disorder(17 cases, 18.1%), malignant tonic hyperkinetic with premature haircut(25 cases, 26.6%), intermediate(43 cases, 45.7%), and autonomic benign type(9 cases, 9.6%).Each subtype exhibited various clinical motor and non-motor symptoms, including UPDRS-Ⅲ( χ2=27.90, P<0.001), gait disturbance( χ2=33.23, P<0.001), MoCA( χ2=10.98, P=0.012), HAMA( χ2=12.14, P=0.007), HAMD( χ2=13.62, P=0.003), smell score( χ2=10.16, P=0.017), postural hypotension( χ2=14.59, P=0.028), and a statistically significant difference in the ability to perform daily living score( χ2=25.35, P<0.001).No statistically significant differences in non-motor symptoms and activities of daily living abilities were observed between the cerebellar and Parkinsonian types of traditional motor typing( P>0.05). Conclusions:The hierarchical clustering analysis conducted in this study reveals that the clinical phenotype of MSA provides a more accurate reflection of patients' clinical characteristics and their impact on quality of life compared to the traditional motor phenotype.Additionally, it may help predict variations in the underlying pathological impairment and the rate of disease progression.These findings offer a foundation for precise diagnostic interventions in patients with MSA.
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Synaptic dysfunction plays an important role in the early stage of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and there are differences in the pattern of synaptic damage in different genotypes. GRN gene mutations are rare in the Chinese population, and there are no reports of synaptic damage patterns in GRN mutations or semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). The synaptic injury characteristics of a patient with svPPA harboring GRN gene mutations, which was characterized by decreased synaptic density in the left frontal, temporal, parietal lobe and contralateral cerebellum were reported in this article. The underlying mechanism of synaptic dysfunction involved in the disease process, and potential targets for future clinical interventions were indicated.
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Objective:To explore the quality of life (QOL) and the related influencing factors of patients with early esophageal cancer after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted in 167 early esophageal cancer patients who underwent ESD in Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital from January 2022 to July 2022. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Assessment Core Scale (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the Esophageal Cancer Supplementary Scale (EORTC QLQ-OES18) were used to compare QOL of patients with different clinical characteristics before surgery, 1 month after surgery and 6 months after surgery, And multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of patients' QOL at 6 months after surgery.Results:EORTC QLQ-C30 showed that the scores of the patients' physical function, role function, and social function at 1 month and 6 months after surgery were lower than those before surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The scores of dyspnea, constipation, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and economic status in the symptom area were higher than those before surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). According to EORTC QLQ-OES18, the scores of difficulty in swallowing oral fluid, obstruction, poor eating initiative, dry mouth, and cough at 1 month and 6 months after surgery were higher than those before surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The score of dysphagia at 1 month after surgery was higher than that before surgery, while the score at 6 months after surgery was lower than that before surgery, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The score of dyspepsia at 1 month and 6 months after surgery was lower than that before surgery, and the difference was statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the lesion perimeter >1/2 perimeter (lesion perimeter >1/2 perimeter vs. lesion perimeter ≤ 1/2 perimeter: OR = 2.072, 95% CI 1.536-2.796, P < 0.05) and postoperative esophageal stricture dilatation (undergoing esophageal stricture dilatation or not: OR = 2.193, 95% CI 1.429-2.789, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors affecting the QOL of patients at 6 months after surgery. Conclusions:The QOL of early esophageal cancer patients after ESD is decreased compared with that before surgery, and the main manifestations include physical function, role function, social function, and symptom. The area of lesion and undergoing esophageal stricture dilatation or not are factors affecting the QOL of patients after surgery.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the status of self-management in patients with spinal cord injury and the related factors. MethodsFrom May, 2020 to February, 2021, 255 patients from a spinal cord injury club were enrolled, and investigated with the general information questionnaire, self-management ability scale, Chronic Disease Self-efficacy Scale through internet. Multiple linear stepwise regression was used to explore the related factors. ResultsThe scores of disease symptom management, daily life management, intermittent catheterization behavior management, emotional management and social return were (40.458±9.122), (33.945±6.800), (36.709±8.736) and (25.011±4.932), respectively. The average score for the single question of daily life management was the highest (3.772±0.755), while emotional management and social return was the lowest (3.573±0.705). Duration of intermittent catheterization, family members' attitude, self-efficacy and occupation were the related factors of symptom management (R2 = 0.135, F = 7.744, P < 0.001). Self-efficacy, duration of intermittent catheterization, use of hydrophilic coated catheters and complications were the related factors of daily life management (R2 = 0.173, F = 13.042, P < 0.001). Self-efficacy, duration of intermittent catheterization, use of hydrophilic coated catheters and medical insurance were the related factors of intermittent catheterization behavior management (R2 = 0.141, F = 10.259, P < 0.001). Self-efficacy, duration of intermittent catheterization, complications and frequency of intermittent catheter in the last week were the related factors of emotional management and social regression dimensions (R2 = 0.282, F = 19.590, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe self-management of patients with spinal cord injury by clean intermittent catheterization is at medium level. Moreover, it may be affected by many factors. Some of them can be targets of intervention.
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Parkinson′s disease (PD) is a common aging-related neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Its pathogenesis is a series of pathophysiological changes under the interaction of genetic factors and environmental risk factors. Recent studies have shown that the pathophysiologic mechanisms outside the central nervous system, especially inflammation and immune response, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson′s disease. This article aims to review the up-to-date research results of the peripheral origin of PD, and to discuss the interplay and activation of the peripheral inflammatory immune system in PD.
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Background@#Maedi/Visna virus (MVV) is a contagious viral pathogen that causes considerable economic losses to the sheep industry worldwide. @*Objectives@#In China, MVV has been detected in several regions, but its molecular characteristics and genetic variations were not thoroughly investigated. @*Methods@#Therefore, in this study, we conducted next-generation sequencing on an MVV strain obtained from northwest China to reveal its genetic evolution via phylogenetic analysis. @*Results@#A MVV strain obtained from Inner Mongolia (NM) of China was identified. Sequence analysis indicated that its whole-genome length is 9193 bp. Homology comparison of nucleotides between the NM strain and reference strains showed that the sequence homology of gag and env were 77.1%–86.8% and 67.7%–75.5%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the NM strain was closely related to the reference strains isolated from America, which belong to the A2 type. Notably, there were 5 amino acid insertions in variable region 4 and a highly variable motif at the C-terminal of the surface glycoprotein (SU5). @*Conclusions@#The present study is the first to show the whole-genome sequence of an MVV obtained from China. The detailed analyses provide essential information for understanding the genetic characteristics of MVV, and the results enrich the MVV library.
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Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset, and relatively rapid progress in adult. MSA patients may be admitted to different departments of hospital several years before the full manifestation of motor symptoms, because of various non-motor symptoms such as urinary disorders, sexual dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, psychic symptoms and sleep disorders. This may delay the diagnosis and treatment of MSA. The review is to improve the understanding of the non-motor symptoms of MSA, which may help to reach more accurate diagnosis and better treatment, and improve the quality of life of patients with MSA.
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OBJECTIVE:To interpret the record of set prescription preparations containing Panax ginseng in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (part Ⅰ),and to provide reference for the future research and new drug development of P ginseng.METHODS:The set prescription preparations containing P.ginseng in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (part Ⅰ) were collected to classify and analyze the selection,dosage form,preparation method,functions of curing and precautions,etc.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:In 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (part Ⅰ),there were 116 kinds of set prescription preparations containing P.ginseng,P ginseng and Radix Ginseng Rubm were the mainly selected,and combined with other Ginseng.The ingredients of set prescription preparations were mainly below fifteen ingredients;dosage forms were mainly pills (34 kinds) and capsules (28 kinds);oral administration was used as the main usage (114 kinds);main preparation method was that P ginseng was smashed into fine powder and used directly as medicine (68 kinds);the functions of curing included tonifying qi-blood,nourishing yin and tonifying kidney,clearing heat and resolving phlegm,nourishing lung and nourishing heart.In the future research,researchers will explore other effects of P.ginseng or P.ginseng combined with other drugs,and develop new drugs containing P.ginseng according to set prescription preparations containing P.ginseng in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (part Ⅰ).
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Objective To explore the value of the molecular probe USPIO-PEG-sLeX on nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenograft in nude mice.Methods The USPIO nanoparticles was synthesized by physical deposition method,and which was modified by PEG to synthesize USPIO-PEG-sLeX .The nude mice of nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenograft were divided into experimental and control groups.USPIO-PEG-sLeX and USPIO-PEG were injected into nude mice of experimental and control groups by caudal vein,respectively.MR T2 mapping imaging was scanned before and after the injection,and analyzed the changes of T2 values between experimental and control groups. Results USPIO-PEG-sLeX had a good representation.The non-enhanced T2 values between control and experimental group had no statistical significance (P >0.05).However,T2 values of the mice in two groups before and after injections were statistically significant (P <0.05);and T2 values of experimental group were much lower than that of the control group after the injection,additionally,the difference of enhanced rate between the two groups was statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion USPIO-PEG-sLeX magnetic nanoparticles is potential to be a targeted contrast agent to ELAM-1 expression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,and can be valuable in non-invasive dynamic monitoring the expression of ELAM-1.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the antioxidant activity in vitro of neutral polysaccharides and its graded component from 3samples of white ginseng and red ginseng. METHODS:The decoction method was used to extract the crude polysaccharides fromwhite ginseng,100 ℃ and 120 ℃ processed red ginseng;the crude polysaccharides were further separated through ion exchangecolumn to extract neutral polysaccharides;Sephadex G-75 gels filter column was used to grade the neutral polysaccharides accordingto the molecular weight,antioxidant activity in vitro of 9 samples in 3 neutral polysaccharides and were detected by DPPH andOH free radical scavenging test and reduction capacity test(FRAP value),and vitamin C was used as positive control. RESULTS:The 3 neutral polysaccharides all obtained component Ⅰ and component Ⅱ after grading. Neutral polysaccharides and its gradedcomponent showed certain antioxidant activity in vitro in a certain concentration range,and increased by concentration increasing.The activity of neutral polysaccharides and component Ⅱ from 120 ℃ processed red ginseng was the strongest,of which 50% inhibitoryconcentration(IC50)on DPPH free radical was 0.258 g/L and 0.253 g/L,on OH free radical was 7.157 g/L and 6.845g/L,FRAP values were 2.8 and 3.0 mmol/L(when concentration was 1.2 g/L),respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The antioxidant activityin vitro from 120 ℃ processed red ginseng is higher than that of 100 ℃ processed red ginseng and white ginseng,in whichcomponent Ⅱ makes important contribution to the antioxidant activity.
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A rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was established and optimized for the analysis of pharmacokinetic behavior of ginsenoside Rb2 in rats by intravenous injection administration.The metabolism of ginsenosides Rb2 in vivo rat was also explored.In the experiment,Agilent SB C18 column was selected for the sample separation with 0.1％ aqueous formic acid solution as mobile phase (A) and acetonitrile as mobile phase (B) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min,and the injection volume was set to 5 μL.Q-TOF-MS was carried out in electron pray ionization (ESI) negative ion mode.The limit of quantification (LOQ,S/N =10) and limit of detection (LOD,S/N=3) were 0.10 and 0.08 μg/mL,respectively,and the linear range was 0.1-1.26 μg/mL.The experiment results showed that the concentration-time profile of ginsenoside Rb2 conformed to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model after intravenous administration for rats.The mean plasma elimination half-lives were (23.58±1.10) min (t1/2α),(1306.55±147.23) min (t1/2β) for Rb2.By analyzing the urine of rats after intravenous administration and the fecal samples after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb2,it was found that the metabolites were M6,M2 (CY),F2,and C-K.
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Objective To explore the effect of Xiaoyao pill combined with low-dose corticosteroid on serum estrogens levels in the treatment of patients with menopause syndrome and its clinical efficacy.Methods 96 patients with menopause syndrome from April 2013 to February 2015 in department of obstetrics and gynecology of Lishui second people’s hospital were selected and divided into 2 groups according to a random number table, the control group (48 cases) were treated with small dose of hormone therapy, the treatment group (48 cases) were treated with Xiaoyao pill combined with small dose of hormone therapy.The serum estrogens levels, Kupperman score, endometrial thickness and clinical efficacy were compared. Results The total effective rate of control group(79.17%) was lower than that of treatment group(93.75%)(P<0.05).Compared with control group post-treatment, the serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were lower, estradiol (E2) level was higher, the Kupperman score was lower, the endometrial thickness was higher than those of control group, there were significant differences ( P <0.05 ) . Conclusion Xiaoyao pill combined with small dose of hormone could improve serum E2, FSH and LH levels in the treatment of patients with menopause syndrome with high security.
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A rapid resolution liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometric ( RRLC-Q-TOF/MS) method combined with multivariate statistical analysis was applied to investigate the changes of endogenous metabolites in murine urine before and after ultraviolet B ( UVB ) irradiation for the purpose of discussing the physiological mechanism of acute injury caused by UVB radiation. A narrow-band UVB ( NB-UVB) (TL-01, peak value 312nm) was used to establish the acute light damage model. The urine samples were centrifuged before four times dilution treatment, subsequently the diluted urine samples were separated on a Supelco Ascentis Express C18 column using water (0. 1% formic acid) and acetonitrile as mobile phase by gradient elution. The differences metabolites with major contribution for grouping were found out based on the metabolic profiling analysis of principal component analysis ( PCA) and cluster analysis ( CA) , which could illustrate their possible mechanism of actions by means of relevant pathways. A prediction model was built to investigate the forecasting ability of the acute photo damage induced by UVB irradiation through the partial least square discriminant analysis ( PLS-DA ) . The results of multivariate statistical analysis showed that the blank control group was separated from UVB model group quite well, 11 endogenous metabolites were identified as the potential biomarkers through comparison with the database, tandem mass spectrum data and standard substance, which indicated the UVB radiation may affect the sphingolipid metabolism, nucleic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways. These different metabolites could be helpful for diagnosing the light damage induced by UVB radiation
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Objective To investigate the effect of propofol post?conditioning on oxygen?glucose deprivation and restoration ( OGD∕R)?induced abnormal cell cycle activation in hippocampal neurons of rats. Methods Primarily cultured hippocampal neurons obtained from fetal Wistar rats were cultured for 7 days and seeded in culture wells (100 μl∕well) or in culture flasks (3 ml∕flask) at a density of 5×105cells∕ml. The neurons were divided into 3 groups ( n=24 each) using a random number table: control group ( group C); group OGD∕R; propofol post?conditioning group (group PP). The neurons were subjected to oxygen?glucose deprivation for 1 h followed by restoration of oxygen?gulcose supply for 24 h. Propofol 1.2μg∕ml was added immediately after onset of oxygen?glucose restoration, and the neurons were incubated for 2 h in group PP. At 24 h of oxygen?glucose restoration, cells were collected for measurement of the cell viability by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and the mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMP ) , intracellular Ca2+concentration ( [ Ca2+] i ) and distribution of cell cycle were determined using flow cytometry. Results Compared with group C, the cell viability and MMP were significantly decreased, [ Ca2+] i was signifi? cantly increased, the proportion of the cells in G0∕G1 phase was significantly decreased, and the proportion of the cells in S and G2∕M phases was significantly increased in OGD∕R and PP groups (P<0.05). Com?pared with group OGD∕R, the cell viability and MMP were significantly increased, [ Ca2+] i was significant?ly decreased, the proportion of the cells in G0∕G1 phase was significantly increased, and the proportion of the cells in S and G2∕M phases was significantly decreased in group PP (P<0.05). Conclusion The mechanism by which propofol post?conditioning reduces OGD∕R?induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons of rats is associated with inhibition of abnormal cell cycle activation.
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OBJECTIVE:To study the impact of ethanol volume fraction on the extract rate of ginsenoside monomer. METH-ODS:Water and different volume fraction of ethanol solution(20%,50%,70%,95%,V/V)were used for ginseng extract. High performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (Q-TOF LC/MS) was applied to identify compo-nents attributable of each peak. Especially 16 kinds of main saponins were analyzed. RESULTS:The volume fraction of ethanol had a significant impact on extract rate of ginsenoside. When the volume fraction of ethanol was 70%,extract rate of ginsenoside was the highest;however,the differences were mainly caused by protopanaxatriol saponins. The yield of protopanaxadiol ginsen-osides was similar in different volume fraction of ethanol solution. CONCLUSIONS:When the volume fraction of ethanol is differ-ent,result is not only different in the total saponin,but also different in the proportion of the monomers.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of alcohol dependence (AD) on the expression of spinal neuronal K+-Cl cotransporter 2 (KCC2) in rats.Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C) and group AD.An orogastric tube was inserted and alcohol was administered through the tube into the stomach to establish the model of AD.The concentration of ethanol was 5％,10％ and 20％ at 1st,2nd and 3rd weeks,respectively,and the concentration of ethanol was 35％ at 4th week and later.Alcohol was given at 10 ml · kg-1 · d-1,lasting for 8 weeks.The rats received drinking water containing no ethanol at 10 ml · kg-1 · d-1 instead of alcohol in group C.All the rats were allowed ad libitum access to food and water.Before the last administration,an elevated plus-maze test was performed for all the rats to observe their state of anxiety,which was used to evaluate the success of AD model.At the end of the last administration,the model of incisional pain was established.A 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through skin,fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hindpaw in sevoflurane-anesthetized rats.At 2,6,24 and 48 h after operation,the mechanical and thermal paw withdrawal thresholds were measured.At 48 h after operation,the lumbar segment of the spinal cord was removed for determination of the expression of KCC2 by using immunofluorescence and Western blot.Results Compared with group C,the number of open arm entries was significantly reduced,the time spent on the open arms was shortened,the number of closed arm entries was increased,the time spent on the closed arms was prolonged,the mechanical and thermal paw withdrawal thresholds were decreased,and the expression of KCC2 was down-regulated in group AD.Conclusion Down-regulated expression of spinal neuronal KCC2 is involved in the mechanism of hyperalgesia in rats with AD.
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A rapid resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric ( RRLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile the metabolites of urine samples from atherosclerosis ( AS) patients and healthy controls and find the differential metabolites which could provide the scientific evidence to explain the pathogenesis and early disease diagnose. In the study, 15 AS patients ( age46. 84±2. 41 years) and 15 healthy controls ( age45 . 72±1 . 93 years ) was screened out by VaSera VS-1000 . The urine samples were analyzed by RRLC-QTOF/MS and the resulting data matrices were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis ( Principal Component Analysis, PCA ) to find the potential biomarkers. The results showed that the urine samples of AS patients were successfully distinguished from those of healthy controls. Besides, a total of two significantly changed metabolites, uric acid and Guanidineacetic acid, had been found and identified as potential biomarkers, which suggested that the disorder of purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism played an important role in the mechanism of AS.
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Objective To investigate the role of hippocampal protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ)/potassium-chloride cotransporter-2 (KCC2) pathway in propofol postconditioning-induced long-term cerebral protection following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-280 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups (n =12 each): sham operation group (group S), cerebral I/R group (group I/R), propofol post-conditioning group (group P) , PKMζ inhibitor ZIP+cerebral I/R group (group Z+I/R) , and ZIP + propofol postconditioning group (group Z + P).Cerebral ischemia was induced by 1 h middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion in anesthetized rats.Propofol 20 mg · kg-1 · h-1was intravenously infused for 2 h in P and Z+P groups, and the equal volume of normal saline was given for 2 h in I/R and Z+I/R groups.In Z+P and Z+ I/R groups, ZIP 0.5 μmol/L was injected intravenously at 15 min before reperfusion.Modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS) was assessed at 28 days of reperfusion.After the end of behavioral tests, the hippocampi were removed for determination of GABAergic interneurons GAD67/KCC2 positive neuron count in the hippocampal CA1 region (by using immunofluorescent staining), and PKMζ and phosphorylated KCC2 (p-KCC2) expression (by Western blot).Results Compared with group S, mNSS was significantly increased, GAD67/KCC2 positive neuron count was decreased, and the expression of PKMζ and p-KCC2 was down-regulated in I/R, P and Z+P groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R, mNSS was significantly decreased, GAD67/KCC2 positive neuron count was increased, and the expression of PKMζ and p-KCC2 was up-regulated in group P, and mNSS was significantly increased, GAD67/KCC2 positive neuron count was decreased, and the expression of PKMζ and p-KCC2 was down-regulated in group Z+I/R (P＜0.05).Compared with group P, mNSS was significantly increased, GAD67/KCC2 positive neuron count was decreased, and the expression of PKMζ and p-KCC2 was down-regulated in group Z+P (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism underlying propofol postconditioning-induced long-term cerebral protection following cerebral I/R may be related to activation of hippocampal PKMζ/KCC2 pathway in rats.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of propofol post-conditioning on hippocampal neuronal K+-Cl-co-transporter 2 (KCC2) expression in the rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 7-8 weeks,weighing 250-280 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =24 each):sham operation group (group S),cerebral I/R (group I/R) and propofol post-conditioning group (group PP).The model of focal cerebral I/R injury was established by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery.Propofol 20 mg· kg-1 · h-1 was infused over 2 h starting from the onset of reperfusion through the femoral vein in group PP.The equal volume of normal saline was given in S and I/R groups.Modified neurological severity score (mNSS) was used to evaluate the impairment of neurological function.The animals were then sacrificed and brains were removed for determination of the number of neurons (by Nissl' s staining) and expression of KCC2 (by immunofluorescence and Western blot) in hippocampal CA3 region.Results Compared with group S,the scores of mNSS were significantly increased,and the number of neurons and expression of KCC2 in hippocampal CA3 region were decreased in I/R group,and mNSS scores were increased,and no significant changes were found in the other parameters in group PP.Compared with group I/R,the mNSS scores were significantly decreased,and the number of neurons and expression of KCC2 in hippocampal CA3 region were increased in group PP.Conclusion The mechanism by which propofol post-conditioning reduces cerebral I/R injury is related to up-regulated expression of hippocampal KCC2 in rats.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pericytes, located on microvessels, help to maintain vascular stability and blood-brain barrier integrity. The influence of pericytes on microvessels after spinal cord injury (SCI) is less clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether pericytes took a protective effect on microvessels in melatonin-treated SCI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, SCI group, and melatonin group (n = 27 per group). Functional recovery was evaluated using the Basso Mouse Scale. Motor neurons were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Pericyte coverage was analyzed using immunofluorescence. Permeability of blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) was assessed by administration of Evan's Blue. Protein levels of occludin, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Bcl-2, and Bax were determined using Western blotting. Mimicking the pathological conditions of SCI, melatonin-treated primary pericytes were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). Secretion of Ang1 was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of ICAM-1 was detected by immunofluorescence.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Melatonin treatment improved locomotor functional outcome and rescued motor neurons. Pericyte coverage was significantly reduced after SCI; melatonin treatment alleviated the loss of pericyte coverage and rescued perfused microvessels 7 days after injury. The permeability of BSCB and loss of occludin were attenuated, and edema formation and upregulation of AQP4 were inhibited, after melatonin treatment. The expression of Ang1 and Bcl-2 was improved, while the expression of ICAM-1 and Bax was inhibited, in melatonin-treated SCI mice. Furthermore, the secretion of Ang1 was increased and the expression of ICAM-1 was inhibited in melatonin-treated pericytes after OGD/R.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Melatonin ameliorated the loss of blood vessels and disruption of BSCB to exert a protective effect on SCI, which might be mediated by increased pericyte coverage. The upregulation of Ang1 in pericytes could inhibit inflammation and apoptosis to protect the microvessels.</p>