الملخص
The biotic stress caused by phytopathogens (bacteria, fungus, yeast and insect pests) is a primary factor in yield loss of plants. Biocontrol agents and their active compounds are used to manage such plant pathogens. Here, in our study, we screened four bacterial isolates identified as Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis, B. velezensis and Serratia marcescens after morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization (16s rDNA sequencing) for production of biosurfactant by foam forming activity, oil spreading tests and emulsification activity. Highest foam stability (75 min) and maximum emulsification activity E24% (75%) was observed by B. velezensis strain. Among all the four isolates, Bacillus velezensis strain produced maximum biosurfactant (0.349±0.004 g/50 mL). Biosurfactant of all the four bacterial isolates were checked for fungal inhibiton on PDA plate(s). Bacillus velezensis showed comparatively the highest percent inhibition 58.82, 88.15, 78.45,72.68, 83.96, 75.47, 68.07 and 88.44% against Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceri, Helminthosporium maydis, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp., Helminthosporium oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Bacillus velezensis biosurfactant among all the four bacterial isolates was found to be most effective against the tested phytopathogens
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Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification incorporated molecular subtyping in glioma, highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic significance. The study aims to determine the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH-1) gene, α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, and tumor suppressor gene-53 (p53) mutation in glioma and their correlation with various clinical and radiological parameters.Methods: In this prospective observational study, histopathological slides of glioma (2017-2018), were analyzed for IDH-1, ATRX and p53 mutations and their correlation with various clinical and radiological parameters.Results: IDH-1 mutation was found in 48 (38.7%), ATRX loss in 38 (30.6%) and p53 mutation in 40 (32.5%) patients. The expression of IDH-1 was significantly higher (43.7%) in adults; however, no significant difference was seen with gender. Also 51.2% of patients, who presented with seizures, showed IDH-1 expression; and 27.7% of patients, who had neurological deficit also showed IDH-1 expression. IDH-1 expression was high in glioma located at insula (73.3%) and parietal lobe (71.4%); while ATRX loss was seen in glioma located at insula (80%). Intraventricular glioma characteristically lacks all three markers: IDH-1 expression, p53 overexpression and ATRX loss. IDH-1 expression and p53 overexpression was seen mainly in diffuse fibrillary astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma.Conclusions: Molecular subtyping is of paramount importance in glioma management. IDH-1 mutation is commonly observed in adults and patients presenting with seizures. The duration of symptoms correlates with IDH-1 and ATRX mutations. Hypothalamic tumors lack all three mutations.
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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a simple, minimally invasive treatment modality. It is also known as photoradiation therapy/phototherapy. Photodynamic therapy became more popular when international photodynamic association was formed by Thomas Dougherty in the year 1986. For the first time, it was used in dermatology in the year 1992, later in oncology (1995), microbiology since the year 1996 and itis also been used in dentistry. Three components namely light source, photosensitising agent and oxygen are utilised, which individually are harmless by itself, but when combined with oxygen they produce cytotoxic agents that have the ability to inactivate the tumour cells. This enables the selectivity of the diseased tissue. Main advantages of PDT are as follows: it is cost-effective, can be performed on out-patient basis and tissue heals by little or no scarring. PDT can be used in the treatment of actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, superficial squamous cell carcinoma, and so on. Uses of PDT are increasing day by day and even nowadays research is going on to make use of nanoparticles in PDT to make it a more promising treatment approach.
الملخص
Anatomically, the cornea is the outermost layer of the eye and is primarily responsible for light refraction which allows for central and peripheral vision. Corneal diseases are among the major causes of global blindness, secondary to cataracts. This paper intends to review Osteo-odonto Keratoprosthesis (OOKP), which is a two stage procedure whereby dental and buccal tissue is auto-transplanted into eye to serve as a synthetic cornea. Our purpose is to inform readers about the relevant anatomy, two-stage producer, surgical inter-professionalism, indications, contraindications, complications, long-term functional and anatomical results and patient outcomes of OOKP. The present manuscript was constructed by extensive review of literature of various review articles and case reports and the data was collected from 32 review articles and case reports.
الملخص
Primary cardiac lymphomas are rare lesions in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Most of them are high-grade Burkitt's or Burkitt-like lymphomas. They usually present with congestive cardiac failure, pericardial effusion or tamponade, arrhythmias, with predominant systemic 'B' symptoms and often with widespread extranodal involvement. The clinical profile and operative and pathological findings of a 4-year-old boy with AIDS-associated Burkitt's lymphoma of the heart presenting with acute right heart failure and fatal secondary pulmonary hypertension is reported.