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Objective:To investigate the effects of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on preschoolers′ behavioral problems.Methods:Based on the Ma′ anshan Birth Cohort, pregnant women who had their first antenatal checkup in Maternal and Child Health Center in Ma′ anshan were recruited from May 2013 to September 2014. Data on demographic, obstetric information, and maternal exposure were collected. Women′s fasting venous blood in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy was collected. The levels of thyroid hormones [thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT 4)] and thyroid autoantibodies [thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)] in maternal blood were retrospectively detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Preschoolers′ behavioral problems were assessed by Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5-5). Poisson regression models were adopted to examine the effect of maternal SCH on preschoolers′ internalizing and externalizing problems and the critical period. Results:In this study, the reference of maternal thyroid indexes was established (between 2.5 th and 97.5 th percentile). The reference of TSH in the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy was 0.04-4.90 μIU/mL, 0.75-6.08 μIU/mL, and 0.58-5.59 μIU/mL respectively; and the reference of FT 4 was 13.19-23.27 pmol/L, 9.14-15.32 pmol/L, and 9.53-17.45 pmol/L respectively. In the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy, the prevalence of SCH was found to be 2.0% (25/1 224), 1.6% (19/1 218), and 1.7% (21/1 220), respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, maternal SCH in the first trimester was associated with the risk of anxiety and depression in preschool children ( OR=3.06, 95% CI 1.05-8.98). Maternal SCH in the second trimester was found to be associated with the risk of overreaction in preschool children ( OR=2.65, 95% CI 1.13-6.21). Conclusions:The establishment of thyroid hormones reference range for pregnant women in Ma′ anshan area is beneficial to the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy in this area. Maternal SCH during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of behavioral problems in preschool children. In the first trimester, maternal SCH was associated with preschoolers′ anxiety and depression, and in the second trimester, maternal SCH was associated with preschoolers′ emotional reactivity.
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Objective@#To analyze the correlation between elective cesarean delivery and duration of breastfeeding in Ma′anshan city from 2013 to 2014.@*Methods@#From May 2013 to September 2014, a total of 3 474 pregnant women with the first prenatal checkup were recruited from Ma′anshan maternal and child health care hospital. Finally, 3 109 pregnant women were included after exclusion of those with terminated pregnancies, adverse birth outcomes, twin or multiple pregnancies, breech traction, breech midwifery and loss of delivery information. Demographic data of pregnant women, mode of delivery and breast feeding of children were collected through questionnaires and hospital records. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between elective cesarean delivery and duration of breastfeeding in children, with the mode of delivery as independent variable and the duration of breastfeeding as dependent variable.@*Results@#The age of 3 109 subjects was (26.6±3.6) years old, the rate of vaginal delivery was 51.1% (1 589), and the rate of elective cesarean delivery was 46.4% (1 443), among which the rate of non-indicative elective cesarean delivery was 26.4% (820), the rate of indicative elective cesarean delivery was 20.0% (623), and the rate of emergency cesarean delivery was 2.5% (77). The proportion of breastfeeding lasting until 4, 12 and 18 months was 45.0% (1 348/2 998), 23.7% (702/2 962) and 5.2% (154/2 944), respectively. After adjusting the confounding factors, compared with vaginal delivery, the OR (95%CI) values of breastfeeding for 4 months in indicative elective cesarean delivery and non-indicative elective cesarean delivery women were 0.870(0.714-1.059), 0.795(0.665-0.949), and the OR (95%CI) values of breastfeeding for 12 months were 0.772(0.611-0.975), 0.755(0.610-0.934), respectively.@*Conclusion@#Elective cesarean delivery may result in shorter duration of breastfeeding in children.
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Objective: To explore the interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: In 2014, there were 16 439 children aged 3-6 years old from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan municipality of China. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 10-item Chinese version of the Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (C-ASQ) were administered to assess the usual dietary intake and symptoms on ADHD. Social-demographic information was collected through questionnaires. Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the multiplication interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD. Excel software was used to analyze the additive interaction effect of mother's educational level and preschoolers'dietary pattern on ADHD. Results: Results showed that factors as: mother's low educational level[aOR=1.31 (1.13-1.52)], scores related to preschoolers in the top quintile of "food processing" [aOR=1.31 (1.16-1.48)] and "snack" [aOR=1.45 (1.29-1.63)]patterns showed greater odds while preschoolers in the top quintile of "vegetarian" [aOR=0.80 (0.71-0.90)]showed less odds for having ADHD symptoms. Both multiplication and additive interactions were observed between mothers with less education. The processed dietary patterns (OR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.11-1.25), relative excess risk of interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP) and the interaction index (SI) appeared as 0.21, 0.13 and 1.47, respectively. Multiplication interaction was observed between levels of mother's low education and the snack dietary pattern (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.14-1.29), with RERI, AP and SI as 0.49, 0.26 and 2.36, respectively. However, neither multiplication interaction or additive interaction was noticed between levels of mother's low education and the vegetarian dietary pattern (OR=0.97, 95%CI: 0.92-1.03), with RERI, AP and SI as 0.09, 0.05 and 1.15, respectively. Conclusions: Levels of mother's low education presented a risk factor for ADHD symptoms in preschool children. Both multiplication interaction and additive interaction were observed between mother's low education levels and the processed dietary pattern. Multiplication interaction was noticed between mother's education levels and the snack dietary pattern but not with the vegetarian dietary pattern.
الموضوعات
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , China , Diet , Educational Status , Feeding Behavior , Logistic Models , Mothers , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnairesالملخص
Objective To explore the interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods In 2014,there were 16 439 children aged 3-6 years old from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan municipality of China.A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the 10-item Chinese version of the Conners' Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (C-ASQ) were administered to assess the usual dietary intake and symptoms on ADHD.Social-demographic information was collected through questionnaires.Unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the multiplication interaction effect between mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD.Excel software was used to analyze the additive interaction effect of mother's educational level and preschoolers' dietary pattern on ADHD.Results Results showed that factors as:mother's low educational level [aOR=1.31 (1.13-1.52)],scores related to preschoolers in the top quintile of "food processing" [aOR=l.31 (1.16-1.48)] and "snack" [aOR=l.45 (1.29-1.63)]patterns showed greater odds while preschoolers in the top quintile of "vegetarian" [aOR=0.80 (0.71-0.90)] showed less odds for having ADHD symptoms.Both multiplication and additive interactions were observed between mothers with less education.The processed dietary patterns (OR=1.17,95％CI:1.11-1.25),relative excess risk of interaction (RERI),attributable proportion (AP) and the interaction index (SI)appeared as 0.21,0.13 and 1.47,respectively.Multiplication interaction was observed between levels of mother's low education and the snack dietary pattern (OR=1.21,95％CI:1.14-1.29),with RERI,AP and SI as 0.49,0.26 and 2.36,respectively.However,neither multiplication interaction or additive interaction was noticed between levels of mother's low education and the vegetarian dietary pattern (OR=0.97,95％CI:0.92-1.03),with RERI,AP and SI as 0.09,0.05 and 1.15,respectively.Conclusions Levels of mother's low education presented a risk factor for ADHD symptoms in preschool children.Both multiplication interaction and additive interaction were observed between mother's low education levels and the processed dietary pattern.Multiplication interaction was noticed between mother's education levels and the snack dietary pattern but not with the vegetarian dietary pattern.
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Objective@#To understand the epidemiological characteristics and relevant factors on the comorbidity of hyperactivity behavior and allergic disease among preschool children in urban areas of Ma'anshan city.@*Methods@#During April 2014 to April 2015, 91 kindergartens over 3 years old were investigated. In the investigation, 16 439 questionnaires were distributed to parents, and 15 291 valid questionnaires were collected. Conners abbreviated symptom questionnaire (brief symptom questionnaire) was filled out by parents to assess the children's hyperactive behaviors. Information of allergic disease history was reported by parents, including allergic dermatitis/eczema, food/drug allergy, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the relevant factors of comorbidity of hyperactivity behavior and allergy diseases.@*Results@#The average age of the 15 291 children were (4.5±1.0) years old, among which 53.7% (8 218/15 291) were boys. The prevalence of hyperactive behaviors was 8.6%(1 317/15 291), and the comorbidity rate of hyperactivity and allergic deseases was 1.7% (258/15 291). After confounding factors including gender, age, delivery mode, father's age and pregnancy complications adjusted, poor sleep quality (OR=4.45, 95%CI: 2.85-6.94), long duration of watching TV at weekend (OR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.00-1.94) and poor eating behavior (OR=1.78, 95%CI: 1.07-2.98) were relevant factors of the comorbidity of hyperactivity and allergic diseases.@*Conclusion@#The prevalence of comorbidity of hyperactivity behavior and allergic disease among preschool children in urban areas of Ma'anshan city was not high. Poor night sleep quality, long duration of watching TV and frequently picky eating were relevant factors of the comorbidity of hyperactive behaviors and allergic diseases.
الملخص
Objective To identify the dietary patterns among preschoolers in Ma'anshan,and to investigate its association with the education levels of the parents.Methods A total of 16 439 children aged 3-6 were recruited from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan city to participate in the study.Food frequency and socio-demographic information were collected through questionnaire survey.Dietary data was collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ),and principal-components analysis was used to derive the dietary patterns.Ordinal multinomial logistic regression was employed to explore the association between the education level of parents and the dietary patterns.Results Five dietary patterns-"processed","beverage","snack","protein" and "vegetarian" were identified.Data showed that the total variance was 48.02％ and the cumulative proportion of processed reached 24.78％.Low educational level of the father was positively associated with both "beverage"(OR=1.36,95％CI:1.15-1.63) and "snack" dietary pattern (OR=1.21,95％CI:1.01-1.43).Low educational level of mother was positively associated with the "processed" (OR =1.31,95％CI:1.09-1.57) and "beverage"dietary pattern (OR=1.48,95％CI:1.23-1.77),and showed a negative correlation with "protein" (OR=0.62,95％ CI:0.52-0.74) and "vegetarian" dietary pattern (OR=0.72,95％ CI:0.60-0.86).Conclusion Findings from this study showed that preschoolers in Ma'anshan tend to choose unhealthy dietary pattern.Dietary pattern was directly influenced by the parents,and especially the education level of the mothers.
الملخص
Objective To identify the dietary patterns among preschoolers in Ma'anshan,and to investigate its association with the education levels of the parents.Methods A total of 16 439 children aged 3-6 were recruited from 91 kindergartens in Ma'anshan city to participate in the study.Food frequency and socio-demographic information were collected through questionnaire survey.Dietary data was collected using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ),and principal-components analysis was used to derive the dietary patterns.Ordinal multinomial logistic regression was employed to explore the association between the education level of parents and the dietary patterns.Results Five dietary patterns-"processed","beverage","snack","protein" and "vegetarian" were identified.Data showed that the total variance was 48.02％ and the cumulative proportion of processed reached 24.78％.Low educational level of the father was positively associated with both "beverage"(OR=1.36,95％CI:1.15-1.63) and "snack" dietary pattern (OR=1.21,95％CI:1.01-1.43).Low educational level of mother was positively associated with the "processed" (OR =1.31,95％CI:1.09-1.57) and "beverage"dietary pattern (OR=1.48,95％CI:1.23-1.77),and showed a negative correlation with "protein" (OR=0.62,95％ CI:0.52-0.74) and "vegetarian" dietary pattern (OR=0.72,95％ CI:0.60-0.86).Conclusion Findings from this study showed that preschoolers in Ma'anshan tend to choose unhealthy dietary pattern.Dietary pattern was directly influenced by the parents,and especially the education level of the mothers.
الملخص
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the association between the blood glucose levels of pregnant women in second trimester detected by 75 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the birth weight of neonates.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Demographic information collection and OGTT were conducted for 3 081 pregnant women at ≤14 gestational weeks and 24-28 gestational weeks respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to identify the factors associated with the birth weight and the risks of large for gestational age (LGA) in three levels (FPG, OGTT-1 h and OGTT-2 h) of OGTT percentile group, multiple linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships between maternal glucose levels and neonate birth weight.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Pre-pregnancy obesity (24.0 kg/m2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m2) (OR=1.4, 95%CI:1.0-2.0, P=0.029) and gestational diabetes mellitus (OR=2.4,95% CI: 1.8-3.2, P<0.001) were the risk factors. Pre-pregnancy underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) (OR=1.6, 95%CI: 1.2-2.2, P=0.003), preeclampsia (OR=4.0, 95%CI: 1.9-8.4, P<0.001) increased the risk for small for gestational age (SGA). Multiple linear regression analysis showed neonate birth weight was positive correlated with maternal glucose levels (β were 91.99, 33.60, 32.00, respectively, P<0.001). Percentile groups of each OGTT level was linearly positive associated with increased mean value of neonate birth weight, and so with the risk of LGA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There were positive correlations between maternal glucose levels and neonate birth weight. The risk of LGA increased with the maternal glucose levels, but there was no statistical association between SGA and maternal glucose levels. FPG level is one of the predictors of LGA. Active surveillance and control of maternal glucose level can effectively reduce the risk of LGA.</p>
الموضوعات
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Birth Weight , Blood Glucose , Cohort Studies , Diabetes, Gestational , Glucose Tolerance Test , Infant, Small for Gestational Age , Logistic Models , Obesity , Pre-Eclampsia , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Blood , Risk Factors , Thinnessالملخص
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the associations between pregestational body mass index (BMI), weight gain during first half of pregnancy and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A prospective cohort study was conducted among 1,914 local pregnant women, receiving the first prenatal examination during the first 14 weeks of gestation, in Ma'anshan of Anhui province from May 2013 to September 2014. The body weight and height were measured for these pregnant women and questionnaire surveys were conducted among them at enrollment, middle gestation and late gestation, respectively. During 24-28 week of gestation, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was conducted for them. The independent and joint associations between pregestational BMI/weight gain and the risk of GDM were examined by using logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of GDM was 14.73%. There was significant negative correlation between pregestational BMI and weight gain during the first half of pregnancy (r=-0.085, P<0.01), meanwhile the weight gain of GDM women was significantly higher than that of women without GDM. The women with pregestational overweight or obesity had increased risks of GDM. The results from the logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors included age≥35 years (OR=3.06, 95% CI: 1.68-5.58), fasting plasma glucose level during early pregnancy (OR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.57-3.00), pregestational overweight (OR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.38-3.13), pregestational obesity (OR=3.73, 95% CI: 1.84-7.56).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pregestational overweight or obesity and body weight gain during pregnancy were associated with increased risk of GDM.</p>
الموضوعات
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Body Mass Index , Diabetes, Gestational , Epidemiology , Glucose Tolerance Test , Obesity , Epidemiology , Overweight , Epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Weight Gainالملخص
Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics on the supplement of folic acid in progestation and early pregnancy,and to probe the protective effects of supplement of folic acid in early pregnancy against pregnant depression,in Ma’anshan city,Anhui province. Methods In this cohort study,5 150 subjects who had their first antenatal examination at Ma’anshan Maternal and Child Care Centers were recruited under informed consent,from October 2008 to October 2010. All the information were collected through questionnaires in the first,second and third trimesters respectively. A“Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)”was used to assess the mood of depression in the second questionnaire. Single factor analysis and the unconditional multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze the association of supplement folic acid in peri-conceptional period and pregnancy depression. Results In the study,the prevalence of those who had never taken the supplement folic acid but only the supplement folic acid in progestation and supplement in the first-trimester,or supplement in the peri-conceptional period were 27.3%,0.5%,27.4%and 17.9%,respectively. The incidence of pregnancy depression was 4.8%(247/5 150). Data from logistic regression analysis showed that,supplement of folic acid only in the first-trimester or in the peri-conceptional period were negatively associated with pregnancy depression even after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratio were 0.63(95%CI:0.44-0.90) and 0.61(95%CI:0.39-0.95)respectively. Conclusion Supplement of folic acid in peri-conceptional period could be a preventive factor for pregnancy depression.
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Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics on the supplement of folic acid in progestation and early pregnancy,and to probe the protective effects of supplement of folic acid in early pregnancy against pregnant depression,in Ma’anshan city,Anhui province. Methods In this cohort study,5 150 subjects who had their first antenatal examination at Ma’anshan Maternal and Child Care Centers were recruited under informed consent,from October 2008 to October 2010. All the information were collected through questionnaires in the first,second and third trimesters respectively. A“Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)”was used to assess the mood of depression in the second questionnaire. Single factor analysis and the unconditional multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze the association of supplement folic acid in peri-conceptional period and pregnancy depression. Results In the study,the prevalence of those who had never taken the supplement folic acid but only the supplement folic acid in progestation and supplement in the first-trimester,or supplement in the peri-conceptional period were 27.3%,0.5%,27.4%and 17.9%,respectively. The incidence of pregnancy depression was 4.8%(247/5 150). Data from logistic regression analysis showed that,supplement of folic acid only in the first-trimester or in the peri-conceptional period were negatively associated with pregnancy depression even after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratio were 0.63(95%CI:0.44-0.90) and 0.61(95%CI:0.39-0.95)respectively. Conclusion Supplement of folic acid in peri-conceptional period could be a preventive factor for pregnancy depression.
الملخص
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the epidemiological characteristics on the supplement of folic acid in progestation and early pregnancy, and to probe the protective effects of supplement of folic acid in early pregnancy against pregnant depression, in Ma'anshan city, Anhui province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this cohort study, 5 150 subjects who had their first antenatal examination at Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Care Centers were recruited under informed consent, from October 2008 to October 2010. All the information were collected through questionnaires in the first, second and third trimesters respectively. A "Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)" was used to assess the mood of depression in the second questionnaire. Single factor analysis and the unconditional multivariate logistic regression were applied to analyze the association of supplement folic acid in peri-conceptional period and pregnancy depression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the study, the prevalence of those who had never taken the supplement folic acid but only the supplement folic acid in progestation and supplement in the first-trimester, or supplement in the peri-conceptional period were 27.3%,0.5%, 27.4% and 17.9%, respectively. The incidence of pregnancy depression was 4.8% (247/5 150). Data from logistic regression analysis showed that, supplement of folic acid only in the first-trimester or in the peri-conceptional period were negatively associated with pregnancy depression even after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted odds ratio were 0.63 (95%CI:0.44-0.90) and 0.61 (95%CI:0.39-0.95) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Supplement of folic acid in peri-conceptional period could be a preventive factor for pregnancy depression.</p>
الموضوعات
Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Cohort Studies , Depression , Folic Acid , Therapeutic Uses , Prenatal Care , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnairesالملخص
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of tolterodine on late-onset overactive bladder symptoms after prostate brachytherapy due to prostate carcinoma.Methods Twenty-six prostate cancer patients diagnosed by biopsy,who underwent prostate brachytherapy using iodine-125,were recrui(t)ed in this trial.All cascs complained of overactive bladder symptoms 6 months postoperatively.The 26 patients were divided into 2 groups:14 men in tolterodine group (TR group) who were given tolterodine 2 mg twice a day; 12 men in tamsulosin group (TS group) who were given tamsulosin 0.2 mg once a day.Efficacy was assessed by changes in IPSS,OABSS and nighttime voiding at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after medical treatment respectively.Safety was assessed by postvoid residual (PVR) and acute urinary retention (AUR),dry mouth,constipation and tachycardia at the fourth week after medical treatment.Results The age,tumor staging,GS,PSA,initial prostate volume,IPSS,OABSS,nighttime voiding,iodine-125 seeds implanted and needles punctured of both groups were comparable.IPSS,OABSS and nighttime voiding were significantly improved in TR group after 2 weeks of medical treatment and the above parameters were significantly improved than TS group (14.4 vs 18.3,5.9 vs8.4,1.4 vs2.5).OAB symptoms of TR group were also significantly improved than TS group after 4 weeks of therapy.There were no significant differences of PVR and AUR,dry mouth,constipation and tachycardia between both groups.Conclusions Tolterodine is effective and safe in treating late-onset OAB symptoms after prostate brachytherapy,although the occurence of dry mouth and tachycardia might be increased.
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ObjectiveTo explore the importance and significance of classification diagnosis and treatment of chordee among hypospadias in children.MethodsA random sample review and controlled study was made in patients with hypospadias and chordee from 1989 to 2011 in First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University,and the patients were divided into 2 groups.There were 232 cases in group A,who were all diagnosed as chordee only on the basis of clinical symptoms or an erection induced by artificial stimulation before operation.All the 232 cases were corrected empirically without objective assessment by degloving the penis,dissecting superficial and deep fascia,and cutting off the urethral plate,and so on during operation.There were 25 cases in group B,who were all strictly implemented on classification diagnosis and treatment of chordee,in sponge saline injection test during operation and correction effect evaluation after operation.Chordee was classified according to different etiology and pathology:skin type,fascia-type,urethra type,sponge type and the glans of penis type.There were different operating methods in different ways of folding tunica albuginea.ResultsIn group A,86 patients (37％) had postoperative recurrence of chordee,25 patients ( 11％ ) had pain during erection after surgery,183 patients were satisfied with correction of chordee (79％).In group A,25 patients were in their adulthood when followed up,and 7 patients had IIEF-5 score ＜21 points.In group B,the single type of chordee among hypospadias were 7/25 (28％),merged type were 18/25 (72％).All patients were followed up without chordee recurrence or painless erection,and 100％ patients or families were satisfied with correction of chordee.The efficacy difference were statistically significant between the two groups in chordee correction.In folding tunica albuginea group in group B,the penile erection length was (4.58 ± 1.59) cm before the correction,and (6.16 ±2.54) cm after correction.In non-folding tunica albuginea group,penile erection length was (4.O1 ± 1.18 ) cm before correction,and (5.82 ± 1.51 ) cm after correction.The difference was not significant between the 2 groups in penile erection length (P ＞ 0.05 ).ConclusionsSurgeon should pay more attention to the correction,effect evaluated,classified etiology and pathological diagnosis of hypospadias and chordee.And the targeted selection of the correct treatment of chordee can further improve the therapeutic effect.Chordee of hypospadias can exist in single or merged according to the pathological classification.Chordee correction surgery can increase length of penis,and dorsal tunica albuginea plication had no significantly different effect on the length of the penis compared to other chordee corrective surgery.
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Objective To investigate the indications and results of long channel technique with pedicle inner preputial flap urethroplasty for middle hypospadias repair. Methods During September 2007 to April 2010,28 cases of middle hypospadias were include in this study.The average age was 2.0 years (1.5 -6.0 years).The orifice of urethra was opened in the shaft of penis,and the distance between the urethral meatus and the center of glans was 25 mm ( 16 - 37 mm).A pars-meatus skin incision was made,which was dissected deep to the urethral plate.The urethral plate was transected,and a long channel between the urethral plate and the corpora cavernosa was created.The neourethra was made from the inner prepuce,and transposed to the ventral tunnel through a tunnel between buck's fascia and albuginea of ventrolateral corpora cavernosa.The neourethra was anastomosed with the proximal urethra.The buck's and dartos fascia along the skin incision were brought together and sutured individually,covering the proximal neo-urethra and the anastomosis.Induced penile erection confirmed that 13 cases were with mild penile curvature,and the other 15 case were without penile curvature.The average length of the defected urethra and tunnel was 38 mm (30 -42 mm) and 33 mm (26 -38 mm). ResultsSuccess was achieved in all cases without fistula or urethral stricture formation with the average follow-up of 20 months (6 -31 months),and penile curvature was completely corrected.The urethra was opened in the apex of the glans with normal-looking circumcised penis. ConclusionsLong channel technique with pedicle inner preputial flap urethroplasty can provide another option for repairing middle hypospadias without penile curvature or with mild penile curvature,especially for young children and those with small penis.This technique is simple,and the result is satisfied.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find out the distribution of noniodized salt and related affecting factors in Xinjiang.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Using NTTST's iodized salt inspection Plan.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total number of 17 973 house holds being surveyed in which 69.4% of those used iodized salt and 30.5% used noniodizd salt. In northern Xinjiang, 7 672 households being surveyed in which 83.9% used iodized salt while in eastern Xinjiang 1 200 house holds being surveyed in which 62.2% used iodized salt. In southern Xinjiang, 9 101 house holds being surveyed in which 58.2% used iodized salt. Data showed a statistically significant difference (chi(2) = 1 329.87, P < 0.01). The noniodized salt comes from shop-on-wheels (57.4%) and rock salt (23.0%). The source of iodine was different in different areas. In eastern and southern Xinjiang it came from shop-on-wheels, while in northern Xinjiang came from retail sites. Factors related to the use of iodized salt were awareness about iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and income.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Programs on fighting against iodine deficiency in Xinjiang needs more attention, especially in the following aspects as publicity on IDD, administration of salt market and supervision system.</p>