الملخص
Intestinal flora plays an important role in the process of resisting infectious diseases.Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)is an important method for reconstructing intestinal microbiota,mainly includes washed mi-crobiota transplantation,transendoscopic enteral tubing,and spore group transplantation.In 2022,the Standardiza-tion Administration of China released the technical standards for Quality control of fecal microbiota washing and grading of fecal microbiota specimens,aiming to reduce adverse events related to FMT and improve the acceptance of FMT by patients and medical personnel.After the success of FMT in the treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection,its application in the treatment of other infectious diseases has also become a global research hotspot.This paper reviews the development of FMT and its application in various infectious diseases.
الملخص
Increasing clinical evidences for the treatment of diseases with microbial reconstruction, but it is difficult for us to understand the diseases besides antibiotic-associated diseases. If we rethink the attributes of microorganisms，the limitations of traditional disease classification and the integration of human microecology，we can understand the microbial reconstruction for dysbiosis-related disease better. Here we aim to elaborate the pathogenicity and probiotics of microorganisms, the extremity of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the limitations of traditional disease classification, predict the clinical outcomes of remodeling gut microbiota and the integration of human microecology. It provides us the new ideas of the recognition, diagnosis and treatment for dysbiosis-related disease.
الملخص
Oleanolic acid has a widespread pharmacologic effect,including anti-inflammation,antitumor,anfidiabetes,anti-atherosclerosis,hepatoprotection,anti-osteoporosis,etc.Bioavailability of oleanolic acid by oral administration is low,and is absorbed by intestine through passive transport.Oleanolic acid dispersion preparation can increase its solubility and bioavailability,and concentrate on liver to help treat for hepatic disease.The pharmacokinetic parameters,process in body of oleanolic acid,and the pharmacokinetic feature of oleanolic acid dispersion and its prodrug are reviewed,and its research advance on pharmacokinetics is summarized,which provides a reference for rational utilization of oleanolic acid.
الملخص
Ursolic and oleanolic acids antagonize ox-LDL-,C-reactive protein-,non-enzymatic glycation end products-,hyper-glucose-,H2O2-,lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial cell injury,and their vascular pharmacologic effects are in many ways.Ursolic and oleanolic acids can inhibit the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells,and antagonize serum-,ox-LDL-,hyper-glucose-,leptin-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation,thus produce vascular protection and improve vascular function;Ursolic and oleanolic acids can relieve diabetic vascular complication in diabetic mellitus rats,and vascular stenosis induced by carotid balloon catheter injury,and suppress the proliferation of vascular adventitial fibroblasts and prevent vascular stenosis induced by various experimental atherosclerosis models;they can also inhibit the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells,and have a dual action to antagonize inhibiting or promoting proliferation induced by various injurious factions.Thus they have a dual role of regulation in angiogenesis,and suppress angiogenesis of cornea,diabetic retina,and tumor tissues,have effects of vascular relaxation and resistance decrease,and have hypotensive effects in normal and various hypertensive animals.
الملخص
Some animal model experiments have found that salidroside has protective effect for injuries in various neurons and brain tissue induced by various causes,so it is expected to be used in the prevention and treatment of peripheral nerve injury,and cerebral ischemic and neurodegenerative diseases,such as cerebral infarction,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,epilepsy,depression,Tourette syndrome,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and diabetic encephalopathy.Its mechanisms of neuroprotection are multiple:(1) Salidroside protects neurons and stem cells from apoptotic injury by antioxidation,blocking NOX2/ROS/MAPKs and REDD 1/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathways,and promoting AMPK/SIRT1,RhoA-MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways against various injurious factors-induced oxidative stress,inhibiting expression of inflammatory cytokines,preventing intracellular Ca2+ overload and caspase-3 activation;(2) Salidroside obstructs endogenous amyloid-β production by inhibition of expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and β-secretase activity.(3) Salidroside accelerates repair,regeneration and functional recovery of nerve by block Notch signaling pathway,and promoting BMP signaling pathway,super-regulating expression of neurotrophic factors,inducing neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neural cells,and improving proliferation and function of Schwann cells.
الملخص
Some animal model experiments have found that salidroside has protective effect for injuries in various neurons and brain tissue induced by various causes,so it is expected to be used in the prevention and treatment of peripheral nerve injury,and cerebral ischemic and neurodegenerative diseases,such as cerebral infarction,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,epilepsy,depression,Tourette syndrome,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,and diabetic encephalopathy.Its mechanisms of neuroprotection are multiple:(1) Salidroside protects neurons and stem cells from apoptotic injury by antioxidation,blocking NOX2/ROS/MAPKs and REDD 1/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathways,and promoting AMPK/SIRT1,RhoA-MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways against various injurious factors-induced oxidative stress,inhibiting expression of inflammatory cytokines,preventing intracellular Ca2+ overload and caspase-3 activation;(2) Salidroside obstructs endogenous amyloid-β production by inhibition of expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and β-secretase activity.(3) Salidroside accelerates repair,regeneration and functional recovery of nerve by block Notch signaling pathway,and promoting BMP signaling pathway,super-regulating expression of neurotrophic factors,inducing neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neural cells,and improving proliferation and function of Schwann cells.