Status of exposure to television advertising of sugar sweetened beverages among children and adolescents in Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the exposure to television advertising of sugar sweetened beverages and the use of persuasive marketing techniques among children and adolescents in Beijing, so as to provide evidence for reduing childrens intake of sugar sweetened beverages.@*Methods@#From October 19, 2020 to November 16, 2021, 32 days were randomly selected. The top four popular channels of children and adolescents aged 3-18 years were defined. Each channel was monitored from 6:00:00 to 23:59:59 for each date. A total of 2 304 h was recorded. Advertisements involving sugar sweetened beverages broadcast before, during or after the program were included. The frequency and the use of persuasive marketing techniques were analyzed.@*Results@#A total of 1 237 advertisements for sugar sweetened beverages were included, of which 50.93% were dairy beverages, 28.38% were teabased beverages, and 19.48% were vegetable protein beverages. The average frequency of sugar sweetened beverages advertisements on every channel was (0.62±1.29)piece/h. The frequency of sugar sweetened beverages advertisements on every local channel [(1.04±1.35)piece/h] and childrens channel [(1.11±1.61)piece/h] was separately higher than every national channel [(0.48±1.24)piece/h] and general channel [(0.12±0.48)piece/h] (t=-14.05, 31.64, P<0.01). There were seasonal differences in television advertising of sugar sweetened beverages, and were more frequent during lunch and dinner times. The most frequently used persuasive marketing techniques were "images of children" (74.54%), "nutritional message" (61.76%), "product composition details" (58.61%), "nutrition claim" (57.24%), and "nutrition function claim or other function claim" (53.11%).@*Conclusions@#Children and adolescents are often exposed to television advertisement of sugar sweetened beverages on childrens channels and during meal times. There is an urgent need to formulate relevant policies to regulate the marketing of sugar sweetened beverages advertisement and reduce children and adolescents intake.

The exposure to television advertising of unhealthy food among children and adolescents and its impact in Beijing / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To examine the exposure to television advertising of unhealthy food among children and adolescents in Beijing, in order to provide a basis for the formulation of marketing management policies with unhealthy food.@*Methods@#Four weekdays and four weekend days were randomly selected during October 19, 2020 to January 17, 2021, excluding holidays and school holidays. The top five popular channels of children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years old were selected. A total of 720 hours was included for coding and analysis. World Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model for the Western Pacific Region was used to classify food and assess the health level.@*Results@#A total of 13 864 advertisings (ads) was monitored, 38.8% (5 376) of which were food ads. Furthermore, 49.9% (2 680) of food ads were unhealthy food ads, with a frequency of 2.00 per hour per channel. The top five most frequent food ads were infant formula for 12-36 months (26.7%), cheese (16.7%), savory snacks (12.2%), milk drinks (10.5%) and chocolate and candy (6.0%). The most frequently used marketing strategies for unhealthy food ads were brand benefit claims (96.8%) and promotional characters (67.9%).@*Conclusion@#Children and adolescents in Beijing are highly exposed to TV marketing of unhealthy foods. Marketing strategies such as brand benefit claims and promotional characters are employed to boost the impact of unhealthy food ads. There is an urgent need to introduce relevant policies to regulate TV marketing of unhealthy foods.

COVERAGE OF GENDER, MASCULINITY IN KANNADA NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENTS- A CONTENT ANALYSIS

Media is all around us, from the shows we watch on television to the music we listen to on the radio, to books, magazines, and newspapers. It informs individuals about current events and shape public opinion. The public relies on the media to keep up with current events in society. Now is the moment to reconsider and re- evaluate the country's media policy. To have an unbiased and healthy media policy in the country, several problems must be explored in depth. But, before that happens, the Indian media stalwarts should exercise causation and restraint, reporting the truth, unadulterated, undoctored, and unbiased news and perspectives, impartial analysis, and non-sensationalization of events or incidents, big or small. The purpose of this study is to examine and study the coverage of gender discrimination and the portrayal of masculinity through advertisements in Kannada Newspapers. Kannada Newspapers were taken up for study. The problem in our society is the unequal distribution of gender roles and behaviors. These in turn create havoc in the society in the name of crime, violence upon women. The root cause of all crimes in society is the prevailing attitudes of men, namely masculine attitudes, ideas, and opinions. Men are brought up in certain gendered ways, and the media further accelerates it to a certain extent. In this context, this research study is unique. The ?ndings of the study revealed that, even though women's roles in society have evolved from being con?ned within four walls to becoming self-suf?cient and independent, advertisers are still stuck on the old image of women.

Prevention and control of smoking behaviors among adolescents in Macau / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The smoking prevalence among population in Macau has been steadily declined in the past 10 years and Macau boasts one of the lower smoking prevalences in the world. However, the prevalence of adolescent smoking is relatively high. This article described the MPOWER anti smoking package for adolescents in Macau. It also offered suggestions for future improvements in controlling smoking of the young people, including monitoring illicit tobacco trade and smuggling, raising the age limit to buy tobacco products, innovating the methods of health education on harms of tobacco smoke, and enhancing scrutiny on smoking behavior around school campuses. The smoking prevalence among adolescents can be reduced with comprehensive and inclusive anti smoking programs which are tailored to behavioral and psychological characteristics of young people, in line with the local social economic contexts, and take on advantages of scientific and technological developments.

Influencia de los anuncios publicitarios en redes sociales en la respuesta emocional y la intención de compra de bebidas lácteas funcionales / Influence of advertisement on social networks, in the emotional response and the intention or purchase of functional milk drinks

Resumen En la actualidad, la salud, el bienestar y la estética son relevantes para los consumidores y se ven inmersos en la publicidad a través de las redes sociales. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la relación entre los anuncios publicitarios vistos a través de redes sociales, la respuesta emocional y la intención de compra de bebidas lácteas funcionales en jóvenes universitarios entre 18 y 35 años de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. La metodología es de tipo cuantitativo, a través de un diseño cuasiexperimental de un grupo control, con medición pretest/postest, a partir de la aplicación de una escala de actitudes y de la toma de registros de electromiografía para las variaciones en la respuesta emocional, tomando como variable independiente los anuncios publicitarios vistos en las redes sociales Instagram y Facebook. Los resultados confirman la relación entre el contenido del anuncio publicitario y la intención de compra de bebidas lácteas funcionales. Se identifican dos tipos de consumidores, aquellos que basan sus decisiones de consumo en argumentos médicos y científicos, y los influenciados por las redes sociales, con premisas fundamentadas desde lo intuitivo, en el poder que ejercen los grupos de seguidores, el número de likes y la influencia de la tecnología.

Abstract Currently, health, wellness and aesthetics are relevant for consumers and are immersed in advertising through social networks. With regard to food and especially the consumption of functional milk drinks, advertising has specialized in transmitting a series of messages providing nutritional benefits of these products to improve the quality of physical and mental life in consumers, mainly acting as an adjuvant in digestive, immune, and cardiovascular systems. In correspondence with the above, the advertising of the registered trademarks of these beverages, supported by social networks such as Facebook and Instagram, is immersed in a set of dualities associated with self-gratification and pleasure for the functional food consumed; and, on the other hand, in the formation of premises and subjective beliefs, associated with feelings of guilt and displacement against the excessive consumption of calories and fats that are normally stipulated by medical societies and the same market, to encourage the consumption of these drinks. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the advertisements seen through social networks, the emotional response and the intention of purchase of functional milk drinks in university students between the ages of 18 and 35 in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The methodology was quantitative, through a quasi-experimental design of a control group, with young students participating from a private university in Bogotá, with pre and post-test measurement, based on the application of an attitude scale, who asked about beliefs and attitudes oriented to the properties of functional milk drinks, knowledge and associated buying and consumption behaviors. Electromyography records were taken, with the support of the biofeedback software, to verify the variations in the emotional response, taking as an independent variable the ads seen in the social networks of Instagram and Facebook. The analysis of the results was carried out through the Functional Data Analysis for the understanding of the behavior of the electromyographic signals and the registered emotional variations, and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, to establish the relationships between the purchase intention and the announcements in the networks social, with support of statistical software R 3.5.3. The results confirm the influence that the ads seen on social networks have on the variations in the emotional response of the consumer of functional milk drinks. These results are consistent with the technical and empirical postulates that pose the role of facial expression of emotions as an indicator of adaptation to environmental conditions and the demands of the digital medium. With reference to the content of the public announcement as a determining factor in the intention to buy functional milk drinks, two types of consumers were identified, those who base their consumption decisions based on medical and scientific premises, and consumers influenced by social networks. The arguments are based on the intuitive, the power exerted by the groups of followers, the number of likes and the influence of technology. From this point of view, the planned action of the behaviors involved in the purchase intention is influenced by social networks and the information exposed through them, configuring normative beliefs and motivational aspects with a representative nutritional hedonic value.

Evidence based systematic review on the association between food advertising with childhood obesity / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To evaluate the impact of food advertising on childhood obesity by reviewing relevant literatures, and to provide evidence support for childhood obesity prevention and control strategies in China.@*Methods@#A systematic review method was used to search relevant literatures published to November 30，2020 from 8 databases including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Medline, SpringerLink, Web of Science, Science Direct. The high quality systematic reviews published since 2016 were included directly, and those published before 2016 were rereviewed after combined with other literatures.@*Results@#A total of 13 articles were included for evaluation, including systematic reviews, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials and cross sectional studies. Children s exposure to food advertisements could increase energy intake. Television food advertising could influence children s food choices and increase the consumption of unhealthy foods such as sweets and sugary drinks. Children s exposure to unhealthy food advertisements could increase the risk of obesity.@*Conclusion@#Regulating the food advertisement can help reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Trabalho sexual em período de pandemia por COVID-19 no contexto íbero-americano: análise de anúncios em websites / Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the Ibero-American Context: analysis of advertisements on websites

Resumo Trabalhadores do sexo tornam-se cada vez mais vulneráveis economicamente como resultado das medidas restritivas implementadas para responder à pandemia de coronavírus. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar o conteúdo dos websites e anúncios de prostituição sobre medidas relacionadas à pandemia por COVID-19. Trata-se de descrição do fluxo de visitas e análise de conteúdo das comunicações em websites que anunciam transações de sexo comercial. Realizou-se cálculo de variação percentual do número de visitas para três períodos compreendidos entre 02/2019 a 04/2020. Posteriormente, extraíram-se anúncios com os termos "corona", "pandemia" e "quarentena" em websites que oferecem mecanismo de busca. Para análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se o método de Bardin. Houve aumento no número de acessos nos websites de prostituição entre o ano de 2019 e 2020, seguido de queda com a advento da crise pandêmica por coronavírus. Dentre as medidas de proteção durante a pandemia, destacam-se as recomendações de saúde e o incentivo ao sexo virtual. Dentre 1.991.014 anúncios, 0,51% mencionam a crise por COVID-19 quanto ao descumprimento do distanciamento social, medidas de proteção e oferta de sexo on-line.

Abstract Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.

Anuncios de mujeres brasileñas en la industria transnacional del sexo en un sitio web español / Brazilian women announcements in the transnational sex industry on a Spanish website / Anúncios de mulheres brasileiras na indústria transnacional do sexo em um site Espanhol

Resumen Este es un estudio cuantitativo que tuvo como objetivo analizar las tendencias y los patrones de comportamiento de las trabajadoras sexuales con nacionalidad brasileña en un sitio web español. La muestra consistió en 486 anuncios tomados del sitio web Pasion.com entre 2018-2019. Se realizó una descripción estadística de los perfiles anunciados, seguida de un análisis de contenido utilizando la estrategia de minería de datos y el desarrollo de modelos predictivos de Poisson para datos contables. Los anuncios se distribuyen principalmente en zonas turísticas costeras. El análisis de contenido reveló códigos sobre servicios sexuales ofrecidos y prácticas de riesgo relacionadas con la salud y la seguridad. Entre los comportamientos de riesgo, se encontraron términos que se refieren al sexo sin protección y al uso ilícito de drogas. Las preferencias de los clientes incluyen mujeres de piel parda menores de 20 años y mayores de 40 años que ofrecen servicio de lluvia dorada, alcohol y trabajan de forma independiente.

Abstract This study combines quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the trends and behavior patterns of Brazilian sex workers on a Spanish website. The sample consisted of 486 ads taken from the website Pasion.com, between 2018-2019. We performed a statistical description of the advertised profiles followed by content analysis through data mining strategy, and the development of Poisson predictive models for countable data. The ads are distributed mainly in coastal tourist areas. The content analysis revealed codes of the sexual services offered and risk practices related to health and safety. Among the risk behaviors, terms were found that refer to unprotected sex and illicit drug use. Customer preferences include women with brown skin under 20 and over 40 who offer golden shower, alcohol and work independently.

Resumo Trata-se de um estudo quali-quanti que teve como objetivo analisar tendências e padrões de comportamento de profissionais do sexo de nacionalidade brasileira em um site espanhol. A amostra consistiu em 486 anúncios coletados no site Pasion.com entre 2018 2019. Foi realizada uma descrição estatística dos perfis anunciados, seguida de uma análise de conteúdo por meio da estratégia de data mining e o desenvolvimento de modelos preditivos de Poisson para dados contáveis. Os anúncios são distribuídos principalmente em áreas turísticas costeiras. A análise de conteúdo revelou códigos sobre serviços sexuais oferecidos e práticas de risco relacionadas à saúde e segurança. Dentre os comportamentos de risco, foram encontrados termos que se referem a sexo desprotegido e uso de drogas ilícitas. As preferências dos clientes incluem mulheres de pele parda com menos de 20 anos e com mais de 40 anos que oferecem serviço de chuva dourada, álcool e trabalham independentes.

Perception of smoking habits and related diseases among society

Background: Smoking is practiced by a third of world’s population. Tobacco is leading cause of deaths world over. Six million people (1/8 second) die from tobacco each year. Objective of this study was to study demographic profile and awareness regarding tobacco smoking among people of Rohilkhand, Bareilly.Methods: Randomly selected individuals of Rohilkhand region. Questionnaire method involved.Results: Among 1040 sample size, 70% were males with mean age of 37.68 years. 73.94% population belonged to upper lower socio-economic class. 52% (62.9% male and 26.6% females) were current smokers of which 60.6% were exclusive beedi smokers. 50% were unaware of oral and lung cancer due to smoking. 34% were unaware about effects of passive smoking. 48.48% smokers report cough with expectoration as commonest symptom. 60% finds peer group influential for the behavior. 76.9% smokers are willing to quit smoking. 63.4% are open for counseling. 26% were unaware of ban/law related to smoking in public places. 68% believe there is increasing trend in prevalence of its use, among minors, educational institutes and hospitals.Conclusions: Despite high awareness of ill effects of smoking, there is an increasing trend in prevalence of smoking with an increased involvement of minors attributed to peer pressure. People are unaware of passive smoking and its harmful effect on body. Moreover, advertisements, visuals and captions have failed in making an impact. There occurs a need of awareness programmes, intervention sessions, medical therapy and strict anti-smoking laws by the government, social welfare and healthcare volunteers to help people quit and control the menace in society.

Tobacco point-of-purchase marketing in primary and middle school neighbourhoods in Tianjin / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the distribution of tobacco point-of-purchase(pop) activies 100 meters around the primary and middle school and the situation of selling cigarettes to students of Tianjin. To provide evidence for creating a smoke-free and healthy school environment.@*Methods@#With the method of simple random sampling, 195 schools were selected to investigate the tobacco retailers within 100 meters around the school, and the nearest tobacco retailers was observed.@*Results@#Totally 36.9 percent of the schools found tobacco retailers within 100 meters. There were 127 tobacco retailers, and no tobacco advertisements were found. The percentage of tobacco retailers within 100 meters of vocational schools, primary schools and middle schools was 33.3%, 34.1% and 40.4%, respectively. Among the 72 tobacco retailers observed, the proportion of tobacco retailers within 20, 21-50, and 51-100 meters from the school were 9.7%, 36.1% and 54.2%, respectively. The majority of tobacco retailers were grocery stores/convenience stores (55.6%), followed by alcohol and tobacco stores (34.7%). The proportion of tobacco selling points failing to set up the signs of "smoking harmful to health" and "not selling cigarettes to minors" were 81.9% and 86.1% respectively.@*Conclusion@#It’s concerning that the layout of tobacco retailers and the posting of signs, and the tobacco products for to minors in Tianjin. It is necessary to strengthen the surrounding environment renovation and publicity and law enforcement.

Influence of anti-tobacco advertisements on the attitude of slum dwellers about use of tobacco: a cross-sectional study from Mandya city

Background: As per the Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) rules, the anti-tobacco health spots and disclaimers are being provided by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India. These advertisements are aimed at creating awareness about the ill effects of tobacco use. Mass media anti-tobacco advertising campaigns play an important role as part of a comprehensive tobacco control program and are associated with increase in smoking cessation and declines in adult tobacco use prevalence.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the influence of anti-tobacco advertisements among slum dwellers of Mandya city. A self-structured, close-ended questionnaire was used to interview 700 slum dwellers. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic data, tobacco usage status, questions related to awareness about anti-tobacco advertisements, and influence of anti-tobacco advertisements on attitude toward tobacco use. Frequency distributions and percentages were examined for each item and Chi-square test was used.Results: Out of 700 participants 54.5% were males and 45.5% were females. Nearly 87.7% of males and 70.2% of females had noticed the statutory warning which is shown during tobacco products’ usage on television/movies. Almost 66.4% of males and 68.0% of females had a positive change in attitude toward tobacco use due to influence of anti-tobacco advertisements.Conclusions: There is awareness against use of tobacco and this awareness should be used to motivate them to quit tobacco as well as to stop them from initiating tobacco use.

Uso de bebidas alcoólicas por estudantes: análise de propagandas de festas em um campus universitário / Student drinking: an analysis of parties advertisements on an university campus / Uso de bebidas alcohólicas por parte de estudiantes: análisis de anuncios de fiestas en un campus universitario

A proposta deste trabalho foi interpretar as imagens de propagandas de festas veiculadas em um campus universitário em relação ao consumo de álcool por estudantes. Os elementos plásticos, icônicos e linguísticos das propagandas foram submetidos a uma análise semiótica de imagens. Organizaram-se os 85 temas levantados em seis categorias: bebidas alcoólicas, sexualidade, gênero, produção das festas, estilos musicais e estilo de vida-grupos-comportamento. Foram veiculados diversas motivações festivas, atrações, questões de gênero, valores, tradições e finalidades econômicas. Menções a bebidas alcoólicas foram praticamente ubíquas. Os elementos persuasivos ao consumo de álcool foram variados, envolvendo a associação álcool-sexualidade e a apresentação de novos comportamentos e estilos de vida relacionados à bebida. A indústria de produção e comércio de bebidas parece inserir-se mercadologicamente no território do campus, de modo informal e quase sempre sem seguir a legislação de marketing desses produtos.(AU)

This study interpreted the images of parties advertisements distributed on a university campus in relation to student drinking. A semiotic image analysis was conducted of the plastic, iconic, and linguistic elements of the advertisements. Eighty-five themes were organized into six categories: alcoholic drinks, sexuality, gender, party production, musical styles, and lifestyle-groups-behavior. The advertisement encompassed various festive motives, attractions, gender issues, values, traditions, and economic purposes. The mention of alcoholic drinks was practically ubiquitous. Various persuasive elements were used to promote alcohol consumption involving the association between alcohol and sexuality and the presentation of new drink-linked behaviors and lifestyles. The alcohol industry was shown to have a strong informal presence on-campus, almost always failing to comply with legislation governing alcohol advertizing.(AU)

El objetivo fue interpretar las imágenes de anuncios de fiestas exhibidas en un campus universitario con relación al consumo de alcohol por parte de los estudiantes. Los elementos plásticos, icónicos y lingüísticos de las propagandas se sometieron a un análisis semiótico de imágenes. Se organizaron los ochenta y cinco temas examinados en seis categorías: bebidas alcohólicas, sexualidad, género, producción de las fiestas, estilos musicales y estilo de vida-grupos-comportamiento. Se exhibieron motivaciones festivas, atracciones, cuestiones de género, valores, tradiciones y finalidades económicas. Las menciones a bebidas alcohólicas fueron prácticamente ubicuas. Los elementos persuasivos para el consumo de alcohol fueron variados, envolviendo la asociación alcohol-sexualidad y la presentación de nuevos comportamientos y estilos de vida relacionados con la bebida. La industria de producción y comercio de bebidas parece inserirse mercadológicamente en el territorio del campus de manera informal y casi siempre sin seguir la legislación del marketing de estos productos.(AU)

An analysis of adherence to the World Health Organisation guidelines pertaining to drug promotional literature by pharmaceutical firms

Background: Pharmaceutical companies used Drug Promotion Literatures (DPLs) as a major tool to advertise their new products. World Health Organization (WHO) has set some guidelines for promotion of drug literature. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate various DPLs for their accuracy and credibility as per WHO ethical criteria.Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional study. Total 100 drugs advertisements published in various medical journals were collected from the library of the college. Advertisements were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected advertisements were evaluated based on the WHO ethical criteria for drug promotion.Results: From 100 advertisements, 73 were single drug whereas 27 were fixed drug combinations. Antimicrobials (16%) were the most promoted advertisements. Only 28% of the advertisements carried references to support their claim. Out of which majority (91.78%) were from journal articles. The generic name, brand name, names of active ingredients, manufacturer, distributor and dosage regimen were mentioned in majority of advertisements. Drug interactions (12%), contraindications (22%), precautions (24%) and side effects (22%) were least mentioned in the advertisements.Conclusions: It was observed that none of the advertisement followed all the guidelines laid down by WHO. Pharmaceutical companies should follow ethical regulatory measures to promote their product in various journals. The regulatory authority must ensure the pharmaceutical companies to follow ethical guidelines for publishing various drug promotional literatures.

Public policy on alcohol consumption and accessibility: Implications to its implementation in Metro Manila universities and colleges

@#<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>The study aimed to identify alcohol-related advertisements and access to alcohol outside selected Metro Manila schools as well as to identify alcohol-related ordinances and determine their enforcement.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> An area within 100 meters of ten randomly selected colleges in Metro Manila were included in the study using the Global Positioning System (GPS). These areas were grid-searched for alcohol related advertisements and alcohol outlets. Ordinances related to alcohol were also identified.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> An average of six advertisements and 12 establishments which sell alcoholic drinks were seen near the selected colleges in Metro Manila. Three of the five cities where the ten colleges were situated had ordinances which prohibit selling to minors while two cities prohibit issuing of liquor licenses to establishments within 200 meters from a school.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Alcohol-related advertisements and alcohol outlets were plentiful near Metro Manila colleges even when there were ordinances which prohibit giving licenses to establishments to sell alcoholic beverages.</p>

La representación de servicios de salud en la televisión mexicana: potenciales consecuencias en las subjetividades en salud / The representation of health care services in Mexican television: potential consequences for health subjectivities

RESUMEN El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la representación de los servicios de salud en la televisión mexicana, considerando su participación en la producción y reproducción de significados sociales sobre salud. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo que analizó los contenidos de 672 horas de televisión continuas (flujos mediáticos) en México, emitidas en el año 2011, y revisó publicidad, programas de televisión y noticiarios. Como resultado del análisis del conjunto de mensajes se observó que en los contenidos se representan principalmente servicios privados de salud; cuando aparecen servicios públicos, predomina la comunicación sobre el Seguro Popular de Salud; y el modelo de servicios menos representado es el de la seguridad social. Se concluye que la televisión favorece a los dos primeros tipos de servicios de salud y diluye la importancia de la seguridad social. Este tipo de representaciones de los servicios tiene potenciales consecuencias en las subjetividades en salud.

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to analyze the representation of health services in Mexican television, considering that television plays an important role in the production and reproduction of the social meanings of health. A descriptive study analyzed the contents of 672 hours of continuous television (media flows) broadcast in Mexico in 2011, examining advertising, television shows and newscasts. The analysis of all these messages shows that the representation of private care services predominates. When public care services are mentioned, the communication is mainly regarding the Seguro Popular de Salud [Popular Health Insurance, for those with low incomes], while the social security model of care is underrepresented. We therefore conclude that television favors the two first models of health care. This kind of representation could hold potential consequences for health subjectivities.

Comparison of drug advertisements published in Indian and foreign journals.

Background: Drug advertisements form one of the major sources for updating drug information by the medical professionals. It has been observed that Indian drug advertisements provide incomplete and poor quality of essential information. However, existing information on comparison of drug advertisements in Indian and foreign journals is limited. Hence, this study was planned to compare the drug advertisements published in Indian and foreign journals. Methods: A total of 200 drug advertisements, 100 each from Indian and foreign journals, were randomly selected excluding those of medical devices, surgical appliances, nutritional supplements and ayurvedic drugs. The drug advertisements from two sources were compared for drug groups, compliance to „Ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion‟ of World Health Organization (WHO), retrievability of cited reference(s) and mention of any additional information. Results: Drug groups advertised frequently in the Indian journals were those used for chronic diseases whereas chemotherapeutic agents topped the list in foreign journals. Brand names were mentioned in 100% advertisements in both categories of journals whereas information on other ingredients known to cause problems was not mentioned in any of the studied advertisements. Overall, compliance to WHO guidelines by advertisements was 54.6% in Indian journals and 68.2% in foreign journals. The two categories of journals didn‟t differ significantly in retrievability of cited reference(s) and additional information except for information on drug storage which was significantly more mentioned in Indian journals. Conclusions: Drug advertisements in both Indian and foreign journals were incomplete for updating drug information by medical professionals

Status quo and difficulties of pharmaceutical advertisement supervision:Based on monitoring results of illegal pharmaceutical advertisements / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:To provide some suggestions for improving the pharmaceutical advertisement supervision system and standardizing the pharmaceutical advertisement market. Methods: Literature reviews, statistical analysis and interviews were adopted to study the status quo and difficulties of pharmaceutical advertisement supervision and pharmaceutical advertisement trends. Results:The top-level design of pharmaceutical advertisements supervision sys-tem has two defects:the separation between approval and penalty and the obstacles to cooperation at all levels of the drug administration. The worsening status quo of illegal drug advertising has elicited concern from scholars and regu-lators. However, there are still some difficulties in the supervision of drug advertisers, advertising agents, and pub-lishers. Conclusion:It is suggested that the drug advertising regulation system should be perfected by strengthening information supervision, establishing a coordination mechanism and consolidating self-discipline consciousness. Addi-tionally, laws and regulations should be promptly revised as an essential way to improve the effects of supervision.

Association between Understanding Proper Use of Over-the-counter Cold Medicines and Choosing Source of Information when Purchasing these Medicines / 社会薬学

We explored the association between understanding a proper use of over-the-counter cold medicines and a choice of information source to purchase such medicines. We conducted an internet survey in March 2011 regarding false perceptions about cold medicines as well as understanding of package inserts. Respondents (20〜69 years old)to the main survey were individuals who purchased cold medicines based on TV commercials (CM group) and those who purchased these medications in consultation with pharmacists (consultation group). We surveyed 121 and 159 respondents in the CM and consultation groups, respectively. We calculated the principal component scores for false perceptions of cold medicines and the respondents’ understanding of the package inserts. The median scores were 0.20 (CM group) and -0.08 (consultation group) false perceptions, and -0.18 (CM group) and 0.15 (consultation group) for understanding. The Mann-Whitney <i>U</i>-test revealed that the CM group had more misconceptions regarding cold medicines compared with the consultation group (<i>P</i><0.001). Furthermore, the consultation group acquired greater understanding of the package inserts than the reference CM group (<i>P</i>＝0.005). These results suggest an association between understanding the proper use of over-the-counter cold medicines and choice sources of information on purchasing these medicines. They further suggest that a lack of knowledge or understanding of cold medicines does not lead to consultations with a pharmacist about the purchase.

Television Advertisement and its Impact on Attitudes, Behaviors of Children-A study.

The present study is to examine the impact of television advertisements on children, and how it leads to consumerism of product. Advertising is the most influential and powerful medium in the present commercial society. As far as its influence on the society is concerned, advertising is second only to movies. An advertisement shapes the attitude and beliefs of the children and it encompass every aspect of children life. Children are exposed to the selling messages of advertisers through television. When they can remember and want what they see and when they are able to understand what the advertiser‟s motive is to sell a product. Television is an integral piece of the household at least one set will be in each family. Thus children are born into a world in which television is present from the start. But at the point during early childhood does viewing actually begin. Television advertisements are designed to influence consumer behavior. The present study is to focus on impact of television advertisements on children attitudes, and behavior. An attempt has been made to know the children‟s television viewing habit and effect of advertisements, to measure this impact descriptive research design is used as the study is followed structured design with predetermined objectives. The survey research is followed and data will be collected through questionnaire.

The Art of Puffing: Now and Then.

This paper deals with Sheridan‟s play The Critic which was produced on October 30th, 1779. My objective is to explore the attitude of the unblushing advertising agent, Mr. Puff, one of the stock characters presented by Sheridan in this play. The paper would discuss the shrewd comments delivered by Sheridan, on the noble art of „puffing‟, whose modern version is called „advertising‟. Sheridan uses Mr. Puff to satirize the means by which the skills of the playwright are marketed in the world outside the theatre specifically in the world of advertising. Mr. Puff‟s swindling is strikingly in tune with some modern advertising practices. He catalogues four principles of his profession: the puff direct, the puff collateral, the puff collusive and the puff oblique, all of which involve some form of misrepresentation. The paper points out that a similar form of misrepresentation is a common scenario of the modern advertising world. The paper indulges in a comparative study between the eighteenth century and the modern trends among advertisers, based on certain authentic examples from both these periods. It further discusses the methods used by these advertisers to somehow affect the subconscious mind of the customers and mislead them.