Detection of gestational and congenital syphilis in Paraná state, Brazil, 2007-2021: a time series analysis / Detección de sífilis gestacional y congénita en Paraná, Brasil, 2007-2021: análisis de series temporales / Detecção de sífilis gestacional e congênita no Paraná, 2007-2021: análise de séries temporais

Abstract Objective: To describe temporal trends in the detection rates of gestational and congenital syphilis, by maternal age and health macro-region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, 2007-2021. Methods: This was a time-series study using surveillance data; the trend analysis was performed by means of joinpoint regression, and average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Results: An increase in statewide detection of gestational syphilis (AAPC = 21.7; 95%CI 17.7; 32.8) and congenital syphilis (AAPC = 14.8; 95%CI 13.0; 19.7) was found; an increase was also found in the health macro-regions, with the Northwest (gestational, AAPC = 26.1; 95%CI 23.4; 31.6) and North (congenital, AAPC = 23.8; 95%CI 18.8; 48.9) macro-regions standing out; statewide rising trends were observed for young women [gestational, AAPC = 26.2 (95%CI 22.4; 40.6); congenital, AAPC = 19.4 (95%CI 17.6; 21.8)] and adult women [gestational, AAPC = 21.3 (95%CI 16.9; 31.9); congenital, AAPC = 13.7 (95%CI 11.9; 19.3)]. Conclusion: Maternal and child syphilis detection rates increased in the state, regardless of maternal age and health macro-region.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir las tendencias temporales en las tasas de detección de sífilis gestacional y congénita, por grupo de edad materna y macrorregión de salud de Paraná, 2007-2021. Métodos: Estudio de series temporales utilizando datos de vigilancia; se realizó análisis de tendencia mediante regresión segmentada, estimando cambios porcentuales anuales promedio (CPAP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se identificaron aumentos en la detección estatal de sífilis gestacional (CPAP = 21,7; IC95% 17,7;32,8) y congénita (CPAP = 14,8; IC95% 13,0;19,7); las macrorregiones mostraron incrementos, destacándose la Noroeste (gestacional, CPAP = 26,1; IC95% 23,4;31,6) y la Norte (congénita, CPAP = 23,8; IC95% 18,8;48,9); las tendencias estatales fueron crecientes para mujeres jóvenes [gestacional, CPAP = 26,2 (IC95% 22,4;40,6); congénita, CPAP = 19,4 (IC95% 17,6;21,8)] y adultas [gestacional, CPAP = 21,3 (IC95% 16,9;31,9); congénita, CPAP = 13,7 (IC95% 11,9;19,3)]. Conclusión: Las tasas de detección de sífilis materno-infantil estuvieron en aumento en el estado, independientemente de la edad materna y la macrorregión de salud.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever as tendências temporais nas taxas de detecção de sífilis gestacional e congênita, por faixa etária materna e macrorregião de saúde do Paraná, Brasil, 2007-2021. Métodos: Estudo de séries temporais, utilizando-se dados de vigilância; realizou-se análise de tendência por regressão segmentada, sendo estimadas variações percentuais anuais médias (VPAM) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Foram identificados acréscimos na detecção estadual de sífilis gestacional (VPAM = 21,7; IC95% 17,7;32,8) e congênita (VPAM = 14,8; IC95% 13,0;19,7); as macrorregiões de saúde registraram incrementos, destacando-se as macrorregiões Noroeste (gestacional, VPAM = 26,1; IC95% 23,4;31,6) e Norte (congênita, VPAM = 23,8; IC95% 18,8;48,9); as tendências estaduais foram crescentes para mulheres jovens [gestacional, VPAM = 26,2 (IC95% 22,4;40,6); congênita, VPAM = 19,4 (IC95% 17,6;21,8)] e mulheres adultas [gestacional, VPAM = 21,3 (IC95% 16,9;31,9); congênita, VPAM = 13,7 (IC95% 11,9;19,3)]. Conclusão: As taxas de detecção de sífilis materno-infantil foram ascendentes no estado, independentemente da idade materna e da macrorregião de saúde.

Caracterización clínica-epidemiológica de COVID-19

Las epidemias y las pandemias son eventos de ocurrencia natural. La aparición de una nueva enfermedad infecciosa supone siempre una situación compleja, sobre todo si lo hace como una epidemia de extensión o gravedad significativa, con el objetivo de describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas en pacientes confirmados con COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo sobre las características clínico-epidemiológicas de los 161 pacientes diagnosticados con esta enfermedad, en el municipio Yara, de la provincia Granma durante el período comprendido de junio de 2020-2021. Se estudiaron las variables: edad, sexo, lugar de infección, presencia o no de síntomas y signos, antecedentes patológicos personales, área de salud y consejo popular. El 60,8% de los afectados fueron del sexo femenino con 98 pacientes y el grupo de 30-44 años de edad quedó representado por 50 pacientes (31.0%); en 150 casos, la transmisión fue mayormente autóctona (93,1%) y asintomática en 86 casos para el 53,4%. De los pacientes sintomáticos fueron las manifestaciones respiratorias, los principales síntomas con 70 casos para el 93,3%, 63 pacientes tenían antecedentes personales de hipertensión arterial (39,1%). El área de salud que más casos notificó fue "Luis Enrique de la Paz" con 106 pacientes para el 65,8% y Yara el consejo popular más afectado con 72 casos (44,7%), la mayoría de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino, predominó la transmisión autóctona y la presentación asintomática. La epidemia en el municipio Yara se comportó similar al resto del país.

Epidemics and pandemics are naturally occurring events. The emergence of a new infectious disease is always a complex situation, especially when it occurs as an epidemic of significant spread or severity. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical-epidemiologic characteristics of patients confirmed with COVID-19. A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out on the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of 161 patients diagnosed with this disease, in the municipality of Yara, province of Granma. The following variables were studied: age, sex, site of infection, presence or not of symptoms and signs, personal pathological antecedents, health area and locality. Out of the total, 98 patients were female (60.8%), and the age group 30-44 years was represented by 50 patients (31.0%). Transmission was generally autochthonous in 150 cases (93.1%), and asymptomatic in 86 cases (53.4%). Among the symptomatic patients, respiratory manifestations were the main symptom in 70 cases (93.3%). Also, 63 patients had a personal medical history of hypertension (39.1%). Luis Enrique de la Paz was the health area that reported the most cases with 106 patients (65.8%), and Yara was the most affected locality with 72 cases (44.7%). The majority of patients were female; and autochthonous transmission and asymptomatic presentation predominated. The epidemic in Yara municipality behaved alike in the whole country.

Epidemias e pandemias são eventos naturais. O surgimento de uma nova doença infecciosa é sempre uma situação complexa, especialmente se for uma epidemia de extensão ou gravidade significativa, com o objetivo de descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas em pacientes confirmados com COVID-19. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo sobre as características clínico-epidemiológicas dos 161 pacientes diagnosticados com essa doença, no município de Yara, província de Granma, no período de junho de 2020 a 2021, as variáveis foram estudadas: idade, sexo, local de infecção, presença ou não de sintomas e sinais, história patológica pessoal, área de saúde e conselho popular. O 60,8% dos acometidos eram do sexo feminino com 98 pacientes e a faixa etária de 30 a 44 anos foi representada por 50 pacientes (31,0%); Em 150 casos, a transmissão foi predominantemente autóctone (93,1%) e assintomática em 86 casos para 53,4%, entre os sintomáticos foram manifestações respiratórias, sendo os principais sintomas 70 casos para 93,3%, 63 pacientes tinham história pessoal de hipertensão arterial (39,1%). A área de saúde que mais registrou casos foi "Luis Enrique de la Paz" com 106 pacientes para 65,8% e Yara o município popular mais afetado com 72 casos (44,7%), a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, de transmissão autóctone e apresentação assintomática. A epidemia no município de Yara se comportou de forma semelhante ao resto do país.

Morphometry of the wings of Anopheles aquasalis in simulated scenarios of climate change

ABSTRACT Background: Climate change has significant implications on ecosystems. We verified the effects of climate change on the malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis using simulated climate change scenarios (SSCCs). Methods: An experimental model was designed for SSCCs, which composed of air-conditioned 25 m3 rooms. Results: The wing size was significantly different between SSCCs. A colony of Anopheles aquasalis could not be established in extreme scenarios. Conclusions: Increases in temperature and CO2 in the atmosphere may modify the global epidemiology of malaria, marking its emergence in currently malaria-free areas.

The influence of growth time on the identification of Bartonella henselae strains by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT Bartonella spp. are bacteria responsible for neglected diseases worldwide. Bartonella henselae is the species most associated with human infections. It is associated with a large spectrum of clinical manifestations and is potentially fatal. The identification of Bartonella spp. is considered a challenge in clinical routine. These bacteria are fastidious, and the time required to isolate them varies from one to six weeks. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has emerged as an application for research on Bartonella spp. , and has still been little explored. We investigated whether three different B. henselae strains with different growth times—14 and 28 days—could be correctly identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectra fingerprint comparison and matching. We found that the spectra from strains with different growth times do not match each other, leading to misidentification. We suggest creating database entries with multiple spectra from strains with different growth times to increase the chances of accurate identification of Bartonella spp. by MALD-TOF MS.

Transmissão vertical do HIV na rede de saúde: reflexões bioéticas sobre gênero e cuidado a partir de um caso emblemático / Vertical transmission of HIV in the health network: bioethics reflections on gender and care based on an emblematic case

Resumo Num cenário epidêmico ainda preocupante, a prevenção da Transmissão Vertical (TV) do HIV impõe problemas complexos, devido as vulnerabilidades individual, social e moral das mulheres vivendo com o vírus, somadas às fragilidades da rede de saúde. A partir de um caso emblemático, este estudo buscou compreender os desafios bioéticos do cuidado para a prevenção da TV do HIV no âmbito do Comitê de Porto Alegre/RS. Os eixos analíticos desenvolvidos refletem sobre como a produção do cuidado se articula, por um lado, com discursos e práticas relacionais pautadas no gênero e interseccionadas por raça e classe social e, por outro, com vulnerabilidades programáticas das políticas de saúde. Vislumbrou-se um processo de extrema estigmatização, em que as poucas ofertas para as mulheres cisgênero se dirigiam à regulação reprodutiva e perpetuavam dinâmicas de violência estrutural. Discute-se caminhos para a construção de um cuidado que incorpore a perspectiva decolonial e busque produzir equidade e justiça social ao reconhecer as trajetórias das mulheres.

Abstract In a still worrying epidemic scenario, the prevention of Vertical Transmission (VT) of HIV poses complex problems, due to the individual, social, and moral vulnerabilities of women living with the virus, in addition to the weaknesses of the health network. Based on an emblematic case, this study sought to understand the bioethical challenges of HIV VT prevention in the scope of the Porto Alegre/RS Committee. The analytical categories developed reflect on how the production of care is articulated, on the one hand, with relational discourses and practices based on gender and intersected by race and social class and, on the other, with programmatic vulnerabilities of health policies. A process of extreme stigmatization was revealed, in which the few offers for cisgender women were aimed toward reproductive regulation and perpetuated dynamics of structural violence. We discuss ways of building care that incorporates a decolonial perspective and seeks to produce equity and social justice by recognizing women's trajectories.

Prevalencia de enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias en el servicio de pacientes con necesidades especiales de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia / Prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases in the service of patients with special needs of the Faculty of Stomatology of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia / Prevalência de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias no serviço de pacientes com necessidades especiais da Faculdade de Estomatologia da Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de diagnósticos médicos de las enfermedades infecciosas y/o parasitarias de pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Estomatología en Pacientes Especiales (EPE) de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Material y métodos: La población (n = 38) estuvo conformada por el número de diagnósticos médicos de pacientes con enfermedades infecciosas y/o parasitarias que acudieron al servicio de EPE durante los años 2015 y 2016. La información se trasladó a una base de datos en el programa Excel 2017, para posteriormente ser procesada y analizada de acuerdo con lo requerido por el programa Stata 12. Resultados: De un total de 1718 diagnósticos médicos, las enfermedades infecciosas y/o parasitarias tuvieron una prevalencia de 2,21 % (n = 38). Dentro de este grupo de enfermedades, el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) fue el más prevalente con 63,2 % (n = 24), siendo el sexo masculino el más prevalente con 79 % (n = 19); y dentro del grupo etario de 21 a 40 años de edad, el segundo diagnóstico específico más prevalente fue la hepatitis A con un 15,8 % (n = 6), en donde el sexo femenino fue el más prevalente con 83 % (n = 5). Conclusiones: El diagnóstico específico, dentro del grupo de las enfermedades infecciosas y/o parasitarias, con mayor prevalencia fue el VIH con un 63,2 % (n = 24).

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of medical diagnoses of infectious and/or parasitic diseases in patients who attended the Special Patients Stomatology Service (EPE) of the Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University. Material and methods: The population (n = 38) comprised the number of medical diagnoses of patients with infectious and/or parasitic diseases who attended the EPE service during 2015 and 2016. The information was transferred to a database in the Excel 2017 program to be processed and analyzed as required by the Stata 12 program. Results: Of 1718 medical diagnoses, infectious and/or parasitic diseases had a prevalence of 2.21% (n = 38). Within this group of diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was the most prevalent, with 63.2 % (n = 24), with the male sex being the most prevalent with 79 % (n = 19). Within the age group of 21 to 40 years of age, the second most prevalent specific diagnosis was hepatitis A with 15.8 % (n = 6), whereas the female sex was the most prevalent with 83 % (n = 5). Conclusions: The specific diagnosis within the group of infectious and/or parasitic diseases with the highest prevalence was HIV, with 63.2% (n = 24).

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de diagnósticos médicos de doenças infecciosas e/ou parasitárias em pacientes que frequentaram o Serviço de Estomatologia para Pacientes Especiais (EPE) da Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Material e métodos: A população (n = 38) consistiu no número de diagnósticos médicos de pacientes com doenças infecciosas e/ou parasitárias que frequentaram o serviço EPE durante 2015 e 2016. A informação foi transferida para uma base de dados em Excel 2017, para posteriormente ser processada e analisada conforme requerido pelo programa Stata 12. Resultados: De um total de 1718 diagnósticos médicos, as doenças infeciosas e/ou parasitárias tiveram uma prevalência de 2,21 % (n = 38). Dentro deste grupo de doenças, o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) foi o mais prevalente com 63,2 % (n = 24), sendo o sexo masculino o mais prevalente com 79 % (n = 19); e dentro do grupo etário dos 21-40 anos, o segundo diagnóstico específico mais prevalente foi a hepatite A com 15,8 % (n = 6), sendo o sexo feminino o mais prevalente com 83 % (n = 5). Conclusões: O diagnóstico específico mais prevalente no grupo das doenças infecciosas e/ou parasitárias foi o VIH com 63,2 % (n = 24).

Aborto infectocontagioso em éguas: uma revisão bibliográfica / Infectious-contagious abortion in mares: a literature review / Aborto infecto-contagioso en yeguas: una revisión de la literatura

O aborto infectocontagioso em éguas é um tema de grande relevância e interesse para os médicos veterinários e criadores de equinos. Além dos impactos econômicos decorrentes de perdas e redução das taxas reprodutivas, os surtos de abortos causados por doenças infectocontagiosas representam uma ameaça significativa para a saúde equina. Neste trabalho, realizamos uma revisão bibliográfica abrangente sobre as principais doenças que causam abortos infecciosos em éguas. Nosso objetivo é fornecer uma visão geral das patologias mais relevantes nesse contexto, abordando suas características clínicas, epidemiologia, diagnóstico e medidas de controle. Para isso, realizamos uma busca em bancos de dados renomados, como o PubMed e o Scopus, por artigos científicos relevantes publicados nos últimos dez anos. As informações selecionadas foram cuidadosamente analisadas, comparadas e sintetizadas, com o intuito de identificar as principais doenças e suas implicações na saúde reprodutiva das éguas. Esta revisão pretende auxiliar veterinários, pesquisadores e profissionais da área a compreenderem melhor essas doenças e desenvolverem estratégias eficazes de prevenção e controle.(AU)

El aborto infeccioso en yeguas es un tema de gran relevancia e interés para veterinarios y criadores de equinos. Además de las repercusiones económicas derivadas de las pérdidas y la reducción de las tasas reproductivas, los brotes de aborto causados por enfermedades infecciosas representan una importante amenaza para la salud equina. En este artículo, realizamos una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura sobre las principales enfermedades que causan abortos infecciosos en yeguas. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecer una visión general de las patologías más relevantes en este contexto, abordando sus características clínicas, epidemiología, diagnóstico y medidas de control. Para ello, buscamos en bases de datos de renombre como PubMed y Scopus artículos científicos relevantes publicados en los últimos diez años. La información seleccionada fue cuidadosamente analizada, comparada y sintetizada con el fin de identificar las principales enfermedades y sus implicaciones en la salud reproductiva de las yeguas. El objetivo de esta revisión es ayudar a veterinarios, investigadores y profesionales del sector a comprender mejor estas enfermedades y desarrollar estrategias eficaces de prevención y control.(AU)

Infectious abortion in mares is a topic of great relevance and interest for veterinarians and equine breeders. In addition to economic impacts from losses and reduced reproductive rates, abortion outbreaks caused by infectious diseases represent a significant threat to equine health. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive literature review on the major diseases that cause infectious abortions in mares. Our goal is to provide an overview of the most relevant pathologies in this context, addressing their clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control measures. To this end, we searched renowned databases such as PubMed and Scopus for relevant scientific articles published in the last ten years. The selected information was carefully analyzed, compared and synthesized in order to identify the main diseases and their implications in the reproductive health of mares. This review aims to assist veterinarians, researchers, and professionals in the field to better understand these diseases and develop effective prevention and control strategies.(AU)

Infectious human diseases: Regions, habitats, threats, and mitigation strategies: The issues—Part II

Globally, vaccines against 47 infectious etiologic agents are approved by at least one regulatory authority as of December 2022. The numbers of viral diseases, infections caused by mycoplasma, bacterial and protozoal diseases, mycoses, diseases caused by parasitic worms, and other infectious diseases of unknown etiology run into thousands. Therefore, more vaccines are required to be developed to keep more populations disease free. Climate change and global increase in temperature may promote sea level rises and an increase in the intensity of rains, causing an upsurge in certain infectious diseases in regions of the human population and even causing movement of habitats. In societies where the expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product is higher, people are more capacitated to tackle the treatment and spread of infectious diseases. As several of such conditions are zoonotic, well-planned strategies for controlling the spread would go a long way in the proper direction. Poverty and contagious diseases are infallibly linked. Major infectious diseases of poverty include tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS), malaria, measles, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, and several neglected tropical diseases. The world is not yet unified in action to jointly work to contain the global problem of infectious diseases in every human habitat. There was a visible divide between and among the rich countries versus the developing countries regarding accessibility and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 flu. To contain the spread of infectious diseases in the future, the whole world would have to work together, raising funds, strengthening epidemiological surveys, inventing effective vaccines, and vaccinating the eligible population, as also treating the infected with therapy in time, besides resorting to other preventive measures for overall human progress. The developmental efforts are to be pursued jointly and together to benefit all people, respecting the world as one.

In vitro antiparasitic and antibacterial evaluation of organic extracts of Salvadoran flora / Evaluación antiparasitaria y antibacterial in vitro de extractos orgánicos de la flora salvadoreña

Currently, in developing countries, parasitic and bacterial diseases as amebiasis, giardiasis, trichonomiasis, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis, and nocardiasis are a public health problem. The pharmacological treatment for these diseases is not completely effective and causes several side effects in patients. Therefore, the search for new compounds with biological activity is very important to develop new drugs safely and more efficiently. In this study, different organic extracts obtained from thirty-seven species of the Salvadoran flora were evaluated in several in vitro models to determine their potential activity against five protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania mexicana, and Trypanosoma cruzi) and three bacteria (Acinetobacter baumanni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Nocardia brasiliensis). The results showed the activity of eight extracts with IC50values of less than 100 µg/mL against L. mexicanaand five extracts with MICs values less than <50 µg/mL against M. tuberculosis. Besides, seven plant species showed MICs ≤3.125 µg/mL against N. brasiliensis. Additionally, secondary metabolites (flavonoids and monoterpene oxygenate) previously reported as active were fingerprint by UPLC-MS to establish a potential correlation with the biological activity showed.

Actualmente, en los países en vías de desarrollo, enfermedades parasitarias y bacterianas como la amebiasis, giardiasis, trichonomiasis, leishmaniasis, tripanosomiasis, tuberculosis y nocardiasis son un problema de salud pública. El tratamiento farmacológico de estas enfermedades no es del todo eficaz y provoca varios efectos secundarios en los pacientes. Por lo tanto, la búsqueda de nuevos compuestos con actividad biológica es muy importante para desarrollar nuevos fármacos, seguros y eficaces. En este estudio se evaluaron diferentes extractos orgánicos obtenidos de treinta y siete especies de la flora salvadoreña en varios modelos in vitro para determinar su actividad potencial contra cinco parásitos (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania mexicana y Trypanosoma cruzi) y tres bacterias (Acinetobacter baumanni, Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Nocardia brasiliensis). Los resultados mostraron la actividad de ocho extractos con valores de CI50 menores a 100 µg/mL contra L. mexicana y cinco extractos con valores de CIMs <50 µg/mL contra M. tuberculosis. Además, siete especies de plantas presentaron CIM ≤3,125 µg/mL frente a N. brasilienses. Finalmente, los metabolitos secundarios (flavonoides y monoterpenos oxigenados) previamente reportados como activos fueron determinados por UPLC-MS para establecer una posible correlación con la actividad biológica mostrada.

Main Infection Control Measures for Respiratory Infectious Diseases in Medical Institutions and Public Places in China / 中国医学科学院学报

Respiratory infectious diseases (RID) are the major public health problems threatening the people's lives and health.Infection control (IC) is one of the effective tools to contain the occurrence and spread of RID.We collected the articles and data on IC published since January 1,2018 and summarized the achievements,problems,and challenges of IC from administrative control,management control,environment and engineering control,and personal protection in the medical institutions and public places in China.The efforts for IC vary in different regions and medical institutions of different levels.There are still links to be improved for IC from administrative control,management control,environment and engineering control,and personal protection,especially in community-level medical institutions and public areas.It is urgent to strengthen the implementation of IC policies and conduct IC precisely according to local situations.We proposed the following suggestions.First,the existing IC products and tools should be applied to precisely implement the IC measures;second,modern high technology should be employed to develop efficient and convenient IC products and tools;finally,a digital or intelligent IC platform should be built for monitoring infections,so as to contain the occurrence and spread of RID.

Recent progress in application of nanovaccines for enhancing mucosal immune responses

Mucosal vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immune responses are desirable, as they could prevent the invading pathogens at their initial infection sites in a convenient and user-friendly way. Nanovaccines are receiving increasing attention for mucosal vaccination due to their merits in overcoming mucosal immune barriers and in enhancing immunogenicity of the encapsulated antigens. Herein, we summarized several nanovaccine strategies that have been reported for enhancing mucosal immune responses, including designing nanovaccines that have superior mucoadhesion and mucus penetration capacity, designing nanovaccines with better targeting efficiency to M cells or antigen-presenting cells, and co-delivering adjuvants by using nanovaccines. The reported applications of mucosal nanovaccines were also briefly discussed, including prevention of infectious diseases, and treatment of tumors and autoimmune diseases. Future research progresses in mucosal nanovaccines may promote the clinical translation and application of mucosal vaccines.

Practice and thinking on the construction of regional infectious disease surveillance and early warning system in Hubei Province / 公共卫生与预防医学

Surveillance and early warning of infectious diseases is the important contents of disease prevention and control in China.This paper reviews the present situation of the surveillance and early warning of infectious diseases in China , and emphatically expounds the practice of constructing the regional surveillance and early warning system in Hubei province, and put forward targeted thinking suggestions ,in order to provide reference for the construction, research and practice of infectious disease surveillance and early warning in our province and the whole country.

Construction of a social loss indicator system based on the perspective of epidemic prevention and control against the background of emerging major infectious diseases / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To construct a social loss indicator system based on the perspective of epidemic prevention and control against background of emerging major infectious diseases at the national, hospital, and individual levels, and to provide decision-making basis for public general hospitals to formulate prevention and control strategies for emerging major infectious diseases.Methods:Literatures published before December 23, 2020 were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, Google Scholar with such keywords as " infectious diseases" " public health emergencies" " social losses" " COVID-19" " evaluation". Then a preliminary social loss indicator system of public general hospitals for emerging major infectious diseases was constructed from such dimensions as country, hospital, and individual, by implementing literature analysis and expert consultation. Based on such a preliminary system, three questionnaires were designed for the country, hospitals, and individuals and the corresponding data were collected from December 25, 2021 to May 20, 2022. In the end, a factor analysis was made on the questionnaire data to optimize the social loss indicator system and determine the weights of each indicator.Results:The social loss indicator system consists of 14 level-1 indicators and 60 level-2 indicators. Level-1 indicators at country aspect consisted of government governance capacity, direct economic losses, social security, online public opinion, indirect economic losses, and international cooperation; indicators at hospital aspect consisted of hospital manpower, material resources, and information resources, hospital services, and hospital operations; indicators at the individual aspect consisted of physical health, psychological and social health, and external environment. Level-1 indicators of the highest weight at all aspects were social security, manpower, material and information resources, as well as physiological health. And the level-2 indicators of the highest weight were high medical expenses, overwork for staff other than doctors and nurses and medical insurance.Conclusions:The social loss indicator system for emerging major infectious diseases constructed in this study proves scientific and reasonable, helpful for the formulation of prevention and control strategies of public general hospitals.

Clinical study of common inflammatory indicators in children with infectious diseases / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the clinical significance of commonly used clinical inflammatory indicators in children with infectious diseases.Methods:A total of 354 children diagnosed with infectious diseases in our hospital from December 2018 to October 2020 were selected and divided into viral infection group(83 cases), sepsis group (65 cases), atypical pathogen infection group(23 cases), fungal infection group (11 cases), and bacterial infection group(172 cases). The data of serum amyloid A(SAA), procalcitonin(PCT), C-reactive protein(CRP), SAA/CRP, and interleukin (IL) in each group were collected.The fever peak, duration of fever, and fever subsidence time after admission were recorded.The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the area under the curve(AUC), cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity were recorded.The correlation between fever and inflammatory indicators was analyzed.Results:The duration of fever in the atypical pathogen infection group was significantly higher than that in the other groups.Compared with the sepsis group, the differences regarding the levels of SAA, CRP, PCT, and IL-6 were statistically significant compared with those in the bacterial infection group, the atypical pathogen infection group, and the viral infection group (all P<0.05). SAA/CRP was the highest in the viral infection group, and its mean value was nearly twice compared with that in the sepsis group ( P<0.05). IL-10 was significantly different between bacterial infection group and viral infection group( P<0.05). Compared with the fungal infection group, the difference of interferon-γ was statistically significant compared with that in the bacterial infection group, viral infection group and sepsis group (all P<0.05). The ROC curves suggested that the AUC of SAA/CRP and IL-10 was the largest and the same in the viral infection group.The AUC of PCT in the sepsis group was the largest of 0.877, and the specificity was the highest at 91.7% when the PCT was 1.055 ng/mL.Correlation analysis found that SAA and CRP detected for the first time at admission were positively correlated with the time to heat remission. Conclusion:SAA/CRP has significant significance in differentiating sepsis and virus infection, and significantly increased PCT is an important sign of sepsis.

Construction of the index system of nurses′ability to cope with new infectious diseases based on ability-based education theory / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To construct a scientific and feasible index system for nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases based on ability-based education theory, so as to provide reference for the training of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases.Methods:After consulting domestic and foreign literaturesuch as China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, etc. from the establishment of the database to October 2020, based on the theory of "ability-based education", taking the action framework of the theory of "life cycle of emergency" and "sudden infectious disease events proposed" by WHO as the structural framework, the index items were preliminarily constructed, and the Delphi expert consultation method was used to conduct two rounds of expert consultation for 15 experts, so as to finally establish the index system of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases.Results:The effective recovery rate of the two rounds of expert consultation questionnaires was 100.00%, and the authority coefficient was 0.930. Kendall′s concordance coefficients of two rounds of consultation experts in the tertiary indicators were 0.363, 0.304 and 0.269, respectively, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.01), and the coefficient of variation of each index was 0.000-0.167. The index system of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases included 3 primary indicators, 12 secondary indicators and 44 tertiary indicators. Conclusions:The index system of nurses′ ability to cope with new infectious diseases based on ability-based education theory is scientific, reliable and practical, which can provide reference for the training and assessment of new infectious diseases coping ability of nurses.

The application and effect of "Trinity" emergency chain in the management of patients with epidemic respiratory tract infection under the coordination of multi-branches / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To summarize the application and effect of "Trinity" emergency chain in the management of patients with epidemic respiratory tract infection under the cooperation of multiple hospitals and districts, and to provide a reference for medical institutions to improve the risk response ability.Methods:Based on the collaborative management of multi-branches, the "Trinity" emergency chain of pre-hospital-emergency-critical care, identification-triage-treatment, expansion-training-dispatch was implemented to optimize and integrate medical resources.Results:During the two months, 43,000 patients were admitted to the fever clinic, with an increase of 36.08%. The average waiting time for treatment was 19.83 min, and the average admission time to ICU was 25.35 min.Conclusions:The "Trinity" emergency chain treatment scheme under the coordination of multi-branches can effectively deal with the public health events of respiratory tract infectious diseases, improve the efficiency of rescue and treatment, and enhance the risk response ability of medical institutions.

Development progress and application of monoclonal antibody drugs against respiratory virus / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Abstract：In recent years，the outbreak and prevalence of respiratory infectious diseases in the world seriously endanger human health，among which the respiratory infectious diseases caused by viral infection account for a large proportion. The use of vaccines and common antiviral drugs is an effective way to fight viral infection，but there are also problems such as lag and drug resistance. Monoclonal antibodies against respiratory viral infections provide a new strategy for clinical treatment. This paper reviews the development of monoclonal antibody against respiratory virus and its application in respiratory viral infectious diseases. Keywords：Respiratory viral infectious diseases；Respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）；Influenza virus（IFV）；Coronavirus （CoV）；Monoclonal antibody

Visual atlas analysis of research hot spots and trends of infectious disease early warning in China / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To sort out the scientific research achievements in the direction of early warning of infectious diseases in China from 2001 to 2022, and analyze the research hotspots and trends in the direction of early warning of infectious diseases in China in recent 20 years, so as to provide reference for relevant policies and exploration directions. Methods Relevant literature retrieved from CNKI Chinese database was used as the data source, and Excel 2019 and Citespace 6.1.R2 software were used for visual analysis of research hotspots and frontier literature. Results A total of 1276 papers meeting requirements were obtained, and most of the research groups were relatively small and had little cooperation with others. The types of research institutions were relatively single, and most of them were domestic universities. “Infectious diseases”, “early warning” and “prediction” were the most frequently used keywords. Research on big data and COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control is the current research frontier. Conclusion There is little cooperation among authors and between institutions in the field of early warning of infectious diseases in China. Using big data to early warning of infectious diseases and improving the ability of early warning of COVID-19 are the main research directions and trends at present.

Influence of COVID-19 prevention and control on the epidemic trend of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters， Zhejiang Province / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo determine the influence of COVID-19 prevention and control on the epidemic characteristics and dynamics of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters， Zhejiang Province， and to explore more effective countermeasures against infectious diseases. MethodsDescriptive epidemiology was conducted to determine the change in notifiable infectious diseases during the prevention and control of COVID-19 in Zhejiang Province by retrieving the data of notifiable infectious diseases from 2017 to 2022 in the Chinese information system for disease control and prevention. Cumulative reported new cases of notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters of 2017‒2019 were compared with that of 2020‒2022. ResultsA total of 546 753 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were newly reported in the first quarters of 2017‒2019， with an average incidence of 321.92/105. In contrast， a total of 509 908 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were newly reported in the first quarters of 2020‒2022， during which the COVID-19 epidemic occurred， with an average incidence of 270.39/105. The incidence in 2020‒2022 significantly declined by 51.53/105， compared with that in 2017‒2019 （χ²=8 072.06， P<0.001）. In the first quarters of 2020‒2022， the average incidence of zoonotic diseases and vector-borne diseases decreased by more than 50%. In addition， the incidence of respiratory， enteric， blood-borne， and sexually transmitted diseases declined to certain degree. ConclusionThe decline in the newly reported cases of non-COVID-19 notifiable infectious diseases in the first quarters of 2020‒2022 indicates that the countermeasures against COVID-19 epidemic， such as multi-disease co-prevention， multi-sectoral collaboration， societal mobilization and personal hygiene and protection， may also decrease the incidence of multiple infectious diseases. It suggests the countermeasures are effective， which would provide evidence for routine prevention and control of infectious diseases in future.

mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: research progress and applications / 生物工程学报

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines emerge as promising vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines present numerous advantages, such as high potency, safe administration, rapid production potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. In 2020, two COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The two vaccines showed high efficiency in combating COVID-19, which indicates the great advantages of mRNA technology in developing vaccines against emergent infectious diseases. Here, we summarize the type, immune mechanisms, modification methods of mRNA vaccines, and their applications in preventing infectious diseases. Current challenges and future perspectives in developing mRNA vaccines are also discussed.