Primeros registros documentados y categorización del estado de conservación de Dressleria dodsoniana y Galeandra minax (Orchidaceae; Catasetinae) de Colombia

Registramos la presencia de Dressleria dodsoniana y Galeandra minax en Caquetá, Colombia, basados en dos poblaciones encontradas en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental de los Andes y en el piedemonte Andino-Amazónico, respectivamente. Estas especies han sido previamente reportadas para el país en documentos impresos y en bases de datos, pero, sin la mención de ejemplares de herbario, siendo los registros fotográficos la única evidencia para su registro. Nuestros reportes resaltan la necesidad de confirmar la identidad y ocurrencia de las especies con la inclusión de colecciones botánicas en herbarios. Categorizamos ambas especies para Colombia como Críticamente Amenazadas (CR), debido principalmente, al deterioro de su hábitat y por el conocimiento de una única población registrada.

We document the presence of Dressleria dodsoniana and Galeandra minax in Caquetá, Colombia, based on two populations found in the eastern slope of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes and in the Andean-Amazonian Piedmont, respectively. These species were previously reported in the country through printed documents and databases, but without herbarium specimens mentioned, with photographic records being the only evidence for their record. Our reports emphasize the need to confirm the identity and occurrence of the species by including botanical collections in herbaria. Both species are categorized as Critically Endangered (CR) in Colombia, primarily due to habitat deterioration and the knowledge of a single recorded population.

Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Obesity from "Orchids to Eliminate Stagnant Qi" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Obesity is a chronic， recurrent， and progressive metabolic disorder characterized by the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat caused by multiple factors such as genetics， dietary structure， lifestyle and behavior， psychology， environment， and society， leading to an energy surplus. Obesity is a major risk factor that increases the risk of developing various chronic diseases， including type 2 diabetes， hypertension， cardiovascular diseases， stroke， and certain malignancies. The global incidence of obesity is increasing year by year. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards， more than half of adults in China are now overweight or obese， posing a serious threat to people's health and increasing the social and economic burden. It has become a pressing major public health issue that needs to be addressed urgently. The concept of obesity can be traced back to the Huangdi’s Internal Classic （Huang Di Nei Jing）， which describes it as "the problems in fat and affluent people are caused by excessive taking of rich food"， and suggests that ''frequent intake of rich and greasy foods can produce interior heat. Sweet flavor causes chest fullness. That is why its spleen-Qi flows upwards and changes into consumption-thirst disease. It can be treated by Eupatorii Herba which is used to remove stagnant Qi''. The stagnant qi is caused by the transformation failure of rich and greasy food and wine， so obesity is the disease of stagnant qi. Obesity is caused by indulging in rich and greasy food， wine， spicy and flavorful foods， raw and cold foods， and sweet and greasy foods， or overeating and leading a sedentary lifestyle， staying up late， or experiencing emotional imbalances such as excessive joy， anger， worry， pensiveness， and fear. It can also be caused by congenital abnormalities， leading to improper functioning of the spleen and stomach， dysregulation of the absorption and secretion of the small intestine， and the accumulation of stagnant Qi in the organs and muscles， resulting in a plump physique. The intake of food and drink depends on the functions of the stomach in receiving and decomposing， the small intestine in absorbing and secreting， and the spleen in transforming and transporting. The affected organs in obesity are the spleen， stomach， and small intestine. Orchids， specifically Eupatorii Herba and Lycopi Herba， are aromatic herbs that can regulate the smooth flow of Qi， eliminate stagnation， and cleanse impurities. In a broader sense， any aromatic and pungent substance that can invigorate the spleen， promote clarity， harmonize the stomach， reduce turbidity， and assist in the normal secretion and absorption functions of the small intestine， thereby eliminating excess， is referred to as orchid. Therefore， the treatment principle for obesity is to use ''orchids to eliminate stagnant Qi''， aiming to regulate the functions of the spleen， stomach， and small intestine using aromatic and pungent substances， gradually eliminating excessive dampness， phlegm， turbidity， and heat， and restore the balance of the middle energizer. This way， individuals who are obese can achieve a non-obese state.

Nuevos registros de Epidendrum (Orchidaceae) para Colombia: Epidendrum porphyreonocturnum Hágsater & R. Jiménez y Epidendrum whitteniiHágsater & Dodson / New records of Epidendrum (Orchidaceae) for Colombia: Epidendrum porphyreonocturnum Hágsater & R. Jiménez and Epidendrum whittenii Hágsater & Dodson

Resumen Reportamos por primera vez para Colombia Epidendrum porphyreonocturnum Hágsater & R. Jiménez y Epidendrum whittenii Hágsater & Dodson, dos especies de orquídeas encontradas en el Piedemonte Andino-Amazónico del departamento de Caquetá. Estas especies eran previamente conocidas solo de Ecuador y Perú. Las dos especies fueron categorizadas como Vulnerables de acuerdo con los criterios de la IUCN debido a las amenazas sobre su hábitat y el bajo número de poblaciones conocidas. Estos reportes enriquecen el conocimiento de la orquideoflora colombiana y resaltan la necesidad de realizar mayores esfuerzos en pro del conocimiento y la conservación del piedemonte.

Abstract We report for the first time for Colombia Epidendrum porphyreonocturnum Hágsater & R. Jiménez and Epidendrum whittenii Hágsater & Dodson, two species of orchids found in the Andean-Amazonian Foothills from the department of Caquetá. These species were previously known in Ecuador and Peru. Both species were categorized as Vulnerable according to IUCN criteria due to the menaces over their habitat and the low number of known populations. These records enrich the knowledge of the Colombian orchid flower and highlight the need to make greater efforts for the knowledge and conservation of the foothill.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the wild orchid Cattieya maxima Lindi / Transformación mediada por Agrobacterium de la orquídea silvestre Cattleya maxima Lindl / Transformação da orquídea silvestre Cattleya maxima Lindl mediada por Agrobacterium

Abstract Protocorms are unique anatomical structures; they are akin to rhizoids and are formed by young orchid seedlings under physiological conditions. Explanted orchid tissues produce similar structures called protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) when exposed to appropriate in vitro growing conditions. Both the propagative nature of PLBs and the easiness by which they can be generated, make these structures an attractive alternative to seed-mediated production for growing large numbers of plants. To increase somatic embryogenesis and optimize the procedure, PLBs of Cattleya maxima were transformed using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens method. The T-DNA carried a Hygromycin-resistance gene, a visible marker (GFP5-GUSA) and a rice gene encoding the Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase, deemed to be important for somatic embryogenesis. Treated PLBs generated somatic embryos developing Hygromycin-resistant plantlets. The insertion of T-DNA was confirmed by PCR, and GFP expression was observed using a fluorescent stereomicroscope. Transformed Cattleya maxima PLBs were more efficient in forming somatic embryos (60 - 80%) than untransformed controls (45 - 57%), and this contrast was maximized in hormone-free, Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (80% of the transformed plants compared to 57% of the untransformed ones). This finding supports the notion that SERK plays an important role in Orchid embryogenesis.

Resumen Los protocormos son estructuras anatómicas únicas: son similares a los rizoides y se forman por vástagos jóvenes de orquídeas bajo condiciones fisiológicas. Los tejidos explantados de orquídeas producen estructuras llamadas Cuerpos Similares a Protocormos (PLBs) cuando están expuestos a condiciones apropiadas de crecimiento in vitro. Tanto la naturaleza propagativa de los PLBs como la facilidad con que se generan, hacen de estas estructuras una alternativa atractiva, frente a la mediada por semillas, para la producción de gran número de plantas en crecimiento. Para aumentar la embriogénesis somática y optimizar el procedimiento, se transformaron PLBs de Cattleya maxima usando el método de Agrobacterium tumefaciens. El T-DNA portaba un gen de resistencia a la Higromicina, un marcador visible (GFP5-GUSA) y un gen de arroz que codificaba para el receptor tipo quinasa de embriogénesis somática (SERK), considerado importante en la embriogénesis somática. Los PLBs tratados generaron embriones somáticos y desarrollaron plántulas resistentes a la Higromicina. La inserción del T-DNA se confirmó por PCR, y la expresión de GFP se observó usando un estereomicroscopio fluorescente. Los PLBs transformados de Cattleya maxima fueron más eficientes en desarrollar embriones somáticos (60-80%) que los controles no transformados (45-57%) y este contraste se maximizó en medio Murashige y Skoog (MS) libre de hormonas (80% de las plantas transformadas en comparación con 57% de las no transformadas). Estos hallazgos apoyan la noción de que SERK juega un papel importante en la embriogénesis de orquídeas.

Resumo Os protocormos são estruturas anatômicas únicas: são similares aos rizoides e se formam por hastes jovens de orquídeas sob condições fisiológicas. Os tecidos explantados de orquídeas produzem estruturas chamadas Corpos Similares a Protocormos (PLBs) quando estão expostos a condições apropriadas de crescimento in vitro. Tanto a natureza propagativa dos PLBs como a facilidade com que se generam, fazem com que estas estruturas sejam uma alternativa atrativa, comparativamente a mediada por sementes, para a produção de grandes números de plantas em crescimento. Para aumentar a embriogênesis somática e otimizar o procedimento, se transformaram PLBs de Cattleya maxima utilizando o método de Agrobacterium tumefaciens. O T-DNA carregava um gen de resistencia a Higromicina, um marcador visível (GFP5-GUSA) e um gen de arroz que codificava para o receptor tipo quinasa de embriogênesis somática (SERK), considerado importante na embriogênesis somática. Os PLBs tratados geraram embriões somáticos e desenvolveram plântulas resistentes a Higromicina. A inserção do T-DNA se confirmou por PCR, e a expressão de GFP se observou utilizando um estereomicroscópio de fluorescência. Os PLBs transformados de Cattleya maxima foram mais eficientes em desenvolver embriões somáticos (60-80%) que os controles não transformados (45-57%) e este contraste se potencializou em meio Murashige y Skoog (MS) livre de hormônios (80% das plantas transformadas em comparação com 57% das não-transformadas). Estes resultados apoiam a noção de que SERK desempenha um papel importante na embriogênesis de orquídeas.

Orchid Diversity of the Palizada-del Este Fluvial Deltaic Lagoon System, in the Area de Protectión de Flora y Fauna Laguna de Términos, Campeche, Mexico / Diversidad de orquídeas del sistema fluvio lagunar deltaico palizada-del este, en el área de protección de flora y fauna laguna de términos, campeche, méxico

RESUMEN Se contribuye al conocimiento de la diversidad florística de la familia Orchidaceae presente en el sistema fluvio-lagunar-deltaico Palizada-del Este (SFLD-PE) a partir de los datos obtenidos de 15 recolectas realizadas en diez sitios, durante agosto 2013 a febrero 2014. El listado incluye 27 especies en 17 géneros. Ocho especies son nuevos registros para el SFLD-PE: Bletia purpurea, Catasetum integerrimum, Habenaria pringlei, H. repens, Laelia (Schomburgkia) rubescens, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Ornithocephalus inflexus y Rhetinantha friedrichsthalii. Los géneros con el mayor número de especies son Epidendrum (4) y Prosthechea (4). En lo que respecta al hábito de crecimiento, 23 especies son epífitas (85 %), tres especies son terrestres o semiacuáticas (12 %) y una especie es exclusivamente terrestre (3 %). Las especies mejor representadas en los sitios son Brassavola grandiflora (8), Bletia purpurea (7) y Habenaria repens (6). Los hospederos con mayor número de especies son Pachira aquatica (20) y Zygia latifolia (7). Epidendrum isthmi fue la única especie que se encuentra en alguna categoría de riesgo, de acuerdo a la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Diversas acciones antrópicas inciden negativamente en el SFLD-PE: deforestación, incendios y apertura de canales de agua provocan el deterioro y fragmentación de los hábitats, lo que pone en peligro el futuro de este grupo taxonómico y de otros grupos de plantas, por lo que el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de esta área es necesario para establecer estrategias de conservación, restauración y manejo sustentable.

ABSTRACT This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the diversity of Orchidaceae in the Palizada del Este (SFLD-PE) fluvial-lagoon-deltic system based upon data generated from 15 collection events at ten sites conducted August 2012 through February 2014. The checklist includes 27 species in 17 genera. Eight species are new records for the SFLD-PE: Bletia purpurea, Catasetum integerrimum, Habenaria pringlei, H. repens, Laelia (Schomburgkia) rubescens, Myrmecophila tibicinis, Ornithocephalus inflexus, and Rhetinantha friedrichsthalii. The genera with the largest number of species are Epidendrum (4) and Prosthechea (4). As regards to life form, 23 species are epiphytic (85 %), three species are terrestrial or semiaquatic (12 %), and one species is terrestrial (3 %). The species present in more sites are Brassavola grandiflora (8), Bletia purpurea (7), and Habenaria repens (6). The hosts with the largest number of species are Pachira aquatica (20) and Zygia latifolia (7). Epidendrum isthmi is found in a risk category according to NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Several anthropic actions negatively affect the SFLD-PE: deforestation, fires, and open water channels lead to deterioration and fragmentation of habitats, which threatens the future of this taxonomic group as well as that of other groups of plants. Thus, knowledge of the biodiversity of this area is necessary for developing sound strategies for conservation, restoration, and sustainable management.

Dynamics in global DNA methylation and endogenous polyamine levels during protocorm-like bodies induction of Cattleya tigrina A. Richard / Dinâmica da metilação do DNA global e níveis endógenos de poliaminas durante a indução de estruturas semelhantes a protocormos de Cattleya tigrina A. Richard

Cattleya tigrina is endemic to the Atlantic forest biome and classified as vulnerable in the Red Book of Brazilian Flora. In vitro techniques comprise valuable tools for the conservation of endangered plant species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological features, global DNA methylation levels and free polyamines during protocorm- like bodies (PLBs) induction of C. tigrina. Along with that, an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of this species is proposed. The first evidences of PLBs induction in C. tigrina occurred at seven days in culture, starting from the basal portion of the leaf abaxial surface. A hypomethylation marked the beginning of cell differentiation, followed by an increased global DNA methylation at 35 days in culture, coinciding with a subtle change in the structures morphogenetic development. During PLBs induction, putrescine exhibited higher levels as compared to spermidine and spermine, and apparently presents a major role during the PLBs induction in C. tigrina. Due to the apparent secondary PLBs formation, this protocol can represent a highly efficient method for in vitro propagation of this species.

Cattleya tigrina é uma espécie endêmica do bioma Mata Atlântica e classificada como vulnerável no Livro Vermelho da Flora Brasileira. As técnicas in vitro compreendem ferramentas valiosas a serem empregadas na conservação de espécies de plantas ameaçadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as características morfológicas, os níveis globais de metilação do DNA e as poliaminas livres durante a indução de estruturas semelhantes a protocormos (ESPs). Paralelamente, um protocolo eficiente para a propagação in vitro desta espécie é apresentado. As primeiras evidências de indução de ESPs em C. tigrina foram observadas aos sete dias de cultivo, a partir da porção basal da superfície abaxial da folha. Uma hipometilação foi observada concomitante ao início da diferenciação celular, e um aumento da metilação global do DNA foi encontrada aos 35 dias de cultivo, coincidindo com uma sutil mudança no desenvolvimento morfogenético das estruturas. Durante a indução de ESPs, a putrescina exibiu níveis aumentados em comparação a espermidina e espermina e, aparentemente, apresenta um papel importante durante a indução dessas estruturas em C. tigrina. Devido à aparente formação secundária de ESPs, este protocolo pode representar um método altamente eficiente para a propagação in vitro desta espécie.

Diversidad de Vanilla spp. (Orchidaceae) y sus perfiles bioclimáticos en México / Diversity and bioclimatic profiles of Vanilla spp. (Orchidaceae) in Mexico

Resumen: El género Vanilla comprende alrededor de 110 especies, distribuidas en las partes tropicales del mundo, y es el continente americano donde se encuentra la mayor cantidad de especies reportadas. En México, el cultivo de la vainilla está relacionado con diversas culturas como la totonaca, maya, chinanteca, mazateca, entre otras. En la actualidad, este cultivo presenta factores condicionantes tales como: técnicos, económicos, sociales, ecológicos y climáticos, que limitan su producción y la conservación de especies silvestres y cultivadas, por lo que es necesario, conocer su estado actual, en relación con su diversidad, así como algunos de los principales indicadores del perfil bioclimático de cada una de las especies, que ayuden en la toma de decisiones para su conservación y mejoramiento genético. Durante 2008, se realizaron consultas a herbarios de IPN, MEXU, XAL, base de datos de la Red Mundial de Información sobre la Biodiversidad de la CONABIO (REMIB), Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) y datos de accesiones vivas del banco de germoplasma de vainilla de la BUAP, formado del 2008 al 2014. Se realizaron mapas de distribución mediante un sistema de información geográfica. Se obtuvo el perfil bioclimático de cada especie considerando 19 variables de World Clim, y altitud a una resolución espacial de aproximadamente 1 Km2. Se calcularon las medias, desviaciones estándar y varianzas de las 19 variables en cada uno de los puntos registrados. Se obtuvieron los intervalos de las condiciones ambientales extremas (mínimo, promedio y máximo) para cada una de las especies de vainilla. Para determinar las variables de mayor importancia en la distribución de las especies se realizó un análisis de componentes principales, y a las variables que resultaron significativas se les realizó pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn. Los resultados indicaron que en México se tienen registros de V. planifolia, V. pompona, V. insignis, V. inodora V. odorata, V. cribbiana y V. sprucei distribuidas en nueve estados. V. planifolia presentó intervalos amplios de temperatura y precipitación; V. pompona, V. odorata, V. insignis y V. inodora tuvieron intervalos intermedios. La amplitud de los datos extremos de cada especie puede considerarse para ubicar los sitios donde se puedan llevar a cabo estrategias regionales de conservación ex situ y el establecimiento de cultivos. El perfil bioclimático encontrado permite inferir de manera indirecta la condición genética de cada especie que podría ser utilizada en programas de mejoramiento genético como: la alta altitud y tolerancia a bajas temperaturas (V. odorata), la tolerancia a altas temperaturas (V. inodora) y tolerancia a baja precipitación (V. odorata, V. pompona y V. planifolia).

Abstract: The genus Vanilla comprises around 110 species distributed throughout Earth's tropical regions, with the largest number of reported species growing in the American continent. Vanilla farming is associated with many Mexican cultures such as the Totonac, Mayan, Chinantec, and Mazatec, among others. Currently, this crop is threatened by technical, social, ecological, and climatic conditioning factors, limiting its production and the preservation of wild and cultivated species. It is therefore necessary to ascertain the current diversity status of each of these species, as well as some of their main bioclimatic profile indicators, in order to help decision-making, aimed at preserving and genetically improve these species. During 2008, we gathered data from IPN, MEXU, and XAL herbaria, as well as from CONABIO's World Information Network on Biodiversity (REMIB), the Global Biodiversity and Information Facility (GBIF), and we also used data from live access to BUAP's vanilla germplasm bank, obtained between 2008 and 2014. Distribution maps were generated using a geographical information system. Bioclimatic profiles for each species were obtained considering 19 WorldClim variables and altitude at a spatial resolution of approximately 1 Km2. Variance, Mean, and standard deviation for each of the 19 variables were calculated at each of the registered points. Extreme environmental condition intervals (minimum, average, and maximum) were also obtained. In order to determine the most important distribution variables of the species, we performed a principal component analysis and carried out Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests on the variables identified as significant. Results indicated records for V. planifolia, V. pompona, V. insignis, V. inodora V. odorata, V. cribbiana, and V. sprucei in Mexico, distributed throughout nine states in the country. V. planifolia presented wide intervals of temperature and rain precipitation, while V. pompona, V. odorata, V. insignis and V. inodora presented intermediate intervals. The amplitudes of extreme data for each species can be considered in locating areas where ex situ regional preservation strategies could be put in place, as well as in establishing areas for cultivation. The bioclimatic profile we found, allows for an indirect inference of each species' genetic condition, which could be used in genetic improvement programs; for instance, V. odorata grows at high altitudes and tolerates low temperatures, while V. inodora tolerates high temperatures, and V. odorata, V. pompona and V. planifolia tolerate low rain precipitation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 975-987. Epub 2017 September 01.

Anatomy and micromorphometric analysis of leaf Catasetum x apolloi Benelli & Grade with addition of potassium silicate under different light sources / Anatomia e análise micromorfométrica foliar de Catasetum x apolloi Benelli & Grade com adição de silicato de potássio em diferentes fontes de luz

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare vitroplants Catasetum x apolloi grown under natural light and artificial light and different concentrations of potassium silicate, providing data on the anatomical differentiation that aids the acclimatization process of this species. Plants from in vitro seeding were used; 5 protocorms of approximately 0.5 cm were inoculated into vials with a capacity of 500 mL containing 100 mL of alternative culture medium plus potassium silicate (0.0, 0.5; 1.0 mL L–1), pH adjusted to 5.5 ± 0.5 and gelated with 4GL–1 agar before the autoclaving process. Cultures were maintained under natural light (TNE) and artificial light (TAE) for 90 days, and micromorphometric analysis was performed for polar and equatorial diameter, density and stomatal index, blade thickness in the central rib, and secondary veins. Applications in K2SiO4 alternative medium provided the following: elongation of the hypodermis, thicker mesophyll, and more prominent midrib; elipptical guard cells; formation of epistomatal chamber; and lower stomatal density and stomatal with lower equatorial and polar diameters. The conditions that favored the acclimatization were lower light intensities and lower potassium silicate doses.

Resumo O objetivo desse trabalho foi comparar vitroplantas de Catasetum x apolloi cultivadas sob luz natural e luz artificial e diferentes concentrações de silicato de potássio, fornecendo dados sobre diferenciação anatômica que auxiliem no processo de aclimatação dessa espécie. Utilizou-se plantas provenientes da semeadura in vitro, 5 protocormos de aproximadamente 0,5 cm foram inoculados em frascos com capacidade para 500 mL contendo 100 mL de meio de cultura alternativo, acrescido de silicato de potássio (0,0; 0,5; 1,0 mL L–1), pH ajustado para 5,5 ±0,5 e gelificado com 4gL–1 de ágar antes do processo de autoclavagem. As culturas foram mantidas sob luz natural (TAA) e luz artificial (TAN) por 90 dias, e feitas análises micromorfométricas (diâmetro polar e equatorial, densidade e índice estomático, espessura do limbo na nervura central e nervuras secundárias). As aplicações de K2SiO4 em meio alternativo, propiciaram: alongamento da hipoderme; mesofilo mais espesso e nervura central mais proeminente; células guardas elípticas; formação de câmaras supraestomáticas; menor densidade estomática e estômatos com menores diâmetros equatorial e polar. As condições que podem favorecer a aclimatação são menores intensidades de luz e menores doses de silicato de potássio.

Differences among Endophytic Fungal Communities Isolated from the Roots of Cephalanthera longibracteata Collected from Different Sites in Korea

Orchidaceous plants have symbiotic relationships with endophytic fungi, including mycorrhizal fungi, which play important roles in the seed germination and growth of the host plants. In this study, endophytic fungal communities isolated from the roots of Cephalanthera longibracteata collected from three different sites in Korea were analyzed, and it was determined whether fungal communities were preferentially correlated with the sites. The fungal isolates were identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA. In total, 30 species of endophytic fungi, including two species of mycorrhizal fungi belonging to the genus Tulasnella, were identified. Leptodontidium orchidicola showed the highest frequency and was isolated from all root samples. Species diversity and richness were not significantly different among sites. However, the community structure of the endophytic fungi significantly differed among sites, suggesting that the site characteristics affected the community composition of the endophytic fungi colonizing the roots of C. longibracteata. Our findings will aid in developing methods involving the use of symbiotic fungi for orchid conservation and restoration in native habitats.

Potencial germinativo de sementes e qualidade de keikis de Dendrobium nobile em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento dos frutos / Germination potential of seeds and keikis quality of Dendrobium nobile at different fruit development stages

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial germinativo das sementes, formadas por autopolinização manual, em frutos de pseudobulbos de Dendrobium nobile, em diferentes estágios de maturação. Aos 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 e 300 dias após polinização (DAP), cinco pseudobulbos contendo frutos foram destacados da planta-mãe e plantados em recipiente de polipropileno, permanecendo até 300 DAP. Depois desse período, os pseudobulbos foram avaliados quanto ao número de keikis e os keikis produzidos quanto ao diâmetro e comprimento de pseudobulbo, número de folhas e de raízes. A seguir, os frutos foram destacados dos pseudobulbos e avaliados quanto ao diâmetro da maior porção do ovário, comprimento e massa fresca do fruto, massa fresca das sementes e do pericarpo. Para cada época de coleta de frutos, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de tetrazólio e ao teste de germinação. Quanto maior o diâmetro do fruto, a porcentagem de sementes viáveis e a porcentagem de germinação de D. nobiletambém aumentaram, e essa relação foi crescente à medida que aumentam os dias de permanência dos frutos na planta-mãe. Além disso, pseudobulbos que permaneceram menos tempo na planta-mãe apresentaram maiores números de keikis e, para que a porcentagem de germinação in vitro de D. nobileseja superior a 75% os pseudobulbos, contendo fruto, devem ser coletados a partir dos 166 DAP.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination potential of seeds formed by manual self pollination in fruits of pseudobulbs of Dendrobium nobilein different maturation stages. At 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270 and 300 days after pollination (DAP), five pseudobulbs containing fruits, were detached from the mother plant and planted in a polypropylene container, where they remained until 300 DAP. After this period, the pseudobulbs were evaluated on the number of keikis and all keikis produced as the diameter and length of pseudobulb, number of leaves and roots. After, the fruits were detached from pseudobulbs, and evaluated as the diameter of the largest portion of the ovary, length and fresh weight of fruit, fresh weight of seed and pericarp. For each collecting period of fruits, seeds were tested with tetrazolium test and germination test. The larger the diameter of the fruit, the percentage of viable seeds and the germination percentage of D. nobilealso increased, and this relationship was growing as they increase the length of fruit stay on the mother plant. Morover, the pseudobulbs remained shortest time in the mother plant showed higher numbers of keikis and so that the percentage of germination in vitro of D. nobileis above 75%, the pseudobulbs, containing fruit, should be collected from the 166 DAP.

Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) on the great curve of the Xingu River, Pará state, Brazil / Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) na volta grande do Rio Xingu, Pará, Brasil

Abstract Among the studies on Orchidaceae in the Amazon, none comprised the region of the Great Curve of the Xingu River, located in the lower Xingu river. The aim of this study was to inventory and taxonomically study the species of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) in the Great Curve of the Xingu River, Pará state. The floristic survey was performed in the area of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, in the Vitória do Xingu municipality, centrally inserted in the called Great Curve of the Xingu River. Botanical collections were accomplished between June 2011 and December 2013. A total of 27 species of Oncidiinae, distributed in 15 genera, was inventoried in the study area. Notylia Lindl. and Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. were the richest genera, with five and four species, respectively, followed by Erycina Lindl., Ionopsis Kunth, Lockhartia Hook., Macradenia R.Br., and Ornithocephalus Hook., with two species each. The remaining eight genera are represented by a single species each in the study area. Morphological descriptions, a key for taxonomic identification, illustrations, and comments on distribution, ecology, phenology and morphology are provided for all inventoried species.

Resumo Entre os estudos com Orchidaceae na Amazônia, nenhum compreende a região da Volta Grande do rio Xingu, localizada no baixo Xingu. O objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar e estudar taxonomicamente as espécies de Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) na Volta Grande do rio Xingu, estado do Pará, Brasil. O levantamento florístico foi realizado na área da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no município de Vitória do Xingu, inserido centralmente na chamada Volta Grande do Xingu. Foram realizadas coletas botânicas entre junho de 2011 e dezembro de 2013. Na área de estudo, foram inventariadas 27 espécies de Oncidiinae, distribuídas em 15 gêneros. Notylia Lindl. e Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. foram os mais ricos, com cinco e quatro espécies respectivamente, seguidos por Erycina Lindl., Ionopsis Kunth, Lockhartia Hook., Macradenia R.Br., e Ornithocephalus Hook., com duas espécies cada. Os oito gêneros restantes estão representados na área de estudo por uma única espécie. São fornecidas descrições morfológicas, chave taxonômica para identificação, ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição, ecologia, fenologia e morfologia para todas as espécies inventariadas.

Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) on the great curve of the Xingu River, Pará state, Brazil

Abstract Among the studies on Orchidaceae in the Amazon, none comprised the region of the Great Curve of the Xingu River, located in the lower Xingu river. The aim of this study was to inventory and taxonomically study the species of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) in the Great Curve of the Xingu River, Pará state. The floristic survey was performed in the area of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, in the Vitória do Xingu municipality, centrally inserted in the called Great Curve of the Xingu River. Botanical collections were accomplished between June 2011 and December 2013. A total of 27 species of Oncidiinae, distributed in 15 genera, was inventoried in the study area. Notylia Lindl. and Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. were the richest genera, with five and four species, respectively, followed by Erycina Lindl., Ionopsis Kunth, Lockhartia Hook., Macradenia R.Br., and Ornithocephalus Hook., with two species each. The remaining eight genera are represented by a single species each in the study area. Morphological descriptions, a key for taxonomic identification, illustrations, and comments on distribution, ecology, phenology and morphology are provided for all inventoried species.

Resumo Entre os estudos com Orchidaceae na Amazônia, nenhum compreende a região da Volta Grande do rio Xingu, localizada no baixo Xingu. O objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar e estudar taxonomicamente as espécies de Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) na Volta Grande do rio Xingu, estado do Pará, Brasil. O levantamento florístico foi realizado na área da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no município de Vitória do Xingu, inserido centralmente na chamada Volta Grande do Xingu. Foram realizadas coletas botânicas entre junho de 2011 e dezembro de 2013. Na área de estudo, foram inventariadas 27 espécies de Oncidiinae, distribuídas em 15 gêneros. Notylia Lindl. e Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. foram os mais ricos, com cinco e quatro espécies respectivamente, seguidos por Erycina Lindl., Ionopsis Kunth, Lockhartia Hook., Macradenia R.Br., e Ornithocephalus Hook., com duas espécies cada. Os oito gêneros restantes estão representados na área de estudo por uma única espécie. São fornecidas descrições morfológicas, chave taxonômica para identificação, ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição, ecologia, fenologia e morfologia para todas as espécies inventariadas.

Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) on the great curve of the Xingu River, Pará state, Brazil / Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) na volta grande do Rio Xingu, Pará, Brasil

Among the studies on Orchidaceae in the Amazon, none comprised the region of the Great Curve of the Xingu River, located in the lower Xingu river. The aim of this study was to inventory and taxonomically study the species of Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) in the Great Curve of the Xingu River, Pará state. The floristic survey was performed in the area of the Belo Monte hydroelectric plant, in the Vitória do Xingu municipality, centrally inserted in the called Great Curve of the Xingu River. Botanical collections were accomplished between June 2011 and December 2013. A total of 27 species of Oncidiinae, distributed in 15 genera, was inventoried in the study area. Notylia Lindl. and Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. were the richest genera, with five and four species, respectively, followed by Erycina Lindl., Ionopsis Kunth, Lockhartia Hook., Macradenia R.Br., and Ornithocephalus Hook., with two species each. The remaining eight genera are represented by a single species each in the study area. Morphological descriptions, a key for taxonomic identification, illustrations, and comments on distribution, ecology, phenology and morphology are provided for all inventoried species.

Entre os estudos com Orchidaceae na Amazônia, nenhum compreende a região da Volta Grande do rio Xingu, localizada no baixo Xingu. O objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar e estudar taxonomicamente as espécies de Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) na Volta Grande do rio Xingu, estado do Pará, Brasil. O levantamento florístico foi realizado na área da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no município de Vitória do Xingu, inserido centralmente na chamada Volta Grande do Xingu. Foram realizadas coletas botânicas entre junho de 2011 e dezembro de 2013. Na área de estudo, foram inventariadas 27 espécies de Oncidiinae, distribuídas em 15 gêneros. Notylia Lindl. e Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl. foram os mais ricos, com cinco e quatro espécies respectivamente, seguidos por Erycina Lindl., Ionopsis Kunth, Lockhartia Hook., Macradenia R.Br., e Ornithocephalus Hook., com duas espécies cada. Os oito gêneros restantes estão representados na área de estudo por uma única espécie. São fornecidas descrições morfológicas, chave taxonômica para identificação, ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição, ecologia, fenologia e morfologia para todas as espécies inventariadas.

Mycorrhizal fungi isolated from native terrestrial orchids of pristine regions in Córdoba (Argentina) / Hongos micorrízicos aislados de orquídeas terrestres nativas de regiones pristinas en Córdoba (Argentina)

Orchidaceae is a highly dependent group on the Rhizoctonia complex that includes Ceratorhiza, Moniliopsis, Epulorhiza and Rhizoctonia, for seed germination and the development of new orchid plants. Thus, the isolation and identification of orchid mycorrhizal fungi are important to understand the orchid-fungus relationship, which can lead to the development of efficient conservation strategies by in vivo germination of seeds from endangered orchid plants. The aim of our work was to isolate and characterize the different mycorrhizal fungi found in roots of terrestrial orchids from Córdoba (Argentina), and, to learn about the natural habit and fungal associations in the Chaco Serrano woodland pristine region. In this study, bloomed orchid root and rhizosphere soil samples were obtained in two times from Valle de Punilla during spring of 2007; samples were kept in plastic bags until processed within 48 hours, and mycorrhizal condition confirmed assessing peloton presence. A total of 23 isolates of the orchideous mycorrhizal Rhizoctonia complex were obtained. The isolates were studied based on morphological characters and ITS-rDNA sequences. Morphological characteristics as color of colonies, texture, growth rate, hyphal diameter and length and presence of sclerotia were observed on culture media. To define the number of nuclei per cell, the isolates were grown in Petri dishes containing water-agar (WA) for three days at 25°C and stained with Safranine-O solution. The mycorrhizal fungi were grouped into binucleate (MSGib, 10 isolates) and multinucleate (MSGim, 13 isolates) based on morphological characteristics of the colonies. We obtained the ITS1-5.8s-ITS4 region that was amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4. Based on DNA sequencing, isolates Q23 and Q29 were found to be related to species of Ceratobasidium. Isolates Q24 and Q4 were related to the binucleated anastomosis group AG-C of Rhizoctonia sp. The rest of the isolates grouped in the Ceratobasidium clade without grouping. From our knowledge this is the first report of the association of the AG-C testers with terrestrial orchids. A high specificity was observed in the symbiotic relationship. As the mycorrhizal fungal isolates were obtained from native orchids, they could be incorporated in conservation programes of endangered orchids in Argentina.

La Familia Orchidaceae se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con hongos micorrízicos que pertenecen al complejo Rhizoctonia, e incluyen los géneros Ceratorhiza, Moniliopsis, Epulorhiza y Rhizoctonia. Esta asociación es esencial para el desarrollo de nuevas plantas ya que favorecen el proceso de germinación de las semillas. Por lo tanto, el conocimiento de la naturaleza de esta interacción es importante para que los resultados de los programas de conservación de orquídeas sean efectivos. La fragmentación del bosque Chaqueño Serrano en el centro de Argentina, ha alcanzado un punto crítico en los últimos años, afectando el funcionamiento del ecosistema. El objetivo de este trabajo fue: a) aislar y caracterizar hongos micorrízicos presentes en orquídeas terrestres de la provincia de Córdoba (Argentina) y b) conocer el hábitat natural y las asociaciones fúngicas que se establecen en esta región prístina. A partir de las raíces de orquídeas terrestres, se obtuvieron 23 aislamientos de hongos micorrízicos que pertenecen al complejo Rhizoctonia. Estos aislamientos fueron caracterizados con base en caracteres morfológicos y moleculares. Las características morfológicas (color y textura de las colonias, cinética de crecimiento, diámetro y largo de la hifa y presencia de esclerocios) fueron observados en PDA y MEA a 25ºC. El número de núcleos por célula se observó en cultivos crecidos en AA (agar-agua) y teñidos con una solución de Safranine-O. La región ITS se amplificó usando los primers ITS1 e ITS4. Con base en las características morfológicas de la colonia, los aislamientos fueron agrupados en binucleados (MSGib) y multinucleados (MSGim). De acuerdo al cladograma obtenido con las secuencias de ADN, los aislamientos Q23 y Q29 están relacionados a especies de Ceratobasidium, aisladas de raíces de orquídeas. Los aislamientos Q24 y Q4 se asocian con el grupo de anastomosis de Rhizoctonia AG-C. Finalmente, se observó una alta variabilidad en el grado de especificidad existente en la simbiosis que se establece entre las raíces de estas orquídeas terrestres y los aislamientos obtenidos a partir de ellas. Este es el primer reporte de la asociación entre el grupo de anastomosis AG-C y orquídeas terrestres. Dado que estos aislamientos se obtuvieron de orquídeas terrestres nativas, podrían ser incorporados como nuevos patrones para micorrizas de orquídeas terrestres en Argentina. Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de la relación simbiótica que se establece entre orquídeas y hongos micorrízicos, así como también al desarrollo de estrategias de conservación de orquídeas terrestres nativas del bosque Chaco Serrano.

In vitro regeneration and ploidy level analysis of Eulophia ochreata Lindl.

Various parameters including explant-type, medium compositions, use of phytohormones and additives were optimized for direct and indirect regeneration of E. ochreata, a medicinal orchid under threat. Protocorm-like-bodies (PLBs) proved to be the best explants for shoot initiation, proliferation and callus induction. Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium containing 2.5 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1.0 mg L-1 kinetin (Kin) and additives (adenine sulfate, arginine, citric acid, 30 mg L-1 each and 50 mg L-1 ascorbic acid) was optimal for shoot multiplication (12.1 shoots and 7.1 PLBs per explant with synchronized growth), which also produced callus. Shoot number was further increased with three successive subcultures on same media and ~40 shoots per explant were achieved after 3 cycles of 30 days each. Additives and casein hydrolysate (CH) showed advantageous effects on indirect shoot regeneration via protocorm-derived callus. Optimum indirect regeneration was achieved on MS containing additives, 500 mg L-1 CH, 2.5 mg L-1 BAP and 1.0 mg L-1 Kin with 30 PLBs and 6 shoots per callus mass (~5 mm size). The shoots were rooted (70% frequency) on one by fourth-MS medium containing 2.0 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid, 200 mg L-1 activated charcoal and additives. The rooted plantlets were hardened and transferred to greenhouse with 63% survival rate. Flow-cytometry based DNA content analysis revealed that the ploidy levels were maintained in in vitro regenerated plants. This is the first report for in vitro plant regeneration in E. ochreata.

Evaluación del efecto de dos suplementos orgánicos en la germinación in vitro de orquídeas nativas de la provincia de Pamplona, Colombia / Evaluation of the effects of two organics supplements on in vitro germination of native orchids in the province of Pamplona, Colombia

La continua pérdida de hábitat de las orquídeas nativas en Colombia, y las limitaciones de la germinación en estado silvestre, ha dado lugar a un mayor énfasis en la conservación de las orquídeas. Por consiguiente el cultivo in vitro es una herramienta alternativa para la conservación de especies en peligro de extinción. En esta investigación se evaluó la germinación asimbiótica y la formación de plántulas de semillas de orquídeas, de las especies Prosthechea vespa Vell. y Sobralia klotzscheana Rchb. f. en el medio de cultivo Murashige y Skoog (MS) con dos suplementos orgánicos (jugo de piña y agua de coco). Se colectaron cápsulas maduras de las especies P. vespa y S. klotzscheana, en la región nororiental de Colombia (Pamplona, Norte de Santander) y se determinó la viabilidad de las semillas con la prueba de Tetrazolio. Las semillas se desinfectaron y se sembraron con el método de la jeringuilla. La viabilidad de las semillas fue del 87,2% en P. vespa y 80,6% en S. klotzscheana. El porcentaje de viabilidad corregido con respecto a la germinación fue mayor, entre 2,8% (P. vespa) y 0,5% (S. klotzscheana). Este estudio demostró que el medio MS suplementado con jugo de piña tiene una mayor respuesta a la geminación asimbiótica y formación de plántulas en las orquídeas P. vespa (22%) y S. klotzscheana (43%) con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P≤0,05: Tukey HSD).

The continued habitat destruction of native orchids in Colombia and its germination limitations in the wild has led to greater emphasis of the species conservation, therefore to preserve endangered orchids in vitro culture is an alternative tool. This research evaluated orchid seeds asymbiotic germination and seedling formation of Prosthechea vespa Vell. and Sobralia klotzscheana Rchb. f. species in Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium with two organic supplements (pineapple juice and coconut water). Mature capsules from P. vespa and S. klotzscheana species were collected in the Province of Pamplona, northeastern region of Colombia and their viability with tetrazolium staining was determined. The seeds were disinfected and sown by the syringe method. The seeds viability were 87,2% in P. vespa and 80,6% in S. klotzscheana. The corrected percentage of viability compared to the germination was higher, between 2,8% (P. vespa) and 0,5% (S. klotzscheana). This study showed that MS medium supplemented with pineapple juice has a greater response to asymbiotic germination and seedling formation in P. vespa (22%) and S. klotzscheana (43%) with statistically significant differences (P≤0,05: Tukey HSD).

Foliar anatomy and in vitro growth of Cattleya at different concentrations of kefir, knudson medium, and sucrose / Anatomia foliar e crescimento in vitro de Cattleya em diferentes concentrações de quefir, meio knudson e sacarose

Kefir is a probiotic used for human nutrition because of medicinal and nourishing properties. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the foliar anatomy and in vitro growth of orchids cultivated at different concentrations of Knudson medium, kefir and sucrose. The treatment consisted of different culture media: 25% of Knudson (KD) salts + 75% of kefir (KF); 50% of KD + 50% of KF; 75% of KD + 25% of KF, volume per volume (v/v) at every possible combination with either 10 g.L-1 or 20 g.L-1 of sucrose. Two other treatments were done: one with 100% of Knudson salts added with 20 g.L-1 of sucrose, and the other with kefir alone. The culture medium had the pH adjusted to 5.8 and was solidified with agar 7 g.L-1. Forty mL of culture medium were distributed into 250 mL-vessels, which were then autoclaved at 120 °C for 20 minutes. The best results for the in vitro growth were obtained with 50% KD + 50% KF with 20 g.L-1 of sucrose. The anatomical studies revealed that the 25% KD + 75% KF culture medium with 10 g.L-1 and 20 g.L-1 elicited a thicker foliar mesophile, being followed by 50% KD + 50% KF with 10 g.L-1 of sucrose, and 75% KD + 25% KF with 20 g.L-1 of sucrose.

O quefir é um probiótico utilizado na alimentação humana por suas características medicinais e nutricionais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a anatomia foliar e crescimento in vitro de orquídea em meio de cultura com diferentes concentrações do meio Knudson, quefir e sacarose. Os tratamentos foram compostos por diferentes meios de cultura compostos pelas concentrações de 25% dos sais do Knudson (KD) e 75% de quefir (KF); 50% de KD e 50% de KF; 75% de KD e 25% KF, volume por volume (v/v), em todas as combinações possíveis com 10 ou 20 g.L-1 de sacarose. Foram realizados também dois tratamentos adicionais um com 100% dos sais do Knudson, acrescido de 20 g.L-1 de sacarose e outro composto somente por quefir. O meio de cultura teve o pH ajustado para 5,8 e solidificado com 7 g.L-1 de agar. Foram distribuídos 40 mL de meio de cultura em frascos de 250 mL de conteúdo, os quais foram autoclavados a 120 °C por 20 minutos. O meio de cultura composto por 25% KD + 75% KF com 10 e 20 g.L-1 de sacarose proporcionou melhor desempenho nos estudos anatômicos, sendo seguidos pelos tratamentos 50% KD e 50% KF com 10 g.L-1 de sacarose e 75% KD e 25% KF acrescido de 20 g.L-1 de sacarose, apresentando maiores espessuras de mesofilo foliar.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Cattleya intermedia Lindl. (Orchidaceae)

Orchids are valuable pot plants and Cattleya intermedia is a promising species underused in breeding programs. Recently, breeding work with this species produced superior plants that are believed to be not the true species owing to the morphological differences from wild plants. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of genetic diversity and interrelationships between wild and bred Cattleya intermedia collected at three different Brazilian states and from commercial breeders with RAPD markers. A total of 65 polymorphic bands were used to generate a genetic distance matrix. No specific groupings were revealed by the cluster analysis as bred materials were not different from wild plants. The genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.01626) was very low indicating a high gene flow in C. intermedia due to artificial crosses and a high differentiation between populations. The genetic variability available within this species is high enough to allow genetic progress in flower shape and size.

Anatomía foliar comparada y relaciones filogenéticas de 11 especies de Laeliinae con énfasis en Brassavola (Orchidaceae)

Comparative leaf anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of 11 species of Laeliinae with emphasis on Brassavola (Orchidaceae). Brassavola inhabits a wide altitude range and habitat types from Northern Mexico to Northern Argentina. Classification schemes in plants have normally used vegetative and floral characters, but when species are very similar, as in this genus, conflicts arise in species delimitation, and alternative methods should be applied. In this study we explored the taxonomic and phylogenetic value of the anatomical structure of leaves in Brassavola; as ingroup, seven species of Brassavola were considered, and as an outgroup Guarianthe skinneri, Laelia anceps, Rhyncholaelia digbyana and Rhyncholaelia glauca were evaluated. Leaf anatomical characters were studied in freehand cross sections of the middle portion with a light microscope. Ten vegetative anatomical characters were selected and coded for the phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out under maximum parsimony using the program NONA through WinClada. Overall, Brassavola species reveal a wide variety of anatomical characters, many of them associated with xeromorphic plants: thick cuticle, hypodermis and cells of the mesophyll with spiral thickenings in the secondary wall. Moreover, mesophyll is either homogeneous or heterogeneous, often with extravascular bundles of fibers near the epidermis at both terete and flat leaves. All vascular bundles are collateral, arranged in more than one row in the mesophyll. The phylogenetic analysis did not resolve internal relationships of the genus; we obtained a polytomy, indicating that the anatomical characters by themselves have little phylogenetic value in Brassavola. We concluded that few anatomical characters are phylogenetically important; however, they would provide more support to elucidate the phylogenetic relantionships in the Orchidaceae and other plant groups if they are used in conjunction with morphological and/or molecular characters. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (3): 1047-1059. Epub 2011 September 01.

Brassavola crece en un amplio rango altitudinal y de tipos de hábitat desde el Norte de México hasta el Norte de Argentina. En los sistemas de clasificación de las plantas se utilizan normalmente caracteres vegetativos y florales, pero cuando las especies son muy similares, como es el caso de este género, los conflictos surgen en la delimitación de las especies, por lo tanto deben ser aplicados métodos alternativos de identificación. En este trabajo se exploró el valor taxonómico y filogenético de la estructura anatómica de las hojas de Brassavola, se consideró como grupo interno a siete especies de este género y como grupo externo a Guarianthe skinneri, Laelia anceps, Rhyncholaelia digbyana y Rhyncholaelia glauca. Entonces se realizaron secciones transversales de hojas frescas para el estudio de los caracteres anatómicos. Diez caracteres anatómicosvegetativos fueron seleccionados y codificados para el análisis filogenético. La reconstrucción filogenética se llevó a cabo bajo el principio de máxima parsimonia utilizando el programa NONA a través de WinClada. Todas las especies son anatómicamente similares, no obstante, difieren en algunos rasgos como presencia o no: de papilas epidérmicas, de hipodermis, de células con engrosamientos espiralados en la pared secundaria de las células del mesofilo, de inclusiones cristalinas; además en el tipo de hoja de acuerdo al arreglo del mesofilo; en la organización de los haces vasculares y de los paquetes de fibras extravasculares. En el árbol de consenso estricto se obtuvo una politomía. Asimismo, fue evidente que los caracteres anatómicos analizados son filogenéticamente poco informativos; sin embargo, en conjunción con caracteres morfológicos y/o moleculares, podrían dilucidar las relaciones filogenéticas.

Armazenamento refrigerado de inflorescências cortadas de Oncidium varicosum 'Samurai' / Cold storage of cut inflorescences of Oncidium varicosum 'Samurai'

A eficiência da baixa temperatura no prolongamento da vida de vaso de várias flores de corte tem sido bastante estudada. No entanto, o efeito da temperatura depende da duração do armazenamento e da espécie floral. O experimento foi realizado objetivando avaliar a longevidade e as alterações metabólicas ocorridas durante o armazenamento refrigerado de inflorescências cortadas de Oncidium varicosum 'Samurai', armazenadas em diferentes temperaturas (5, 10 e 20°C). Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: conteúdo relativo de água, carboidratos solúveis e açúcares redutores, conteúdo de carotenóides, coloração e longevidade. Os resultados indicaram diferenças nos parâmetros avaliados nas três temperaturas de armazenamento. As flores de Oncidium varicosum 'Samurai', armazenadas a 5°C, apresentaram melhor manutenção da qualidade do que nas outras temperaturas, o que foi evidenciado pela menor redução do conteúdo relativo de água, melhor manutenção do conteúdo de carotenóides, dos carboidratos solúveis e açúcares redutores, coloração e maior longevidade.

The effectiveness of low temperatures on extending vase life of several cut flowers has been largely investigated. However, the temperature effect depends on the length of the storage period and of the floral species. The experiment was accomplished to evaluate the longevity and the metabolic changes which occurred during the cold storage of cut inflorescences of Oncidium varicosum 'Samurai' kept under different temperatures (5, 10 and 20°C). The following parameters were analyzed: relative water content (RWC), soluble carbohydrates, reducing sugars, carotenoids contents, color and longevity. The results indicated differences among the measured parameters at the three storage temperatures. The inflorescences of Oncidium varicosum 'Samurai' stored at 5ºC presented better maintenance of flowers quality than at the other temperatures. It was evidenced by the lower reduction of RWC, better maintenance of carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars. The flowers kept at 5°C also presented maintenance of coloration and greater longevity.