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Background: Rabies is one of the important endemic fatal zoonotic viral disease afflicting humans and animals in Punjab, India. The present study investigated the incidence of rabies in humans bitten/exposed to laboratory confirmed rabid animals, as well as incidence after use of vaccine or rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and clinico-epidemiological studies. Methods: A study was conducted during August 2021 to September 2022 on forty (40) rabies suspected animals presented to diagnose rabies by direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) at rabies diagnostic laboratory (RDL), Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Punjab, India. A detailed questionnaire was prepared for obtaining information about exposure/bite of humans by rabid animals, death of humans, demographic and epidemiological information of victims. Results: Out of total forty (40) suspected rabies cases, 30(75%) were found positive for rabies by dFAT. Laboratory confirmed rabies (LCR) incidence was 60.80% and 21.73% in stray and pet dogs, respectively. All pet dogs were vaccinated but no stray dog was vaccinated. The LCR incidence in buffaloes and cattle was 77.77% and 100%, respectively. Further in humans exposed to rabid animals (59), males were at more risk than females. The human rabies incidence was 3.38% (2/59). Highest incidence of dog bites in adult males on lower limb was observed from urban stray dogs (60.80%) followed by children. Post exposure vaccination was given to 98.3% humans exposed to rabid animals. Human’s rabies in two cases was due to no vaccination or RIG. Conclusions: Vaccination is an important step in controlling rabies in India. There is a need for integrated and comprehensive management of street dogs and bite management.
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Rabies is a zoonotic illness with a high mortality rate that attacks mammals' central nervous systems. It is a viral illness that may be avoided with immunization. Up to 99% of the human rabies transmissions occur in dogs, making them the primary cause of rabies mortality in humans. It is a case-report of rabies death in a 55-years old male, a prisoner from Phulbani Jail (Kandhamal), who was presented to MKCG Medical College and Hospital casualty with with chief complaints of difficulty in breathing and difficulty in drinking water since last night on 17 July 2023, at 11:19 pm. The patient had a history of dog bite exposure four years ago, for which he had not received any post-exposure prophylaxis. The patient was identified as having a likely case of rabies based on his previous history of animal bite and clinical manifestations. Patient was declared dead on 18 July 2023 at 10:30 am. Rabies diagnosis was confirmed by pathological examination of brain sample which showed presence of Negri bodies. This case-report focuses on the importance of proper medical history information including any animal bite exposure especially for convicts before admitting in prison so as to avoid later morbidity and its legal consequences. Such kind of incident also shows that there is lack of awareness regarding rabies in community. In this instance, mortality may have been prevented if the patient had finished the anti-rabies vaccine regimen and made it to a higher center in time for immunoglobulin. Increasing rabies vaccination awareness among the general public can help reduce rabies-related deaths.
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Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the knowledge regarding animal bite, prevention and control and study the association of the socio-demographic factors with knowledge regarding animal bite, prevention and control.Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in 280 animal bite victims attending animal bite OPD associated with Govt. Medical College Datia, Madhya Pradesh, India. Information collected with the semi-structured questionnaire after obtaining informed verbal consent for study duration of 3 mo. Data pertaining regarding knowledge of animal bite victims, prevention and control to the socio-demographic profile of victim, category of bite, age, sex, education, occupation, residence was collected. Data was analyzed using MS Excel and Epi Info software.Results: Among 280 victims 178(63.57%) were males, 156(55.7%) belongs to 15-45 y, 170(60.71%) were living in urban area, and 98(35%) and 89(31.7%) of the victims were agriculture worker and laborers respectively. 263(93.92%) victims bitten by dog of them 249(88.9%) by street dog, 221(78.92%) had Category III bite, lower extremity was affected in 280(75.71%), and 156(55.71%) of the victims were affected during evening hours.Conclusion: There is need for creating awareness in public and medical community about proper wound management and judicious use of anti-rabies vaccine.
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Background: In India, 97% of human rabies is transmitted by dogs. Rabies is 100% fatal but 100% preventable by vaccination. In rural community, there exists a considerable gap in knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) related to dog bite and its management. So, study was planned to assess same with reference to literacy status among adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in rural field practice area of Rajiv Gandhi medical college in Maharashtra during April to June 2023. Sample size was estimated. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Data was collected by personal interview using pretested questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. The statistical level of significance was fixed at p<0.05. Results: Of the 254 subjects interviewed, 208 (81.89%) were literate and 46 (18.11%) were illiterate, 224 (88.19%) subjects knew about rabies disease of which 190 (91.35%) were literate (p<0.05), 208 (81.89%) subjects mentioned that the dog bite leads to rabies of which 178 (85.58%) were literate (p<0.05), 172 (67.72%) said rabies can be prevented through vaccination of which 151 (72.60%) were literate (p<0.05), 179 (70.47%) said washing dog bite wound can reduce chance of rabies of which 158 (75.96%) were literate (p<0.05), 88 (34.65%) subjects have given history of dog bite. Literate subjects were having better knowledge, positive attitudes and healthy practices related to dog bite and its management. Conclusions: The gap in knowledge, attitude and practices about dog bite and its management among the subjects can be reduced by increasing literacy status, health education and focusing on communication services in rural area.
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Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO), rabies is a vaccine-preventable, zoonotic, viral disease caused by Lyssavirus type 1. It causes 20,000 deaths annually in India. MBBS interns represent the physicians who will graduate and practice medicine from next year. Hence, keeping this in mind, the present study was carried out to assess the knowledge regarding epidemiological determinants, prevention and management of rabies among MBBS interns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2023 to June 2023 among 200 MBBS interns of Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, Maharashtra. Data was collected by the self-administered, pre-designed, pre-structured questionnaire and was analysed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software version 25. Results: It was seen that the mean age of participants was 23.34 (±0.859) years. The majority of participants were males (51.5%). The majority (80%) of interns knew the correct causative agent of rabies, while only 40% knew the correct incubation period of rabies. The majority, that is 63.5%, 85.5% and 75% of interns, knew the correct route, site and schedule of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) respectively. Only 26.5% interns knew the correct management of category I animal bites, while 74.5% and 89% knew the correct management of category II and category III animal bites, respectively. The mean total knowledge score among interns was 13.17±2.63. Conclusions: The study found that interns with experience in dealing with animal bite cases had significantly higher total knowledge scores. To improve knowledge, interactive animal bite case-dealing sessions and regular CMEs should be conducted.
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Resumen La rabia es una enfermedad vírica prevenible mediante la inmunización. Esta afecta a personas de más de 150 países ocasionando decenas de defunciones, principalmente en los continentes de Asia y África. El 40 % de casos se dan en niños menores de 15 años, siendo el perro la principal fuente de contagio a humanos y del 99% de las muertes por esa causa; así, la vacunación de estos animales resulta la principal medida preventiva que se recomienda.
Abstract Rabies is a viral disease preventable through immunization. This disease affects more than 150 countries, causing dozens of deaths, mainly in the continents of Asia and Africa. 40% of cases occur in children under 15 years of age; the dog is the main source of 99% of deaths from rabies. For this reason, rabies disease can be prevented by vaccinating dogs and avoiding bites.
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Animal bites are a leading cause of injury among children, of which dog bites contribute significantly to the burden of Rabies in the world. This was a case report of a 7-year-old migrant girl child who was admitted to the casualty as a victim of multiple stray dog bite injuries. The child presented with multiple and extensive lesions all over the body. Trauma related to animal bites cause not just physical pain and suffering but also emotional stress and carries the risk of Rabies which is a highly fatal disease. Prompt management of the case with post exposure prophylaxis against Rabies needs to be done immediately, along with wound management to ensure good treatment results and patient outcome. This report presents the case of a child who sustained multiple stray dog bite injuries all over the body. Patient was followed up for one month, showed good wound healing and recovery.
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BACKGROUND:The recovery of function after spinal cord injury depends on the functional remodeling of the motor cortex.However,the anatomical evidence underlying the functional remodeling of the motor cortex is still illusive.Analyzing the anatomical changes in the motor cortex after spinal cord injury can provide new ideas and research directions for regulating functional recovery and rehabilitation after spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the neural circuit structural basis of functional remodeling of the primary motor cortex after spinal cord injury. METHODS:C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a sham operation group and a spinal cord injury group.The adeno-associated virus vectors expressing the fusion protein of Cre recombinase were injected into C4 of mice of both groups.The adeno-associated virus vectors with Cre recombinase-inducible expression of avian sarcoma/leukosis envelope glycoprotein receptor TVA and rabies glycoprotein were injected into the primary motor cortex.Fourteen days later,a C6 dorsal hemisection mice model was established in the spinal cord injury group.The pseudotyped rabies virus was injected into the primary motor cortex of mice of both groups.After 7 days,brain samples were collected and frozen sections were made.The distribution of input neurons innervating corticospinal motor neurons in the brain was observed and analyzed quantitatively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fluorescence microscopy observation and quantitative analysis found that input neurons innervating corticospinal motor neurons of the primary motor cortex in mice of both groups were distributed in the cerebral cortex,thalamus and midbrain.Among them,in the sham operation group,the number of input neurons in the mouse cerebral cortex accounted for(84.0±3.6)%of total brain input neurons;that in the thalamus accounted for(10.6±2.3)%,and that in the midbrain accounted for(0.7±0.4)%.Direct synaptic input neurons in the spinal cord injury group accounted for(81.7±1.0)%,(13.1±0.5)%,and(1.6±0.8)%in the cerebral cortex,thalamus and midbrain,respectively.The proportion and number of primary motor cortex input neurons in the three regions of the spinal cord injury group did not differ significantly from that of the sham operation group.After spinal cord injury,the number of input neurons innervating corticospinal pyramidal motor neurons in various brain regions did not change significantly,suggesting that functional remodeling of the motor cortex after spinal cord injury may not only depend on changes in synaptic input related to injured corticospinal motor neurons,but also on transcriptional regulation changes within the injured neurons themselves.
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@#Objective To investigate the effect of amplification culture of micro-carrier Vero cells from 30 L bioreactor to 300 L bioreactor after extra-tank trypsinization on the virus-producing ability of rabies virus(RABV)CTN-1Ⅴ strain.Methods The 140-passage of Vero cells were cultured at 37 ℃ for 72-120 h,then amplified by passaging at a cell density ratio of 1∶4 into the 10 × cell factory. After incubation at 37 ℃ for 72-120 h,the monolayer cells were detached and inoculated into the 30 L bioreactor with micro-carriers 7-10 g/L,culture temperature 37 ℃,pH 7. 0-7. 4,dissolved oxygen 30%-80%,stirring speed 10-50 r/min,and continuous perfusion culture 72-120 h. Total three batches of microcarrier Vero cells were cultured,which were amplified to the 300 L bioreactor after extra-tank trypsinization,with microcarrier5-8 g/L,culture temperature 37 ℃,pH 7. 0-7. 4,dissolved oxygen 30%-80%,stirring speed 30-80 r/min,and perfusion culture 72-120 h. RABV CTN-1Ⅴ was inoculated at the MOI of 0. 05,and the virus solution was harvested every 24 h and detected for the virus titer and antigen content. Results The cell density was about 1 × 10~7 cells/mL after culture for 96 h in the 30 L bioreactor,and was about 7. 4 × 10~6 cells/mL after culture for 96 h in the 300 L bioreactor. At 96 h after virus inoculation,the virus harvest solution reached the peak potency,with the average virus titer of 6. 8 lgLD_(50)/mL and the average antigen content of 2. 58 IU/mL. Conclusion The scale-up culture process of micro-carrier Vero cells after extra-tank trypsinization from 30 L bioreactor to 300 L bioreactor is stable and feasible,with no significant effect on the virus-producing ability of RABV CTN-1Ⅴ strain,which provides a reference for the large-scale production of inactivated RABV vaccine
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@#Objective To study the effect of different strains of mice(KM and ICR)immunized with rabies vaccine on thedetection of titer.Methods The rabies vaccine and the national standard for the efficacy verification of rabies vaccine forhuman use(referred to as national standard)were diluted with PBS at the ratios of 1∶25,1∶125,1∶625 and 1∶3 125,and KM and ICR mice with half male and half female were immunized intraperitoneally respectively.Sixteen mice of each strain wereimmunized with 0.5 m L/mouse at each dilution.The immunization was strengthened once every one week at the same dose androute.The mice in each group were weighed 0,7 and 14 d after the initial immunization.After 14 d of the initial immunization,the mice were subjected to intracranial attack with rabies virus(RABV)CVS2(5-100 LD_(50)),0.03 m L/mouse.The numberof mice with death and typical rabies brain symptoms 5 d after the attack was counted.According to the national standard ED_(50),the relative efficacy was calculated by Reed-Muench method.Results The body mass of the two strains of miceshowed an increasing trend during the immunization stage,and the body mass of KM mice increased faster than that of ICRmice.The lgED_(50) values of the national standard in KM mice were all within the expected range of 2.10-2.75,while thevalues in ICR mice were higher than the range.The titers of rabies vaccine in KM mice were all significantly lower than thosein ICR mice(t = 2.887-6.619,each P < 0.05).Conclusion Mouse strains can significantly affect the results of rabies vaccine titer determination,and different standards should be adopted for different strains of mice to ensure the accuracy of vaccine detection results.
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@#Objective To develop a large-scale culture process for rabies virus(RABV)in 150 L bioreactor,and lay a foundation for the further development of a larger-scale and high-density microcarrier reactor process.Methods Vero cells and RABV strain CTN-1V were cultured in 30 L(model:C30-2)and 150 L(model:VESSEL FERMENTER 300L)bioreactors by perfused culture with 20 g/L Cytodex-1 microcarrier and DO 20%-60%,at culture temperature 36-38 ℃ and pH 7.0-7.4.During the culture process,the cell density and virus titer were measured.The virus culture media was harvested for consecutive 13 d and detected for the sterility,mycoplasma,and the residues of antigen,host cell protein(HCP),bovine serum albumin(BSA)and DNA.Results The density of cultured cells in 30 L and 150 L bioreactors all reached above 1.2 ×10~7cell/mL.There was no significant difference in cell density at different time points during the culture(t = 0.225-2.173,P = 0.096-0.833).The highest virus titer(8.5 lgLD_(50)/mL)was found in the both bioreactors 6 d after infection with no significant difference(t = 1.000,P = 0.374).The residues of antigen,HCP,BSA and DNA in the virus suspension from the two bioreactors were basically the same.Conclusion 150 L bioreactor can be used for the large-scale culture of RABV,and the harvested virus conformed to the relevant standards in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Volume Ⅲ,2020 edition).
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@#Objective To identify the peak 2 protein on the right side of the main peak of size exclusion chromatograghy-high performance liquid chromatography(SEC-HPLC)in freeze-dried human rabies vaccine(Vero cell)stock solution(without human blood albumin),so as to determine the protein composition of the peak and ensure the vaccine quality.Methods The lyophilized human rabies vaccine(Vero cells)stock solution(without human blood albumin)was analyzed by SECHPLC,of which the peak 2 on the right side of the main peak was collected and concentrated by ultrafiltration,then reduced by dithiothreitol(DTT),alkylated by iodoacetamide (IAM) and hydrolyzed by Trypsin. The products were analyzed by nano LC-MS/MS.Results Four proteins were successfully identified in the right peak 2 of SEC-HPLC main peak in lyophilized human rabies vaccine(Vero cell)stock solution(without human blood albumin),and the number of matching peptides for a single protein ranged from 59 to 79. The number of single protein-matching characteristic peptides ranged from 6 to 12. The detection times of single protein-matching characteristic peptide segments ranged from 20 to 36 times. The sequence coverage of the identified proteins ranged from 37. 40% to 64. 31%. A total of 280 peptides participated in the statistics,and the mass spectrum deviation was less than 0. 15 Da.Conclusion The peak 2 on the right side of SEC-HPLC main peak of lyophilized human rabies vaccine(Vero cell)stock solution(without human blood albumin)is derived from rabies strain 4a GV,which is the vaccine particle dissociation.
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@#Objective To compare and analyze two methods for determination of vaccine particle content in freeze-dried human rabies vaccine(Vero cells)bulk and final bulk,and to provide experimental basis for establishing standard detection method for particle content and purity of rabies vaccine products.Methods The samples were subjected to vaccine particle cracking,BCA quantification,and size exclusion chromatograghy-high performance liquid chromatography(SEC-HPLC)analysis. BCA-SEC relative area method and BCA-SEC vaccine particle standard curve method were used to detect the total protein concentration of the bulk and final bulk,separately,and the content of vaccine particles was quantitatively analy-zed. Finally,the detection results of the two methods were compared and analyzed.Results The content of vaccine particles in freeze-dried human rabies vaccine bulk was determined to be within 256-305 μg/mL by the two methods,with an average value of 267-285 μg/mL,and the relative standard deviations(RSDs)ranged from 5. 8% to 10. 2%,with good consistency between two methods. The content of vaccine particles in freeze-dried human rabies vaccine final bulk was determined to be in the range of 149-169 μg/mL by the two methods,with an average value of 152-164 μg/mL,and the two methods showed the RSDs between 0. 9%-4. 7% with good consistency.Conclusion The measured value by BCA-SEC standard curve method deviates less from the expected value and is closer to the actual situation of samples,so it is recommended to use this method as a reference for enterprises.
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@#Objective To prepare murine and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against rabies virus(RV) matrix(M) protein and compare their reactivity.Methods The prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a-M was constructed by using the cDNA of cells infected with RV CVS-11 strain as template,then transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3),and the induced by IPTG to express M protein.After nickel column affinity chromatography and dialysis renaturation,female BALB/c mice and New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with the M protein,and the whole blood was taken to separate the serum.The titers of the murine and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were detected by ELISA,and the reactivity was measured by Western blot,indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA) and immunoprecipitation(IP).Results The plasmid pET-28a-M was constructed correctly as identified by sequencing.The titers of murine and rabbit polyclonal antibodies were 1:100 and 1:256 000respectively,and the polyclonal antibodies had reactivity with different RV strains.Conclusion The murine and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against M protein were successfully prepared,which provides important biological tools for exploring the interaction between M protein and host protein as well as studying the pathogenesis of RV.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological features and influencing factors of rabies in Shanxi Province，and to provide evidence to further promote the elimination of rabies in Shanxi Province. MethodsThe incidence data of rabies in Shanxi from 2011 to 2022 were collected and subjected to descriptive analysis. ResultsFrom 2011 to 2022， a total of 348 rabies cases were reported in Shanxi Province， with an average annual incidence of 0.080 3/105. The incidence of rabies showed a downward trend overall. The highest incidence was in August. The cases were mainly farmers， mostly males， and most cases were reported between 50 and 69 years old. The data of cases showed that dogs were the main animals attacking human （93.96%）. The incubation period of most cases was 1‒3 months （37.37%）.The main exposure site was hand（51.33%）. Only 2.66% cases with grade Ⅲ exposure were injected with passive immune agents. ConclusionThe incidence of rabies in Shanxi Province continues to decrease， but there are still loopholes in prevention and control measures. It is necessary to strengthen the management and immunization of dogs，health education， and standardized procedures after exposure to maintain the achievements in the prevention and control of rabies.
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ABSTRACT Human Rabies (HR) is a fatal zoonotic disease caused by lyssaviruses, with the rabies virus (RABV) identified as the causative agent. While the incidence of HR transmitted by dogs has decreased in Latin America, there has been a corresponding rise in transmission via wild animals. Given the lack of effective treatments and specific therapies, the management of HR relies on the availability of post-exposure prophylaxis and animal control measures. This review examines the dynamics and spread of HR during the global pandemic.
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ABSTRACT This report describes the occurrence of the rabies virus in two species of wild animals in the urban area of Montes Claros (MOC), Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in May 2023. The virus has been detected in frugivorous chiropterans (Artibeus sp) and marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). This is the first notified case of the rabies virus in the species C. penicillata in the urban area of MOC. Our findings show that the rabies virus is circulating in the urban area of MOC; therefore, permanent preventive measures must be adopted to avoid infection of other animals and humans.
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Introducción. Este estudio pretende caracterizar las lesiones provocadas por perros en niños de un hospital pediátrico de Bolivia. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, en pacientes atendidos del 2017 al 2021. Resultados. Se estudiaron 769 pacientes. Las lesiones representaron el 5,6 % de las emergencias y el 0,8 % de las internaciones. Fueron más frecuentes en niños de hasta 5 años (55,1 %), en quienes se observó mayor gravedad de las lesiones (p = 0,008), antecedente de provocación al animal (p = 0,048), un animal agresor conocido (p <0,036), el contexto doméstico del accidente (p = 0,021), mayor frecuencia de profilaxis con suero luego de la exposición (p = 0,005) y regiones afectadas principalmente maxilofaciales (p <0,001). Observamos 3 casos de mortalidad por rabia humana y 1 por shock hipovolémico. Conclusión. Las lesiones producidas por perros son causas frecuentes de visita a emergencia y hospitalización en pediatría, y tienen características particulares en niños de hasta 5 años de edad.
Introduction. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of dog bite injuries in children seen at a children's hospital in Bolivia. Population and methods. This was an observational, retrospective study in patients seen between 2017 and 2021. Results. A total of 769 patients were studied. Dog bite injuries accounted for 5.6% of emergency visits and 0.8% of hospitalizations. They were more frequent in children younger than 5 years (55.1%), in whom the following were observed: greater injury severity (p = 0.008), history of animal provocation (p = 0.048), known attacking animal (p < 0.036), domestic accident (p = 0.021), greater frequency of post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-rabies serum (p = 0.005), and maxillofacial area as the main region involved (p < 0.001). There were 3 deaths due to human rabies and 1 due to hypovolemic shock. Conclusion. Dog bite injuries are a frequent cause of visit to the emergency department and hospitalization in pediatrics and have specific characteristics in children younger than 5 years.
الموضوعات
Humans , Animals , Child, Preschool , Child , Bites and Stings/therapy , Bites and Stings/epidemiology , Emergency Service, Hospital , Bolivia/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Dogs , Tertiary Care Centersالملخص
En la antigüedad ya se describía la rabia como una enfermedad zoonótica fatal cuyo pronóstico inexorable superaba todas las alter-nativas terapéuticas de los más célebres médicos. La realidad chilena sobre esta enfermedad a fines del siglo XIX fue descrita certeramente por el médico mártir Pedro Videla Órdenes en su tesis "La rabia" de 1879, destacando la descripción clínica de la rabia, su pronóstico fatal y la ausencia de tratamientos eficaces. Tan sólo seis años después, en 1885, el aclamado químico y microbiólogo Louis Pasteur desarrolló la vacuna antirrábica, logrando por primera vez en la historia de la humanidad prevenir esta terrible enfermedad. En Chile, se inició rápidamente la implementación de la vacuna Pasteur, vacunando al primer chileno el 7 de julio de 1896. Los doctores Milcíades Espinosa y Arturo Atria, en sus tesis "Generalidades sobre la rabia" (1898) y "Sobre la rabia y su profilaxia en Chile" (1905), respectivamente, abordaron esta primera etapa del desarrollo de la vacuna antirrábica en el país.
In antiquity, rabies was already described as a fatal zoonotic disease whose inexorable prognosis exceeded all the therapeutic alternatives of the most famous doctors. The Chilean reality about this disease at the end of the 19th century was accurately described by the martyred doctor Pedro Videla Ordenes in his thesis "La rabia" of 1879, highlighting in it his description about the unknown etiological agent, the fatal prognosis of the disease and the absence of effective treatments. Just six years later, in 1885, the acclaimed chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine, managing to prevent this terrible disease for the first time in human history. In Chile, the implementation of the Pasteur vaccine began rapidly, vaccinating the first Chilean on July 7, 1896. Doctors Milcíades Espinosa and Arturo Atria, in their theses "Generalidades sobre la rabia" (1898) and "Sobre la rabia y su profilaxia en Chile" (1905), respectively, addressed this first stage of the development of the rabies vaccine in the country.
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Humans , Rabies/history , Rabies Vaccines/history , Rabies/prevention & control , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies virus/pathogenicity , Chile/epidemiologyالملخص
Background: Rabies is a vaccine-preventable, viral disease. However, once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is 100% fatal. Significantly, India accounts for 36% of the world’s rabies deaths. Recently, in Kerala, a surge in dog bite cases and a consequent rise in the incidence of rabies deaths has been noted, which is a serious public health medical concern. The present study was done to assess the level of knowledge of rabies and its prevention among medical students of Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha to identify lacunae in knowledge if any and to provide sessions on rabies prevention and control. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the medical students of Government T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha in 2022. Convenient sampling was done, and data was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire which was analysed using SPSS software. Results: Out of the 261 students who took part in the study, 88.13% of the study participants were observed to have medium to sufficient level of knowledge regarding rabies and its prevention, while 11.87% had low level of knowledge. In general, the level of knowledge was noted to be roughly proportional to the year of study of MBBS. Conclusions: The level of knowledge of the participants with regards to the schedule of vaccination and knowledge of symptoms of rabies, was observed to be less than what would be desirable. Structured training and education of medical students can rectify this lacuna, and thereby bring about significant reduction in fatality rates.