Association of stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline with cardiovascular events and mortality in Chinese adults / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) blood pressure (BP) guideline lowered the threshold defining hypertension to 130/80 mmHg. However, how stage 1 hypertension defined using this guideline is associated with cardiovascular events in Chinese adults remains unclear. This study assessed the association between stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline and clinical outcomes in the Chinese population.@*METHODS@#Participants with stage 1 hypertension ( n = 69,509) or normal BP ( n = 34,142) were followed in this study from 2006/2007 to 2020. Stage 1 hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 130-139 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg. None were taking antihypertensive medication or had a history of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or cancer at baseline. The primary outcome was a composite of MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality. The secondary outcomes were individual components of the primary outcome. Cox proportional hazards models were used for the analysis.@*RESULTS@#During a median follow-up of 11.09 years, we observed 10,479 events (MI, n = 995; stroke, n = 3408; all-cause mortality, n = 7094). After multivariable adjustment, the hazard ratios for stage 1 hypertension vs. normal BP were 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.25) for primary outcome, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.05-1.46) for MI, 1.45 (95% CI, 1.33-1.59) for stroke, and 1.11 (95% CI, 1.04-1.17) for all-cause mortality. The hazard ratios for participants with stage 1 hypertension who were prescribed antihypertensive medications compared with those without antihypertensive treatment during the follow-up was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Using the new definition, Chinese adults with untreated stage 1 hypertension are at higher risk for MI, stroke, and all-cause mortality. This finding may help to validate the new BP classification system in China.

Interpretation of 2023 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics focused update on neonatal resuscitation guidelines / 中国当代儿科杂志

In November 2023, the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics jointly released key updates to the neonatal resuscitation guidelines based on new clinical evidence. This update serves as an important supplement to the "Neonatal resuscitation: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care". The aim of this paper is to outline the key updates and provide guidance on umbilical cord management and the selection of positive pressure ventilation equipment and its additional interfaces in neonatal resuscitation.

Principales recomendaciones de reanimación cardiopulmonar y atención cardiovascular de emergencia para el año 2020 / Best practice recommendations for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care for 2020

Las altas tasas de letalidad y mortalidad a causa del paro cardiorespiratorio por fibrilación ventricular son considerados un problema de salud pública, cobrando gran relevancia la posibilidad de que sean revertidos rápidamente con la presencia de profesionales capacitados o por personal "lego" actualizados en reanimación cardiopulmonar. El objetivo del presente artículo de revisión fue analizar las nuevas recomendaciones de la American Heart Association para reanimación cardiopulmonar y atención cardiovascular de emergencia para el año 2020.

High rates of lethality and mortality due to ventricular fibrillation cardiorespiratory arrest are considered a public health problem, Thus, the possibility of reversed quickly by trained professionals or updated "lego" staff in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is taking great relevance. The objective of this review article was to discuss the New Recommendations of the American Heart Association for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care for 2020.

Atención de Enfermería en el paciente adulto con Paro Cardiorrespiratorio en el Hospital General San Francisco / Nursing care in the adult patient with Cardiorespiratory Arrest at the San Francisco General Hospital

1. INTRODUCCIÓNSegún la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se registran cada año más de 17 200 000 fallecimientos a nivel del mundo por causas cardiovasculares1-3.La enfermedad coronaria causa habitual de Paro Cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) en adultos4. Los pacientes de mayor riesgo corresponden a 50 y 70 años de edad, en un 70% hombres vs 30% mujeres, el 80% de estos se dan por Fibrilación Ventricular (FV) o Taquicardia Ventricular Sin Pulso (TVSP), datos registrados en 20175-7.En el Ecuador, acorde al Instituto Na-cional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC) en el año 2019 se registraron 8 779 muertes a causa de isquemias del corazón, convir-tiéndose en la principal causa de morta-lidad general con un 11,80%8.En esta ruta se describe cuál es el papel de la enfermera como parte del equipo de respuesta ante un PCR, con base a las Guías de la American Heart Association (AHA).El procedimiento a seguir está expre-sado en el contexto de la Taxonomía de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Asso-ciation (NANDA), Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), el nombre y siglas en inglés de la clasificación estandarizada y codificada de las intervenciones de en-fermería y Nursing Outcomes Classifica-tion (NOC), la clasificación de resultados obtenidos luego de los cuidados.

1. INTRODUCTIONAccording to the World Health Organiza-tion (WHO), more than 17 200 000 deaths worldwide are registered each year from cardiovascular causes1-3.Coronary heart disease is a common cause of Cardiorespiratory Arrest (CRP) in adults4 The highest risk patients co-rrespond to 50 and 70 years of age, 70% men vs 30% women, 80% of these are due to Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) or Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (PVT), data recorded in 20175-7. In Ecuador, according to the National Ins-titute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC) in 2019, 8 779 deaths were recorded due to ischemia of the heart, becoming the main cause of general mortality with 11.80%8.This route describes the role of the nurse as part of the response team to a CRA, based on the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines.The procedure to be followed is expressed in the context of the Taxonomy of the North American Nursing Diagnosis As-sociation (NANDA), Nursing Interven-tions Classification (NIC), the name and acronym in English of the standardized and coded classification of nursing inter-ventions and Nursing Outcomes Classifi-cation (NOC), the classification of results obtained after care.

Risco Cardiovascular e Elegibilidade Para Estatina na Prevenção Primária: Comparação Entre a Diretriz Brasileira e a Diretriz da AHA/ACC / Cardiovascular Risk and Statin Eligibility in Primary Prevention: A Comparison between the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC Guidelines

Resumo Fundamento Diferenças entre as versões atualizadas da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e da Diretriz de Colesterol da American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) quanto à estratificação de risco cardiovascular e à elegibilidade para a terapia com estatina não são conhecidas. Objetivos Comparar a categorização de risco cardiovascular e a elegibilidade à terapia com estatina estabelecidas segundo a diretriz brasileira ou a diretriz da AHA/ACC em pacientes em prevenção primária. Métodos Nós avaliamos retrospectivamente indivíduos com idade entre 40 e 74 anos sem condições de alto risco, com LDL-c 70 -< 190 mg/dL, sem tratamento com agentes hipolipemiantes, e que passaram por avaliação clínica de rotina. O risco cardiovascular foi estratificado de acordo com a diretriz brasileira e a da AHA/ACC. Os indivíduos foram considerados elegíveis para estatina se os níveis de LDL-c estivessem no mínimo 30 mg/dL acima da meta para o risco cardiovascular (diretriz brasileira) ou se o risco em 10 anos para doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica fosse ≥ 7,5% (diretriz da AHA/ACC). Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados A amostra do estudo consistiu 18525 indivíduos (69% homens, idade 48 ± 6 anos). Entre os indivíduos considerados de risco intermediário ou alto segundo a diretriz brasileira, mais de 80% seriam classificados em uma categoria de risco mais baixo segundo a diretriz da AHA/ACC. Entre os homens, 45% e 16% seriam considerados elegíveis para a terapia com estatina segundo as diretrizes brasileira e da AHA/ACC, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Entre as mulheres, as respectivas proporções seriam 16% e 1% (p < 0,001). Oitenta e dois porcento das mulheres e 57% dos homens elegíveis para estatina com base no critério da diretriz brasileira não seriam considerados elegíveis para estatina segundo o critério da AHA/ACC. Conclusões Em comparação à diretriz da AHA/ACC, a diretriz brasileira classifica uma maior proporção dos pacientes em prevenção primária em categorias de risco mais alto e aumenta substancialmente a elegibilidade para estatina. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):440-449)

Abstract Background Differences between the updated versions of the Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and the American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) Cholesterol Guideline regarding cardiovascular risk stratification and statin eligibility are unknown. Objectives To compare cardiovascular risk categorization and statin eligibility based on the Brazilian guideline with those based on the AHA/ACC guideline in primary prevention patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed individuals aged 40-74 years without high-risk conditions, with LDL-c 70 to < 190 mg/dL, not on lipid-lowering drugs, who underwent routine clinical assessment. Cardiovascular risk was stratified according to the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines. Subjects were considered eligible for statin therapy if LDL-c was at least 30 mg/dL above the target for the cardiovascular risk (Brazilian guideline) or the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk was ≥7.5% (AHA/ACC guideline). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study sample consisted of 18,525 subjects (69% male, age 48 ± 6 years). Among subjects considered at intermediate or high risk by the Brazilian guideline, over 80% would be in a lower risk category by the AHA/ACC guideline. Among men, 45% and 16% would be statin eligible by the Brazilian and the AHA/ACC guidelines criteria, respectively (p < 0.001). Among women, the respective proportions would be 16% and 1% (p < 0.001). Eighty-two percent of women and 57% of men eligible for statins based on the Brazilian guideline criterion would not be eligible according to the AHA/ACC guideline criterion. Conclusions Compared with the AHA/ACC guideline, the Brazilian guideline classifies a larger proportion of primary prevention patients into higher-risk categories and substantially increases statin eligibility. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):440-449)

Avaliação do impacto das superfícies de compreensão na força necessária para compreensão torácica de alta qualidade / Impact evaluation of compression surfaces on the force required for high-quality chest compression

Introdução: A ressuscitação cardiopulmonar (RCP), em especial, a compressão torácica de alta qualidade é fundamental para a sobrevivência de pacientes vítimas de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) intra e extra-hospitalar. Um ponto importante a ser considerado é que não existem recomendações relativas às especificidades da execução das manobras de RCP em condições hospitalares, onde os pacientes estão alocados em superfícies que podem interferir na qualidade das compressões torácicas. Estudos experimentais mostram que a qualidade das compressões torácicas pode variar em cenários da vida real devido a diferenças ambientais e características das superfícies. São consideradas superfícies de compressão o colchão onde o paciente estiver deitado, o chão, a cama/maca e a superfície rígida/ prancha. Essas superfícies de compressão apresentam variáveis que podem impactar o atingimento (alcance) da profundidade adequada na compressão torácica. Objetivos: Mensurar o impacto das diferentes superfícies de compressão (cama/maca, colchão e prancha rígida) sobre a força necessária para realizar compressão torácica de alta qualidade; correlacionar as características das superfícies de compressão (cama/maca, colchão e prancha rígida) com a força necessária para realizar compressão torácica de alta qualidade e identificar um modelo de regressão que possa relacionar, conjunta ou isoladamente, as diferentes superfícies de compressão com a força necessária para realizar compressão torácica de alta qualidade. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo experimental, de abordagem quantitativa, onde foi investigado o impacto das características das superfícies de compressão na força necessária para uma compressão torácica de alta qualidade realizado com manequim do tipo Little Anne e um equipamento construído para execução das compressões torácicas. Resultados: Foram realizados 230 testes experimentais que mediram a força necessária para uma compressão torácica de alta qualidade incluindo a variação de 2 fatores: conjunto de cama/maca + colchão e presença ou ausência de prancha rígida. Cinco destes testes foram realizados numa mesa de mármore, simulando o chão, que foi usada como padrão ouro para este estudo. A prancha de madeira apresentou o melhor resultado estatístico para força necessária para uma compressão torácica de alta qualidade, comparada às de acrílico, cabeceira removível do leito e sem a utilização da prancha rígida. As dimensões da cama e, principalmente, as características dos colchões estão correlacionadas estatisticamente com a força necessária para a compressão torácica de alta qualidade, indicando que maiores dimensões da cama e de colchões estão relacionadas à maior força necessária para a compressão torácica ideal e vice-versa. Conclusão: Este estudo atingiu seu objetivo permitindo medir o impacto das superfícies de compressão sobre a força necessária para atingir uma compressão torácica ideal, assim como correlacionar com as dimensões e características das camas/macas, colchões e pranchas rígidas, possibilitando a reflexão das equipes de saúde sobre um atendimento de RCP no que tange ao impacto dessas superfícies sobre a força necessária para se alcançar uma compressão torácica de alta qualidade. Os resultados da análise de regressão confirmam que nenhuma das medidas da prancha rígida é significativa para a força necessária para compressão torácica de alta qualidade. Foram investigados 8.190 modelos de regressão com as possíveis combinações das variáveis da cama/maca, colchão e prancha rígida e não foi possível modelar a força necessária para a compressão torácica de alta qualidade com as dimensões estudadas utilizadas neste trabalho.

Introduction: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), particularly the high-quality chest compression, is essential for patient's survival who are victims of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) inside and outside hospitals. An important point to be considered is that there are no recommendations regarding specifics CPR maneuvers in hospital conditions, where patients are placed on surfaces that can interfere in the quality of chest compressions. Experimental studies show that the quality of chest compressions can vary in real-life settings due to environmental differences and surface characteristics. Compression surfaces considered are the mattress where the patient is lying, the floor, the bed / stretcher, and the rigid surface / board. These compression surfaces have variables that can impact reaching (reach) the appropriate depth in chest compression. Objectives: Measure the impact of the different compression surfaces (bed / stretcher, mattress and rigid board) on the force required to perform high-quality chest compression; correlate the characteristics of the compression surfaces (bed / stretcher, mattress and rigid board) with necessary strength to perform high- quality chest compression and identify a regression model that can relate, jointly or separately, the different compression surfaces to the necessary force to perform high-quality chest compression. Methodology: This is an experimental study, with a quantitative approach, in which the impact of the compression surfaces' characteristics on the necessary force for high-quality chest compression performed with a Little Anne mannequin and equipment built to perform compressions was investigated. Results: 230 experimental tests were carried out to measure the strength required for high-quality chest compression including the variation of 2 factors: bed / stretcher set + mattress and the presence or absence of a rigid board. Five tests were performed on a marble table, simulating the floor, which was used as the gold standard for this study. The wooden plank presented the best statistical result for the necessary strength for a high-quality chest compression, compared to acrylic, removable headboard and without the use of the rigid plank. The bed's dimensions and, mainly, the mattresses' characteristics are statistically correlated with the necessary force for high-quality chest compression, indicating that larger dimensions of bed and mattresses are related to the greater force necessary for the ideal compression and vice- versa. Conclusion: This study achieved its objective allowing to measure the impact of the compression surfaces on the necessary force to achieve an ideal chest compression, as well as to correlate with the dimensions and characteristics of the beds / stretchers, mattresses and rigid boards, allowing the reflection for the health teams on a CPR service regarding the impact of these surfaces on the necessary force to achieve high-quality chest compression. The regression analysis' results confirm that none of the rigid board's measurements is significant to the strength required for high-quality chest compression. 8,190 regression models were investigated with the possible combinations of bed / stretcher, mattress, and rigid board variables, and it was not possible to model the strength required for high-quality chest compression with the studied dimensions used in this work.

2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Guideline-based Prevalence of Hypertension in a semi-urban community in Nigeria: Public Health Perspective / Guía clínica de 2017 sobre prevalencia de hipertensión del American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association en una comunidad semi-urbana de Nigeria: Perspectiva de Salud Pública

Abstract Background: Evidence from previous studies has consistently revealed that patients develop target organ damage even with seemingly normal blood pressure thus informing the development of a new treatment guideline in 2017. The prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8-45%, however this is expected to change due to the new guideline. Thus, this study sought to estimate the prevalence of hypertension based on 2017 ACC/AHA clinical guidelines, and determine its associated factors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study a total of 296 participants were recruited with a simple random technique using a table of random numbers. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured and data was analysed with SPSS version 22. The primary outcome measures included proportion of respondents with hypertension based on AHA guideline and JNC 7 classifications, as well as the association between hypertension and BMI, age, sex and marital status. Results: The mean age of study participants was 38.71years, and male to female ratio was 2:3. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 63.5% and 22.6% based on the new guideline and JNC 7 classification respectively; higher risk of hypertension was significantly associated with the AHA guideline (p< 0.001). Association between body mass index, marital status (currently married/not married), sex, age group (≥40 vs. < 40years) and systolic as well as diastolic hypertension was significant (p< 0.001). Females were more than twice as likely to be hypertensive as males [OR: 2.51 (1.54 - 4.10)]. Age and weight were the only significant predictors of abnormal blood pressure, diastolic and systolic hypertension. Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension based on the new guideline is staggeringly high and portends a huge public health problem. This conundrum requires immediate intervention in order to forestall the damaging effects of hypertension on vital body organs and for participants to lead a healthy life.

Resumen Antecedentes: La evidencia de los estudios previos ha revelado, consistentemente, que los pacientes desarrollan daños en los órganos diana aun cuando su presión arterial es aparentemente normal, lo cual ha impulsado el desarrollo de una nueva guía de tratamiento en 2017. La prevalencia de la hipertensión en Nigeria oscila del 8 al 45%, aunque está previsto que cambie, debido a esta nueva guía. En nuestro estudio calculamos la prevalencia de la hipertensión, basada en la guía clínica de ACC/AHA de 2017, y determinamos sus factores asociados. Métodos: En este estudio transversal reunimos a un total de 296 participantes mediante una técnica aleatoria simple, utilizando una tabla de números aleatorios. Medimos la presión arterial, el peso y la altura, y analizamos los datos con SPSS versión 22. Las medidas del resultado primario incluyeron la proporción de respondedores hipertensos, basándonos en la guía AHA y en la clasificación JNC 7, así como en la asociación entre hipertensión e IMC, edad, sexo y estado civil. Resultados: La edad media de los participantes del estudio fue de 38,71 años, siendo el ratio varón:mujer de 2:3. La prevalencia global de la hipertensión fue del 63,5% y del 22,6%, sobre la base de la nueva guía y la clasificación JNC 7, respectivamente. El mayor riesgo de hipertensión se asoció significativamente a la guía AHA (p< 0,001). La asociación entre índice de masa corporal, estado civil (actualmente casados/solteros), sexo, grupo de edad (≥40 vs. < 40 años), e hipertensión sistólica y diastólica fue significativa (p< 0,001). Las mujeres superaron en más del doble a los varones, en cuanto a la probabilidad de padecer hipertensión [OR: 2,51 (1,54 - 4,1)]. La edad y el peso constituyeron los únicos factores predictivos significativos de presión arterial anormal e hipertensión diastólica y sistólica. Conclusión: La prevalencia de la hipertensión basada en una nueva guía es asombrosamente elevada, presagiando un gran problema de salud pública. Este interrogante requiere una intervención inmediata, a fin de prevenir los efectos dañinos de la hipertensión en los órganos vitales, y animar a los participantes a llevar una vida sana.

¿Qué representa cambiar el umbral diagnóstico de la hipertensión arterial? Guías ACC/AHA 2017 y su aplicación en Perú / Changes in the prevalence of hypertension in Peru using the new guideline of the American College of Cardiology

Introduction and Objective: There is little evidence in Latin America about the impact of the ACC/AHA 2017 guideline. Taking as reference the JNC 7 guideline, the objective of our study is to estimate changes in the prevalence of arterial hypertension (HBP) according to socio-demographic characteristics and geographic regions, applying the criteria of the new ACC / AHA guide 2017. Methods: Cross-sectional study of the Demographic and Family Health Survey conducted in Peru in 2017. Standardized weighted hypertension prevalence's were estimated for the WHO population according to both guidelines, and absolute differences with 95% CI. Results: We included 30,682 people aged 18 years and over, with an average age of 42.3 years, 51.1% women. The standardized prevalence of HBP for 2017 according to JNC 7 was 14.4% (95% CI: 13.8-15.1) and according to ACC / AHA 2017 it was 32.9% (95% CI: 32.0-33.7), so the prevalence increase is 18.5 percentage points, being higher in males than females (24.2 vs 12.9 respectively). In people with obesity and / or who consume tobacco, the increases were higher (24.3 and 24.1 percentage points respectively). In the regions of Tacna, Ica and Metropolitan Lima, the increase, in comparison with the JNC 7 guidelines, overcome the national average (22.4, 20.7 and 20.4, percentage points, respectively). Conclusions: Considering the context of a Latin American country and knowing the epidemiology of hypertension in Peru, the potential adoption of the ACC/AHA 2017 guidelines for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of hypertension should be accompanied by an evaluation of the impact at the individual, system and social level.

Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis: Implication of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Findings among Statin Candidates according to the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Management Guidelines

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cardiovascular outcome of statin medication in individuals retrospectively categorized on the basis of the 2013 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines risk assessment and to determine the additional prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in assessing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in this group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed 4255 asymptomatic individuals who had undergone self-referred CCTA with a median follow-up period of 87 months. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACEs); these included cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. Individuals recommended for statins according to the ACC/AHA guidelines were analyzed by their assessed risk. RESULTS: MACE occurrence was significantly higher in the statin-recommended (SR) group with significant coronary artery disease (CAD) than in those with insignificant CAD (p < 0.001). In individuals with a normal coronary artery on CCTA, MACEs did not occur regardless of statin medication. In the SR group with significant CAD, there was no significant difference between statin users and non-users (p = 0.810). However, in cases with insignificant CAD, the event-free survival was significantly lower among statin users (p = 0.034). In patients recommended for moderate-intensity statins, the segment involvement score on CCTA was significantly associated with a higher risk of MACEs (hazard ratio 2.558; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: CCTA might have a potential role in CVD risk stratification among asymptomatic statin candidates.

Guideline of atrial fibrillation management

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population. The Korean Heart Rhythm Society organized a Korean Atrial Fibrillation Management Guideline Committee and analyzed all available studies regarding the management of AF, including studies on Korean patients. This guideline is based on recent data of the Korean population and the recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, and Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Expert consensus or guidelines for the optimal management of Korean patients with AF were achieved after a systematic review with intensive discussion. This article provides general principles for appropriate risk stratification and selection of anticoagulation therapy in Korean patients with AF. This guideline deals with optimal stroke prevention, screening, rate and rhythm control, risk factor management, and integrated management of AF.

2018 Korean Guideline of Atrial Fibrillation Management

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia in the general population. The Korean Heart Rhythm Society organized a Korean AF Management Guideline Committee and analyzed all available studies regarding the management of AF, including studies on Korean patients. This guideline is based on recent data of the Korean population and the recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, and Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Expert consensus or guidelines for the optimal management of Korean patients with AF were achieved after a systematic review with intensive discussion. This article provides general principles for appropriate risk stratification and selection of anticoagulation therapy in Korean patients with AF. This guideline deals with optimal stroke prevention, screening, rate and rhythm control, risk factor management, and integrated management of AF.

Recent advances in the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) has been increasing recently in Korea. Although the delayed diagnosis of KD can cause coronary artery abnormalities, no specific test is available. Thus, optimal guidelines for early diagnosis and treatment of KD are the best way to prevent the development of coronary artery abnormalities. The 2017 updated American Heart Association guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of KD are informative for physicians who face with children having manifestations suggestive of KD.

Comparison of Clinical Manifestation and Laboratory Findings between Adenoviral Infection with or without Kawasaki Disease / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: Adenovirus infection, which has been known to mimic Kawasaki disease (KD), is one of the most frequent conditions observed during differential diagnosis when considering KD. Accordingly, it is essential to being able to differentiate between these two diseases. Therefore, we performed multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and tissue-Doppler echocardiography to distinguish between adenovirus patients and KD patients. METHODS: A total of 113 adenoviral infection patients (female 48, male 65) diagnosed from January 2010 to June 2016 were evaluated. We divided adenoviral infection patients into two groups: group 1, which consisted of individuals diagnosed with KD according to the KD American Heart Association criteria (n=62, KD with adenovirus infection); and group 2, which comprised individuals only diagnosed with adenovirus infection (n=51). Laboratory data were obtained from each patient including N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. Echocardiographic measurements were compared between two groups. In addition, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed using nasopharyngeal secretions to diagnose adenoviral infection. RESULTS: Conjunctival injection, cervical lymphadenopathy, polymorphous skin rash, abnormalities of the lip or oral mucosa and abnormalities of extremities were significantly higher in group 1 than group 2. Moreover, group 1 had significantly higher C-reactive protein and alanine aminotransferase levels, as well as lower platelet counts and albumin levels than group 2. Coronary artery diameter was significantly greater in group 1 than group 2. CONCLUSION: In patients with adenoviral infection with unexplained prolonged fever, echocardiography and C-reactive protein can be used to differentiate KD with adenoviral infection from adenoviral infection alone.

Construction and validation of a distance Basic Life Support Course / Construcción y validación de Curso de Soporte Básico a la Vida a distancia / Construção e validação de Curso de Suporte Básico de Vida a distância

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the content construction and validation process of the Distance Education Basic Life Support Course. Method: methodological study, developed through literature review, outlined in the light of the Bloom's Taxonomy and Ausubel's Meaningful Learning Theory. For validation, the analysis was performed with judges, using a structured tool. Results: the construction of the distance course was complex and challenging, since it was tried to develop it with logical-methodological coherence, considering the constructivist perspective, representing an advance in the process of dissemination of the Urgency and Emergency teaching culture. As for the content validation process, it was verified that of the 16 suggestions made by the judges, 14 were accepted and two rejected. Conclusion: the course had its contents validated by experts.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el proceso de construcción y validación de contenido de un curso de Soporte Básico a la Vida en la modalidad de educación a distancia. Método: estudio metodológico, desarrollado mediante revisión de la literatura, delineado a la luz de la Taxonomía de Bloom y la Teoría del Aprendizaje Significativo de Ausubel. Para validación, fue realizado un análisis con jueces mediante la utilización de instrumento estructurado. Resultados: la construcción de un curso a distancia se mostró compleja y desafiante una vez que se intentó desarrollarlo con coherencia lógico-metodológica, considerando la perspectiva constructivista, representando un avance en el proceso de diseminación de la cultura de la enseñanza de urgencia y emergencia. En cuanto al proceso de validación de contenido, se verificó que de las 16 sugerencias realizadas por los jueces, 14 fueron acatadas y 2, rechazadas. Conclusión: el curso obtuvo su contenido validado por expertos.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o processo de construção e validação de conteúdo do curso de Suporte Básico de Vida na modalidade Educação a Distância. Método: estudo metodológico, desenvolvido mediante revisão da literatura, delineado à luz da Taxonomia de Bloom e Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel. Para validação, foi realizada a análise com juízes, mediante utilização de instrumento estruturado. Resultados: a construção do curso a distância se mostrou complexa e desafiadora, uma vez que se procurou desenvolvê-lo com coerência lógico-metodológica, considerando a perspectiva construtivista, representando um avanço no processo de disseminação da cultura do ensino de Urgência e Emergência. Quanto ao processo de validação de conteúdo, verificou-se que das 16 sugestões realizadas pelos juízes, 14 foram acatadas e duas rejeitadas. Conclusão: o curso obteve o seu conteúdo validado por especialistas.

Comparison of the ACC/AHA and Framingham algorithms to assess cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the predictions of Framingham cardiovascular (CV) risk score (FRS) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) risk score in an HIV outpatient clinic in the city of Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. In a cross-sectional study 341 HIV infected patients over 40 years old consecutively recruited were interviewed. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess agreement between the two algorithms. 61.3% were stratified as low risk by Framingham score, compared with 54% by ACC/AHA score (Spearman correlation 0.845; p < 0.000). Only 26.1% were classified as cardiovascular high risk by Framingham compared to 46% by ACC/AHA score (Kappa = 0.745; p < 0.039). Only one out of eight patients had cardiovascular high risk by Framingham at the time of a myocardial infarction event registered up to five years before the study period. Both cardiovascular risk scores but especially Framingham underestimated high-risk patients in this HIV-infected population.

Rheumatic fever: update on the Jones criteria according to the American Heart Association review - 2015 / Febre reumática: atualização dos critérios de Jones à luz da revisão da American Heart Association - 2015

ABSTRACT Rheumatic fever is still currently a prevalent disease, especially in developing countries. Triggered by a Group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus infection, the disease may affect genetically predisposed patients. Rheumatic carditis is the most important of its clinical manifestations, which can generate incapacitating sequelae of great impact for the individual and for society. Currently, its diagnosis is made based on the Jones criteria, established in 1992 by the American Heart Association. In 2015, the AHA carried out a significant review of these criteria, with new diagnostic parameters and recommendations. In the present study, the authors perform a critical analysis of this new review, emphasizing the most relevant points for clinical practice.

RESUMO A febre reumática ainda é uma doença prevalente nos tempos atuais, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento. Deflagrada por uma infecção pelo Streptococcus β-hemolítico do grupo A, pode afetar pacientes geneticamente predispostos. A cardite reumática é a mais importante das manifestações clínicas, pode gerar sequelas incapacitantes e de grande impacto para o indivíduo e para a sociedade. Atualmente, seu diagnóstico é feito baseado nos Critérios de Jones, estabelecidos em 1992 pela American Heart Association (AHA). Em 2015, a AHA procedeu a uma significativa revisão desses critérios, com novos parâmetros e recomendações diagnósticas. No presente estudo, os autores fazem uma análise crítica dessa nova revisão e enfatizam os pontos de maior relevância para a prática clínica.

Cardiovascular Risk Stratification and Statin Eligibility Based on the Brazilian vs. North American Guidelines on Blood Cholesterol Management / Estratificação de Risco Cardiovascular e Elegibilidade para Estatina com Base na Diretriz Brasileira vs. Norte-Americana para Manejo do Colesterol

Abstract Background: The best way to select individuals for lipid-lowering treatment in the population is controversial. Objective: In healthy individuals in primary prevention: to assess the relationship between cardiovascular risk categorized according to the V Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia and the risk calculated by the pooled cohort equations (PCE); to compare the proportion of individuals eligible for statins, according to different criteria. Methods: In individuals aged 40-75 years consecutively submitted to routine health assessment at one single center, four criteria of eligibility for statin were defined: BR-1, BR-2 (LDL-c above or at least 30 mg/dL above the goal recommended by the Brazilian Guideline, respectively), USA-1 and USA-2 (10-year risk estimated by the PCE ≥ 5.0% or ≥ 7.5%, respectively). Results: The final sample consisted of 13,947 individuals (48 ± 6 years, 71% men). Most individuals at intermediate or high risk based on the V Brazilian Guideline had a low risk calculated by the PCE, and more than 70% of those who were considered at high risk had this categorization because of the presence of aggravating factors. Among women, 24%, 17%, 4% and 2% were eligible for statin use according to the BR-1, BR-2, USA-1 and USA-2 criteria, respectively (p < 0.01). The respective figures for men were 75%, 58%, 31% and 17% (p < 0.01). Eighty-five percent of women and 60% of men who were eligible for statin based on the BR-1 criterion would not be candidates for statin based on the USA-1 criterion. Conclusions: As compared to the North American Guideline, the V Brazilian Guideline considers a substantially higher proportion of the population as eligible for statin use in primary prevention. This results from discrepancies between the risk stratified by the Brazilian Guideline and that calculated by the PCE, particularly because of the risk reclassification based on aggravating factors.

Resumo Fundamento: Existe controvérsia sobre a melhor forma de selecionar indivíduos para tratamento hipolipemiante na população. Objetivos: Em indivíduos saudáveis em prevenção primária: avaliar a relação entre o risco cardiovascular segundo a V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e o risco calculado pelas pooled cohort equations (PCE); comparar a proporção de indivíduos elegíveis para estatinas, de acordo com diferentes critérios. Métodos: Em indivíduos de 40 a 75 anos submetidos consecutivamente a avaliação rotineira de saúde em um único centro, quatro critérios de elegibilidade para estatina foram definidos: BR-1, BR-2 (LDL-c acima ou pelo menos 30 mg/dL acima da meta preconizada pela diretriz brasileira, respectivamente), EUA-1 e EUA-2 (risco estimado pelas PCE em 10 anos ≥ 5,0% ou ≥ 7,5%, respectivamente). Resultados: Foram estudados 13.947 indivíduos (48 ± 6 anos, 71% homens). A maioria dos indivíduos de risco intermediário ou alto pela V Diretriz apresentou risco calculado pelas PCE baixo e mais de 70% daqueles considerados de alto risco o foram devido à presença de fator agravante. Foram elegíveis para estatina 24%, 17%, 4% e 2% das mulheres pelos critérios BR-1, BR-2, EUA-1 e EUA-2, respectivamente (p < 0,01). Os respectivos valores para os homens foram 75%, 58%, 31% e 17% (p < 0,01). Oitenta e cinco por cento das mulheres e 60% dos homens elegíveis para estatina pelo critério BR-1 não seriam candidatos pelo critério EUA-1. Conclusões: Comparada à diretriz norte-americana, a V Diretriz Brasileira considera uma proporção substancialmente maior da população como elegível para estatina em prevenção primária. Isso se relaciona com discrepâncias entre o risco estratificado pela diretriz brasileira e o calculado pelas PCE, particularmente devido à reclassificação de risco baseada em fatores agravantes.

Superioridad del nuevo puntaje de riesgo ACC/AHA 2013 por sobre el puntaje de Framingham, en la predicción de riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular en Santiago / Evaluation the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association Predictive score for cardiovascular diseases

Background: Recently, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) proposed a new cardiovascular risk (CV) score. Aim: To evaluate the new risk score (ACC/AHA 2013) in a Chilean population. Material and Methods: Between 2002 and 2014, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting blood glucose levels were measured and a survey about CV risk factors was responded by 3,284 subjects aged 40 to 79 years (38% females), living in urban Santiago. ACC/AHA 2013, FRAM and Chilean FRAM scores were calculated. All-cause mortality was determined in July 2014 by consulting the Death Registry of the Chilean Identification Service, with an average follow up of 7 ± 3 years. Results: The prevalence of risk factors were 78% for dyslipidemia, 37% for hypertension, 20% for smoking, 7% for diabetes, 20% for obesity and 54% for physical inactivity. The mean FRAM, Chilean FRAM and ACC/AHA scores were 8, 3 and 9%, respectively. During follow-up, 94 participants died and 34 deaths were of cardiovascular cause. Participants who died had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.01) and diabetes (p < 0. 01) and tended to be older (p = 0.06). The FRAM score for 10 years for deceased and surviving patients was 12 and 8%, respectively (p = NS). The figures for the Chilean FRAM were 5 and 2%, respectively (p = 0.09). The figures for the ACC/AHA 2013 score were 33 and 9%, respectively (p = 0.04). According to receiver operating characteristic curves, ACC/AHA 2013 had a higher area under de curve for CV mortality than FRAM and Chilean FRAM. Conclusions: The new ACC/AHA 2013 score, is better than traditional FRAM and Chilean FRAM scores in predicting cardiovascular mortality in a low risk population.

Association between nutrient intake and serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein level in Korean adults: Using the data from 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: There have been limited studies investigating the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), metabolic diseases, and dietary factors in Korean adults. Here, we examined the association between nutrient intake and serum hsCRP among Korean adults. METHODS: Using data on 2,624 healthy Korean adults (1,537 women and 1,087 men) from the 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary factors were analyzed once the subjects were grouped into either sex, age, or BMI. Nutrient intake was evaluated using the dietary data obtained by one-day 24-hour recall. Based on the guidelines of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association, hsCRP level was classified as HCRPG (High CRP Group, hsCRP > 1 mg/L) and LCRPG (Low CRP Group, hsCRP ≤ 1 mg/L). Proc surveyreg procedure was performed to examine the associations between nutrient intake and hsCRP after adjustment for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: The average hsCRP level of healthy Korean adults was 0.95 ±0.03 mg/L (0.97 ±0.04 mg/L in men, 0.92 ±0.05 mg/L in women). Obese subjects had significantly higher hsCRP than non-obese subjects in both sexes. The hsCRP level was positively associated with current smoking, physical inactivity, BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure and inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol. LCRPG had significantly higher intake of dietary fiber compared to HCRPG in women. High hsCRP level was associated with more dietary cholesterol intake but less omega-3 fatty acid intake among subjects aged ≥ 50y. HCRPG of obese subjects had higher intakes of fat and saturated fatty acid than LCRPG. CONCLUSION: The hsCRP level is closely associated with several lifestyle variables and nutrient intake in healthy Korean adults. Individuals with high hsCRP level show low intakes of dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids but high intakes of dietary fat and cholesterol. Our findings suggest that a potential anti-inflammatory role for nutrients and lifestyle in the Korean adult population.