الملخص
Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) is a combined injury involving the central and peripheral nervous systems. Patients with BPA often experience severe neuropathic pain (NP) in the affected limb. NP is insensitive to the existing treatments, which makes it a challenge to researchers and clinicians. Accumulated evidence shows that a BPA-induced pain state is often accompanied by sympathetic nervous dysfunction, which suggests that the excitation state of the sympathetic nervous system is correlated with the existence of NP. However, the mechanism of how somatosensory neural crosstalk with the sympathetic nerve at the peripheral level remains unclear. In this study, through using a novel BPA C7 root avulsion mouse model, we found that the expression of BDNF and its receptor TrκB in the DRGs of the BPA mice increased, and the markers of sympathetic nervous system activity including α1 and α2 adrenergic receptors (α1-AR and α2-AR) also increased after BPA. The phenomenon of superexcitation of the sympathetic nervous system, including hypothermia and edema of the affected extremity, was also observed in BPA mice by using CatWalk gait analysis, an infrared thermometer, and an edema evaluation. Genetic knockdown of BDNF in DRGs not only reversed the mechanical allodynia but also alleviated the hypothermia and edema of the affected extremity in BPA mice. Further, intraperitoneal injection of adrenergic receptor inhibitors decreased neuronal excitability in patch clamp recording and reversed the mechanical allodynia of BPA mice. In another branch experiment, we also found the elevated expression of BDNF, TrκB, TH, α1-AR, and α2-AR in DRG tissues from BPA patients compared with normal human DRGs through western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our results revealed that peripheral BDNF is a key molecule in the regulation of somatosensory-sympathetic coupling in BPA-induced NP. This study also opens a novel analgesic target (BDNF) in the treatment of this pain with fewer complications, which has great potential for clinical transformation.
الموضوعات
Humans , Mice , Animals , Hyperalgesia/metabolism , Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism , Hypothermia/metabolism , Neuralgia , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Edema/metabolismالملخص
Abstract Objective The incidence of traumatic brachial plexus injuries has been increasing considerably in Brazil, mainly due to the increase in the number of motorcycle accidents. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of brachial plexus avulsion lesions, comparing it with the findings of physical and intraoperative examination. Methods A total of 16 patients with brachial plexus injury were prospectively evaluated and treated at the hand surgery outpatient clinic from our service. All patients underwent MRI of the brachial plexus, and the findings were inserted on a table, as well as the physical examination data, and part of the patients had the plexus evaluated intraoperatively. Results In the present study, the accuracy of MRI in the identification of root avulsion was 100%, with 100% sensitivity and specificity when comparing imaging with surgical findings. Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging showed high sensitivity and specificity, confirmed by intraoperative findings, which allows considering this test as the gold standard in the diagnosis of avulsion in traumatic brachial plexus injuries.
Resumo Objetivo A incidência de lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial vem aumentando consideravelmente no Brasil, principalmente devido ao aumento do número de acidentes de motocicleta. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade da ressonância magnética (RM) no diagnóstico das lesões por avulsão do plexo braquial, comparando com os achados do exame físico e do intraoperatório. Métodos Foram avaliados prospectivamente 16 pacientes com lesão do plexo braquial atendidos no ambulatório de cirurgia da mão de nosso serviço. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de RM do plexo braquial e os achados foram inseridos em uma tabela, assim como os dados do exame físico, e parte dos pacientes teve o plexo avaliado intraoperatoriamente. Resultados No presente estudo, a acurácia da RM na identificação de avulsão de raízes foi de 100%, com 100% de sensibilidade e especificidade comparando-se achados da imagem e cirúrgicos. Conclusão A RM mostrou alta sensibilidade e especificidade, confirmadas por achados intraoperatórios, o que permite considerar este exame como padrão outro no diagnóstico de avulsão nas lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Brachial Plexus/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Diagnosis, Differential , Peripheral Nerve Injuriesالملخص
Abstract Objective This is an anatomical study of C4 and C5 roots for nerve transfers in upper brachial plexus injuries, with surgical technique demonstration. Methods Fifteen brachial plexuses from both male and female cadavers were dissected. Morphological features of C4 and C5 roots were recorded and analyzed, followed by a neurotization simulation. Results In all dissections, C4 and C5 roots morphological features allowed their mobilization and neurotization with no need for a nerve graft. The surgical technique spared important regional nerve branches. Conclusion Based on these data, we conclude that C4-C5 nerve transfers are feasible and result in no additional neurological deficit in upper brachial plexus injuries.
Resumo Objetivo Estudo anatômico das raízes usadas na transferência nervosa de C4 para C5 nas lesões altas do plexo braquial, com demonstração da técnica cirúrgica. Métodos Dissecção de 15 plexos braquiais de cadáveres de ambos os sexos, registro e análise das características morfológicas das raízes de C4 e C5 e simulação de neurotização. Resultados As características morfológicas encontradas nas raízes de C4 e C5 em todas as dissecções permitiram a mobilização das mesmas e a realização de uma neurotização sem a necessidade de usar enxerto nervoso. A técnica cirúrgica permitiu preservar ramos nervosos importantes na região abordada. Conclusão Com base nos dados encontrados no presente estudo, podemos concluir que é possível realizar a transferência entre C4 e C5 sem provocar déficit neurológico adicional nas lesões altas de plexo braquial.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Brachial Plexus/anatomy & histology , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Cadaver , Cervical Plexus/injuries , Nerve Transferالملخص
La patología traumática del plexo braquial comprende un amplio espectro de lesiones potencialmente devastadoras para la funcionalidad de los pacientes. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura enfocada en el diagnóstico y estudio de las lesiones del plexo braquial en adultos, además de entregar nociones básicas sobre el manejo de esta compleja patología
Traumatic brachial plexus injuries comprise a wide spectrum of lesions that are potentially devastating to the functionality of the patients. The aim of the present review is to perform a narrative review of the literature focused on the diagnosis and study of brachial plexus injuries in adults, in addition to providing basic guidelines on the management of this complex pathology.
الموضوعات
Humans , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies/surgery , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies/diagnosis , Brachial Plexus/surgeryالملخص
Abstract Objective To evaluate elbow flexion in children with obstetric brachial plexus paralysis submitted to Oberlin transfer. Methods Retrospective study with 11 patients affected by paralysis due to labor who did not present spontaneous recovery from elbow flexion until 12 months of life, operated between 2010 and 2018. Results The children were operated between 5 and 12 months of life, with a mean of 7.9 months, and the mean follow-up time was 133.2 months, ranging from 37 to 238 months. Six patients (54.5%) presented a degree of muscle strength ≥ 3, measured by the strength scale of the Medical Research Council (MRC) and, according to the active movement scale (AMS), 5 patients obtained a score of ≥ 5. A negative correlation was identified between the AMS and the Narakas classification (r = -0.509), as well as between the strength scale (MRC) and the Narakas classification (r = -0.495). A strong positive correlation was observed (r = 0.935) between the AMS and the MRC demonstrating that the higher the score on the movement scale, the higher the score on the muscle strength scale. Conclusion The Oberlin surgery is a possible option for recovery of elbow flexion in children with neonatal plexopathy, demonstrating, however, very heterogeneous results, even in the long-term follow-up.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a flexão do cotovelo em crianças portadoras de paralisia obstétrica do plexo braquial submetidas à transferência de Oberlin. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com 11 pacientes acometidos por paralisia decorrente do trabalho de parto e que não apresentaram recuperação espontânea da flexão do cotovelo até os 12 meses de vida, operados entre 2010 e 2018. Resultados As crianças foram operadas entre os 5 e 12 meses de vida, com média de 7,9 meses e o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 133,2 meses, variando de 37 a 238 meses. Seis pacientes (54,5%) apresentaram grau de força muscular ≥ 3, medido pela escala de força do Medical Research Council (MRC), e, pela escala de movimentação ativa (Active Momement Scale [AMS]), 5 pacientes obtiveram pontuação ≥ 5. Foi identificada correlação negativa entre a AMS e a classificação de Narakas (r = -0,509), bem como entre a MRC e a classificação de Narakas (r = -0,495). Já entre a AMS e a MRC, foi observada forte correlação positiva (r = 0,935), demonstrando que quanto maior a pontuação na escala de movimento, maior será a pontuação na escala de força muscular. Conclusão A cirurgia de Oberlin apresenta-se como uma opção possível para a recuperação da flexão do cotovelo em crianças com plexopatia neonatal; no entanto, demonstra resultados bastante heterogêneos, mesmo no seguimento a longo prazo.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Paralysis, Obstetric , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Labor, Obstetric , Retrospective Studies , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies , Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsyالملخص
Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de diferentes neurotizaciones utilizadas para la flexión del codo en pacientes con lesión traumática del plexo braquial. materiales y métodos: Entre abril de 2012 y enero de 2019, se operaron 13 pacientes (12 hombres) con lesión traumática del plexo braquial, 5 con parálisis totales sin recuperación, 4 con parálisis totales que recuperaron el tronco inferior parcialmente y 4 con parálisis altas. Las neurotizaciones para la flexión del codo fueron: 3 nervios intercostales con injerto sural a nervio musculocutáneo o su(s) rama(s) motora(s) (4 pacientes), 3 nervios intercostales a nervio musculocutáneo sin injerto (3 pacientes), nervio espinal accesorio a ramas motoras del nervio musculocutáneo con injerto sural (2 pacientes), fascículos del nervio cubital a rama motora del bíceps (3 pacientes) y fascículos del nervio cubital y fascículos del nervio mediano a ramas motoras del bíceps y braquial anterior (3 pacientes). Se evaluaron la fuerza de flexión del codo (M0-M5), el dolor con la escala analógica visual y se utilizó el puntaje DASH. El seguimiento promedio fue de 50 meses. Resultados: La fuerza de flexión del codo fue M5 (1 paciente), M4 (7 pacientes), M3 (1 paciente), M2 (1 paciente) y M1 (2 pacientes). El puntaje DASH promedio fue de 54,1 antes de la cirugía y 29,5 en el posoperatorio. El puntaje de dolor preoperatorio fue de 7 y de 0,9 posoperatorio. No hubo complicaciones. Conclusiones: Las neurotizaciones lograron resultados satisfactorios en la reconstrucción de la flexión activa del codo en pacientes con lesión del plexo braquial. Nivel de Evidencia: IV Serie de casos
Objective: To evaluate the results of different nerve transfers used for elbow flexion in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. Materials and methods: Between April 2012 and January 2019, 13 patients (12 men) with traumatic brachial plexus injury underwent surgery. 5 patients had total paralysis and did not recover, 4 had total paralysis and partially recovered the lower trunk, and 4 had high paralysis. The nerve transfers performed for elbow flexion were: 3 intercostal nerves with a sural graft to the musculocutaneous nerve or its motor branch(es) (4 patients), 3 intercostal nerves to the musculocutaneous nerve without graft (3 patients), the accessory spinal nerve to motor branches of the musculocutaneous nerve with sural graft (2 patients), fascicles of the ulnar nerve to the motor branch of the biceps (3 patients) and fascicles of the ulnar nerve and fascicles of the median nerve to the motor branches of the biceps and anterior brachialis (3 patients). We assessed elbow flexion strength (M0-M5), pain on the visual analog scale, and DASH score. The average follow-up was 50 months. Results: Elbow flexion strength was M5 (1 patient), M4 (7 patients), M3 (1 patient), M2 (1 patient), and M1 (2 patients). The mean DASH score was 54.1 before surgery and 29.5 postoperatively. The preoperative pain score was 7 and 0.9 postoperatively. There were no complications. Conclusions: Nerve transfers achieved satisfactory outcomes for active elbow flexion reconstruction in patients with brachial plexus injury. Level of Evidence: IV Case report
الموضوعات
Child , Adolescent , Adult , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Nerve Transfer , Range of Motion, Articular , Elbow Jointالملخص
RESUMEN 15. La rotura de la porción larga del tendón del bíceps produce dificultades para la función del miembro superior y la estética del brazo. Se presenta un paciente con rotura de tendón largo del bíceps, que fue tratado hace 15 años con tratamiento quirúrgico; se muestra desde su lesión y tratamiento hasta la recuperación total y sus condiciones actuales. El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo la presentación de un paciente, el cual fue atendido en el Hospital General Provincial Universitario «Mártires del 9 de Abril», en Sagua la Grande, por una rotura de la porción larga de bíceps en el año 2005. Se utilizó una forma de anclaje al hueso diferente a la clásica descrita en la literatura, con excelente resultado. Tras 15 años, se expone el caso y se detalla la evolución posterior, se valora la función actual y se aporta conocimiento interesante para los profesionales que tratan esta afección.
ABSTRACT 19. Rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon causes difficulties for upper limb function and arm aesthetics. We present a male patient with a rupture of the long biceps tendon, who was treated 15 years ago with surgical treatment; he is shown from his injury and treatment to his full recovery and current condition. The aim of the following work is to present a patient who was treated at "Mártires del 9 de Abril" Provincial General University Hospital, in Sagua la Grande, due to a rupture of the long head of the biceps in 2005. A form of bone anchorage, different from the classic one described in the literature, was used with excellent results. After 15 years, the case is presented and the subsequent evolution is detailed, the current function is assessed and interesting knowledge is provided for professionals who treat this condition.
الموضوعات
Tendon Injuries , Brachial Plexus/injuriesالملخص
Total traumatic injury often requires surgical intervention such as neurotization using the phrenic nerve with the aim to recover the elbow function. However, its repercussions on the respiratory kinematics are unknown. Objective: To evaluate the ribcage volume in tricompartments division, kinematics of Duty Cycle, and shortening velocity of the respiratory muscles after nerve phrenic transfer. Methods: Five participants (4 male), aged 18 to 40 years old (32±2), diagnosed with total brachial plexus injury and with nerve phrenic transfer. The optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) was the instrument to evaluate volume in quiet breathing (QB), inspiratory capacity (IC) and vital capacity (VC) of the rib cage in its tricompartments division (pulmonary rib cage, abdominal rib cage and abdomen rib cage) and in each hemithorax, as well as the shortening velocity of the respiratory muscles, and respiratory rate. Assessments occurred 30 days prior and 30 days after surgery. Results: There was a decrease in the total compartmental distribution in QB with statistical difference only in the abdominal compartment (p <0.05). Four patients showed a reduction in the shortening speed of the left diaphragm muscle. It was not possible to perform a group analysis of respiratory kinematics and volumes in CV, IC due to the variation found in each patient analyzed. Conclusion: There was a reduction in volume in the rib cage as well as a change in the speed of shortening of the respiratory muscles after the transfer of the phrenic nerve one month after surgery.
A lesão traumática total freqüentemente requer intervenção cirúrgica, como neurotização usando o nervo frênico, com o objetivo de recuperar a função do cotovelo. No entanto, suas repercussões na cinemática respiratória são desconhecidas. Objetivo: Avaliar o volume da caixa torácica na divisão dos tricompartimentos, a cinemática do Duty Cycle e a velocidade de encurtamento dos músculos respiratórios após a transferência do nervo frênico. Métodos: Cinco participantes (4 do sexo masculino), com idade entre 18 e 40 anos (32 ± 2), com diagnóstico de lesão total do plexo braquial e transferência do nervo frênico. A pletismografia optoeletrônica (OEP) foi o instrumento para avaliar o volume na respiração silenciosa (QB), a capacidade inspiratória (IC) e a capacidade vital (VC) da caixa torácica em sua divisão tricompartimental (caixa torácica pulmonar, caixa torácica abdominal e caixa torácica do abdômen ) e em cada hemitórax, bem como a velocidade de encurtamento dos músculos respiratórios e a frequência respiratória. As avaliações ocorreram 30 dias antes e 30 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados: Houve diminuição da distribuição compartimental total no QB com diferença estatística apenas no compartimento abdominal (p <0,05). Quatro pacientes apresentaram redução da velocidade de encurtamento do músculo diafragma esquerdo. Não foi possível realizar uma análise de grupo da cinemática respiratória e dos volumes em CV, IC devido à variação encontrada em cada paciente analisado. Conclusão: Houve redução do volume da caixa torácica e também alteração da velocidade de encurtamento dos músculos respiratórios após a transferência do nervo frênico um mês após a cirurgia.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Phrenic Nerve/surgery , Respiratory Muscles/physiopathology , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Nerve Transfer/methods , Plethysmography/instrumentation , Respiratory Function Tests/methods , Treatment Outcomeالملخص
Resumen: Las lesiones de plexo braquial pueden afectar de forma muy significativa la función de los pacientes. El tipo de manejo va a depender de la severidad de la lesión como también de la localización anatómica de ésta. Las transferencias tendíneas alrededor del hombro han surgido como una alternativa efectiva de tratamiento y por lo tanto, debemos considerarlas cuando nos vemos enfrentados a pacientes que la podrían requerir. Existen diversas técnicas de transferencia, las que se utilizan con más frecuencia son las transferencias de trapecio superior, de dorsal ancho y de trapecio inferior, cada una con sus indicaciones y objetivos específicos según el tipo de paciente. Estas cirugías tienen como propósito disminuir el dolor producto de la hipotonía y subluxación glenohumeral como también mejorar el rango de movimiento del hombro, logrando que el paciente lleve su mano al plano que requiera para realizar sus actividades de la vida diaria. Presentaremos algunas de las técnicas de transferencia tendínea de hombro más utilizadas asociadas a una revisión bibliográfica y una descripción de nuestra experiencia con estas cirugías.
Abstract: Brachial plexus lesions can significantly affect patient function. The type of management will depend on the severity of the injury as well as the anatomical location. Tendon transfers around the shoulder have emerged as an effective treatment alternative, and therefore we should consider them when faced with patients who might require it. There are various transfer techniques, within which the most frequently used are upper trapezium, latissimus dorsi and lower trapezium transfers, each with its specific indications and objectives depending on the type of patient. These surgeries aim to decrease the pain resulting from the hypotonia and glenohumeral subluxation as well as improve the range of movement of the shoulder, getting the patient to take his hand to the plane that requires to perform his daily life activities. We will provide a description of some of the most commonly used shoulder tendon transfer techniques associated with a bibliographic review and a description of our experience with these surgeries.
الموضوعات
Humans , Shoulder Joint , Birth Injuries , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies/surgery , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies/etiology , Shoulder , Tendon Transfer , Range of Motion, Articular , Treatment Outcomeالملخص
Objective To analyze 78 cases of brachial plexus injury submitted to the Oberlin technique between 2003 and 2012. The potential complications of this technique were analyzed, especially motor damage or hypoesthesia of the hand. Method Medical records from patients with brachial plexus injuries at the levels of the C5-C6 and C5-C6-C7 vertebrae were retrospectively analyzed. Cases submitted to the Oberlin procedure with or without concomitant brachial plexus procedures between 2003 and 2012 were evaluated. The minimum follow-up period was of 1 year. In addition to the clinical examination, electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brachial plexus were used to diagnose and locate the nerve damage. Results A total of 78 surgical patients met the inclusion criteria. Postoperative neurological changes, mostly transient, were observed in 18 patients. Hypoesthesia in the ulnar side of the handwas observed in seven cases; neuropathic pain in five cases; allodynia in four cases, and hand motor loss in two cases. Conclusion Based on the results of the present case series, we conclude that there are few sequelae in the donor nerve territory compared with the benefit of the Oberlin technique on the recovery of elbow flexion after brachial plexus injuries.
الموضوعات
Postoperative Complications , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Musculocutaneous Nerve/surgery , Medical Records , Retrospective Studies , Nerve Transfer/methods , Hypesthesia/complicationsالملخص
Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del tratamiento quirúrgico mediante neurotización radial en pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión traumática aislada de nervio axilar. Material y métodos: Se presenta una serie de siete casos, seis hombres y una mujer, con promedio de edad de 51.6 años, con diagnóstico de lesión traumática aislada de nervio axilar tratados quirúrgicamente entre Enero 2013 y Diciembre 2016. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados mediante transferencia nerviosa de rama motora radial de la cabeza medial del tríceps, entre el sexto y decimoséptimo mes después del traumatismo, con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Se evaluó la eficacia del tratamiento mediante la Medical Research Council (MRC) y el cuestionario DASH. Resultados: En el análisis bivariado encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al grado de mejoría de fuerza de rotación externa y de abducción medido por MRC preoperatoria y postoperatoria (p < 0.05). Los resultados también demostraron una significancia estadística en el rango de movimiento de abducción postoperatorio de hombro (p = 0.01). El cuestionario DASH demostró un porcentaje promedio de discapacidad de 20.29% después de 12 meses de seguimiento. Conclusión: La neurotización radial en pacientes con diagnóstico de lesión traumática aislada de nervio axilar proporciona un excelente grado de mejoría de fuerza de rotación externa y abducción, además de mejorar significativamente el rango de abducción del hombro; también se demostró, mediante cuestionario DASH, que el porcentaje de discapacidad es bajo.
Abstract: Purpose: To determine the efficacy of surgical treatment by radial nerve transfer in patients with a diagnosis of isolated axillary nerve traumatic injury. Material and methods: We present a series of seven cases, six men and one woman, with a mean age of 51.6 years, with a diagnosis of isolated traumatic axillary nerve injury between January 2013 and December 2016. All patients were treated by radial motor branch nerve transfer of the medial triceps head between the sixth and seventeenth months after trauma, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the DASH questionnaire. Results: In the bivariate analysis we found statistically significant differences regarding the degree of external rotation and abduction strength measured by preoperative and postoperative MRC (p < 0.05). The results also demonstrated a statistical significance in the range of postoperative shoulder abduction movement (p = 0.01). The DASH questionnaire showed an average percentage of disability of 20.29% after 12 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Radial nerve transfer in patients diagnosed with axillary nerve traumatic injury provides an excellent degree of improvement in external rotation and abduction strength, in addition to significantly improving the shoulder abduction range, it was also demonstrated by DASH questionnaire that the percentage disability is low.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Nerve Transfer , Axilla/innervation , Range of Motion, Articular , Treatment Outcome , Middle Agedالملخص
Introdução: Dentre as Lesões do Plexo Braquial (LPB), 80% a 90% são resultantes de traumas auto/motociclísticos. As Lesões Traumáticas do Plexo Braquial (LTPB) são uma condição altamente incapacitante, com prevalência em homens entre 21 e 40 anos, que em sua maioria, são moradores de região urbana e trabalhadores braçais. Objetivo: O estudo visa realizar uma das três etapas necessárias para a validação de um instrumento de avaliação da funcionalidade, baseado na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), para indivíduos com LTPB. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com grupo focal, composto por 5 (cinco) indivíduos adultos com LTPB. Resultados: Das cinquenta e seis categorias da CIF presentes no instrumento a ser validado, trinta e uma foram relatadas pelos indivíduos que participaram do grupo focal. Uma categoria referente ao componente de atividade e participação foi citada pelos participantes e não havia sido contemplada pelo instrumento. Em relação às categorias da CIF de fatores ambientais, apenas duas categorias citadas pelos participantes do grupo não estão presentes no instrumento de avaliação. Conclusão: A maioria das categorias da CIF presentes no instrumento de avaliação a ser validado pôde ser confirmada a partir da perspectiva de indivíduos com LTPB participantes do grupo focal. (AU)
Among brachial plexus injuries (BPI), 80% to 90% are result of automovel or motorcycle traumas. Traumatic brachial plexus injuries (TBPI) are a highly incapacitating condition. The most prevalent are in men between the ages of 21 and 40, where the majority are urban residents and manual workers. Objective: The aim of this study is the validation of a functional evaluation tool based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for individuals with TBPI. Methodology: This is a qualitative study with a focal group, composed of 5 (five) adult individuals with TBPI. Results: Of the fifty-six ICF categories present in the instrument to be validated, thirty-one were reported by individuals who participated in focal group. Only one category referring to the activity and participation component was mentioned by the participants and had not been contemplated by the instrument. Regarding the ICF categories of environmental factors, only two categories cited by group participants are not present in the assessment. Conclusion: Most of the ICF categories present in the assessment instrument to be validated could be confirmed from the perspective of individuals with TBPI participants in the focus group. (AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Adult , Young Adult , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies/diagnosis , Disability Evaluation , International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health , Focus Groups/methods , Qualitative Research , Validation Studies as Topicالملخص
ABSTRACT Objective: Restoration of the sensitivity to sensory stimuli in complete brachial plexus injury is very important. The objective of our study was to evaluate sensory recovery in brachial plexus surgery using the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) as the donor. Methods: Eleven patients underwent sensory reconstruction using the ICBN as a donor to the lateral cord contribution to the median nerve, with a mean follow-up period of 41 months. A protocol evaluation was performed. Results: Four patients perceived the 1-green filament. The 2-blue, 3-purple and 4-red filaments were perceptible in one, two and three patients, respectively. According to Highet's scale, sensation recovered to S3 in two patients, to S2+ in two patients, to S2 in six patients, and S0 in one patient. Conclusion: The procedure using the ICBN as a sensory donor restores good intensity of sensation and shows good results in location of perception in patients with complete brachial plexus avulsion.
RESUMO Objetivo: A restauração da sensibilidade em pacientes com lesão completa do plexo braquial é muito importante. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a recuperação sensitiva em cirurgia do plexo braquial utilizando o nervo intercostobraquial (NICB) como doador. Métodos: Onze pacientes foram submetidos a reconstrução sensitiva usando o NICB como doador para a contribuição lateral do nervo mediano, com tempo de acompanhamento pós-operatório médio de 41 meses. Um protocolo de avaliação foi realizado. Resultados: Quatro pacientes perceberam o filamento 1-verde. Os filamentos 2-azul, 3-roxo e 4-vermelho foram percebidos por um, dois e três pacientes, respectivamente. Um paciente não apresentou recuperação sensitiva. Dois pacientes obtiveram recuperação S3, dois S2+, seis S2 e um S0, pela escala de Highet. Conclusão: O procedimento usando o NICB como doador promove boa intensidade de recuperação sensitiva e bons resultados são obtidos quanto ao local de percepção em pacientes com avulsão completa do plexo braquial.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Nerve Transfer/methods , Hand/surgery , Intercostal Nerves/transplantation , Prospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Treatment Outcome , Recovery of Function , Hand/physiology , Nerve Regenerationالملخص
ABSTRACT The treatment of complete post-traumatic brachial plexus palsy resulting in a flail shoulder and upper extremity remains a challenge to peripheral nerve surgeons. The option of upper limb amputation is controversial and scarcely discussed in the literature. We believe that elective amputation still has a role in the treatment of select cases. The pros and cons of the procedure should be intensely discussed with the patient by a multidisciplinary team. Better outcomes are usually achieved in active patients who strongly advocate for the procedure.
RESUMO O tratamento das paralisias completas após lesões traumáticas do plexo braquial que resultam em um membro superior completamente paralisado permanecem como um desafio aos cirurgiões de nervos periféricos. A opção de amputar o membro superior é controversa e raramente discutida na literatura. Acreditamos que a amputação eletiva ainda tem utilidade no tratamento de casos selecionados. Os prós e contras do procedimento devem ser intensamente discutidos com o paciente por uma equipe multidisciplinar. Os melhores resultados são geralmente obtidos em pacientes atuantes que reivindicam vigorosamente o procedimento.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Arm/surgery , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Amputation, Surgical/methods , Pain Measurement , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Elective Surgical Procedures , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies , Upper Extremityالملخص
ABSTRACT Objective To establish the correlation between clinical evaluation of motor function recovery and daily living activities in 30 patients with upper traumatic brachial plexus injury submitted to surgery. Methods The score of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) scale were determined in 30 patients. Epidemiologic factors were also examined and correlations were determined. Results There was a significant correlation between the clinical evaluation and the daily living activities after a 12-month period (r = 0.479 and p = 0.007). A direct correlation was observed between the functional recovery of the upper limb and the time between injury and surgery (r = 0.554 and p = 0.001). The LSUHSC scores (p = 0.049) and scores from the DASH questionnaire (p = 0.013) were better among patients who returned to work. Conclusions Clinical evaluation and daily living activities in adult patients who underwent nerve transfer after brachial plexus injury showed significant and measurable improvements.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a correlação entre a avaliação clínica e as atividades de vida diária em 30 paciente adultos com lesão do plexo braquial superior. Métodos O valor do questionário Dash (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) e da escala Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) foram quantificados prospectivamente em 30 pacientes. Fatores epidemiológicos foram também examinados e correlações específicas determinadas. Resultados Houve correlação significativa entre avaliação clínica e as atividades de vida diária 12 meses após a cirurgia (r = 0.479 e p = 0.007). Uma correlação direta foi observada entre a recuperação funcional do membro superior e o tempo entre a lesão e a cirurgia (r = 0.554 e p = 0.001). Os valores da escala LSUHSC (p = 0.049) e do DASH (p = 0.013) foram melhores entre aqueles que retornaram ao trabalho. Conclusões A avaliação clínica e as atividades de vida diária em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de transferência de nervos após lesão do plexo braquial mostraram correlação significativa.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Activities of Daily Living , Nerve Transfer/methods , Recovery of Function/physiology , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Surveys and Questionnaires , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies/surgery , Upper Extremity , Nerve Regeneration/physiologyالملخص
ABSTRACT Lesions of the axillary artery and consequent compression of the brachial plexus are extremely rare in patients with glenohumeral dislocation and may have greatly varying clinical manifestations. This joint is one of the most affected by dislocation in the human body, accounting for approximately 45% of cases. Less than 1% of patients with shoulder dislocation have vascular complications; however, when there is damage in the axillary artery, the incidence of associated brachial plexus injury is 27% to 44%. The authors report on a case of brachial plexus compression by an axillary artery pseudoaneurysm after a glenohumeral dislocation, aiming to highlight the existence of this association, in order to make an early diagnosis and avoid serious complications, such as neurologic injury.
RESUMO As lesões de artéria axilar e consequente compressão de plexo braquial são extremamente raras em pacientes com luxação de glenoumeral e podem ter manifestações clínicas bastante variadas. Essa articulação é uma das mais acometidas por luxação do corpo humano, representando cerca de 45% dos casos. Menos de 1% dos pacientes com luxação de ombro apresentam complicações vasculares; no entanto, quando há lesão da artéria axilar, a incidência de lesão de plexo braquial associada é de 27% a 44%. Relatamos um caso de compressão do plexo braquial por um pseudoaneurisma de artéria axilar após uma luxação glenoumeral. O objetivo é lembrar a existência dessa associação, a fim de diagnosticá-la precocemente e evitar complicações graves, como a lesão neurológica.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Adult , Aneurysm, False , Axillary Artery , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Shoulder Dislocationالملخص
ABSTRACT Objective Few donors are available for restoration of sensibility in patients with complete brachial plexus injuries. The objective of our study was to evaluate the anatomical feasibility of using the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) as an axon donor to the lateral cord contribution to the median nerve (LCMN). Methods Thirty cadavers were dissected. Data of the ICBN and the LCMN were collected, including diameters, branches and distances. Results The diameters of the ICBN and the LCMN at their point of coaptation were 2.7mm and 3.7mm, respectively. The ICBN originated as a single trunk in 93.3% of the specimens and bifurcated in 73.3%. The distance between the ICBN origin and its point of coaptation to the LCMN was 54mm. All ICBNs had enough extension to reach the LCMN. Conclusion Transfer of the ICBN to the LCMN is anatomically feasible and may be useful for restoring sensation in patients with complete brachial plexus injuries.
RESUMO Objetivo Poucos doadores estão disponíveis para a restauração da sensibilidade em pacientes com lesões completas do plexo braquial (LCPB). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade anatômica do uso do nervo intercostobraquial (NICB) como doador de axônios para a contribuição do cordão lateral para o nervo mediano (CLNM). Métodos Trinta cadáveres foram dissecados. Os dados do NICB e do CLNM foram coletados: diâmetros, ramos e distâncias. Resultados Os diâmetros do NICB e da CLNM no ponto de coaptação foram 2,7mm e 3,7mm, respectivamente. O NICB originou-se como um único tronco em 93,3% dos espécimes e bifurcou-se em 73,3%. A distância entre a origem do NICB e seu ponto de coaptação com a CLNM foi de 54mm. Todos os NICBs tiveram extensão suficiente para alcançar a CLNM. Conclusão A transferência do NICB para a CLNM é anatomicamente viável e pode ser útil para restaurar a sensibilidade em pacientes com LCPB.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Nerve Transfer/methods , Intercostal Nerves/transplantation , Sensation , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Cadaver , Feasibility Studies , Intercostal Nerves/anatomy & histologyالملخص
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: Gain in elbow flexion in patients with brachial plexus injury is extremely important. The transfer of a fascicle from the ulnar nerve to the motor branch of the musculocutaneous nerve (Oberlin surgery) is a treatment option. However, in some patients, gain in elbow flexion is associated with wrist and finger flexion. This study aimed to assess the frequency of this association and the functional behavior of the limb. METHODS: Case-control study of 18 patients who underwent the Oberlin surgery. Group 1 included patients without disassociation of range of elbow flexion and that of the fingers and wrist; Group 2 included patients in whom this disassociation was present. In the functional evaluation, the Sollerman and DASH tests were used. RESULTS: It was observed that 38.89% of the patients did not present disassociation of elbow flexion with flexion of the wrist and fingers. Despite the existence of a favorable difference in the group with disassociation of the movement, when the Sollerman protocol was applied to the comparison between both groups, this difference was not statistically significant. With the DASH test, however, there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the group of patients who managed to disassociate the movement. CONCLUSION: The association of elbow flexion with flexion of the wrist and fingers, in the group studied, was shown to be a frequent event, which influenced the functional result of the affected limb.
RESUMO OBJETIVO: O ganho da flexão do cotovelo em pacientes com lesão no plexo braquial é de suma importância. A cirurgia de transferência de fascículo do nervo ulnar para ramo motor do nervo musculocutâneo (cirurgia de Oberlin) é uma opção de tratamento. Contudo, o ganho da flexão do cotovelo, em alguns pacientes, vem associado à flexão do punho e dos dedos. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a frequência dessa associação e o comprometimento funcional do membro. MÉTODOS: Estudo tipo caso-controle de 18 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de Oberlin. No Grupo 1 foram incluídos os pacientes que não apresentavam dissociação do ganho da flexão do cotovelo com a dos dedos e do punho; no Grupo 2, os pacientes em que havia dissociação. Os testes de Sollerman e Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Dash) foram usados na avaliação funcional. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 38,89% dos pacientes não dissociavam flexão de cotovelo de flexão de punho e dos dedos. Apesar de existir uma diferença favorável ao grupo que dissociava o movimento quando aplicado o protocolo de Sollerman na comparação entre os pacientes dos dois grupos, essa não se mostrou estatisticamente significante. Já no teste Dash, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante, favorável ao grupo de pacientes que consegue dissociar o movimento. CONCLUSÃO: A associação da flexão do cotovelo com a flexão de punho e dos dedos no grupo estudado mostrou ser um evento frequente, teve influência no resultado funcional do membro acometido.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Brachial Plexus Neuropathies , Brachial Plexus/injuries , Brachial Plexus/surgery , Nerve Transfer , Rehabilitationالملخص
La parálisis del plexo braquial secundario a la luxación anterior del hombro es una lesión poco frecuente, siendo esta patología muy discapacitante para el individuo. Se presenta un caso de luxación anterior traumática del hombro complicado con parálisis del plexo braquial en un miembro superior, desde una perspectiva fisioterapéutica. El proceso de rehabilitación tomó aproximadamente un año y el paciente quedó con rigidez residual en el hombro. (AU)
Brachial plexus palsy following anterior shoulder luxation is a rare condition leading to significant disability. It's present the case of a patient with traumatic anterior shoulder luxation complicated with brachial plexus palsy from a physiotherapeutic perspective. The rehabilitation process took approximately one year and the patient had residual rigidity in the shoulder. (AU)