الملخص
RESUMEN Se analiza la implementación, resultados iniciales y sostenibilidad de innovaciones en la prestación, financiamiento y gestión de servicios de salud mental en el Perú, realizadas en el periodo 2013-2018. Aplicando nuevos mecanismos de financiamiento y estrategias de gestión pública se implementaron 104 Centros de Salud Mental Comunitarios y ocho Hogares Protegidos que muestran ser más eficientes que los hospitales psiquiátricos. El conjunto de los 29 centros creados entre 2015 y 2017, produjeron en el 2018 un número equivalente en atenciones (244 mil vs. 246 mil) y atendidos (46 mil vs. 48 mil) que el conjunto de los tres hospitales psiquiátricos, pero con el 11% de financiamiento y el 43% de psiquiatras. Se está cambiando la forma de atender la salud mental en el Perú involucrando a ciudadanos y comunidades en el cuidado continuo y creando mejores condiciones para el ejercicio de los derechos en salud mental. La reforma en salud mental comunitaria ha ganado amplio respaldo de sectores políticos, internacionales, académicos y medios de comunicación. Se concluye que la reforma de los servicios de salud mental de base comunitaria en el Perú es viable y sostenible. Está en condiciones para escalar a todo el sector salud en todo el territorio nacional, sujeto al compromiso de las autoridades, el incremento progresivo de financiamiento público y las estrategias colaborativas nacionales e internacionales.
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the implementation, initial results, and sustainability of innovations in the provision, financing, and management of mental health services in Peru, carried out during 2013-2018. By applying new financing mechanisms and public management strategies, 104 Community Mental Health Centers and eight Protected Homes were implemented, which prove to be more efficient than psychiatric hospitals. The set of 29 centers created between 2015 and 2017 produced in 2018 an equivalent number in consultations (244,000 vs. 246,000) and patients attended (46,000 vs. 48,000) than the set of three psychiatric hospitals, but with 11% of financing and 43% of psychiatrists. The way mental health care is being provided is changing in Peru by involving citizens and communities in ongoing care and creating better conditions for the exercise of mental health rights. Community mental health reform has gained broad support from political, international, and academic sectors, and from the media. We conclude that the reform of community-based mental health services in Peru is viable and sustainable. It is in a position to scale up the entire health sector throughout the country, subject to the commitment of the authorities, the progressive increase in public financing, and national and international collaborative strategies.
الموضوعات
Humans , Health Care Reform , Community Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Hospitals, Psychiatric/organization & administration , Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Peru , Efficiency, Organizational , Community Mental Health Services/economics , Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Healthcare Financing , Hospitals, Psychiatric/economics , Hospitals, Psychiatric/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders/therapy , Mental Health Services/economics , Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical dataالملخص
Objective: To evaluate trends in psychiatric bed occupancy by elderly inpatients in the Brazilian public health care system between 2000 and 2010 and to determine the leading psychiatric diagnosis for hospital admissions. Methods: Data from all 895,476 elderly psychiatric admissions recorded in the Brazilian Public Health Care Database (DATASUS) between January 2000 and February 2010 were analyzed. Polynomial regression models with estimated curve models were used to determine the trends. The number of inpatient days was calculated for the overall psychiatric admissions and according to specific diagnoses. Results: A moderate decreasing trend (p < 0.001) in the number of inpatient days was observed in all geriatric psychiatric admissions (R2 = 0.768) and in admissions for organic mental disorders (R2 = 0.823), disorders due to psychoactive substance use (R2 = 0.767), schizophrenia (R2 = 0.680), and other diagnoses (R2 = 0.770), but not for mood disorders (R2 = 0.472). Most admissions (60 to 65%) were due to schizophrenia. Conclusion: There was a decreasing trend in inpatient days for elderly psychiatric patients between 2000 and 2010. The highest bed occupancy was due to schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders.
الموضوعات
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Patient Admission/trends , Bed Occupancy/trends , Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Delivery of Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data , Bed Occupancy/statistics & numerical data , Brazil/epidemiology , Geriatric Assessment , Databases, Factual , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Mental Disorders/diagnosisالملخص
To describe the health care given to people with mental disorders in the Network for Psychosocial Care. Methods: quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive study with 1595 users of Centers for Psychosocial Care in the three states of southern Brazil in 2011. Data were entered in the statistical program Epi Info 6.04 and the analysis was performed in STATA 9.0. Results: the percentage of users who have non-psychiatric disorders is 45.3%. Among the non-psychiatric morbidities, hypertension and diabetes are among the most frequent. With respect to the place where service to treat the non-psychiatric disorders is offered, most participants mentioned Basic Health Units. Conclusion: the mental disorder is just one among many care needs. Thus, it is important to think on this care beyond the disorder, focusing mainly on people and their complexities...
Descrever o cuidado em saúde às pessoas com transtorno mental na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo, realizado com 1595 usuários de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial nos três estados da região Sul do Brasil, em 2011. Os dados foram digitados no programa estatístico Epi Info 6.04, e a análise foi realizada no STATA 9.0. Resultados: o percentual de usuários que possuem morbidades não psiquiátricas corresponde a 45,3%. Entre as morbidades não psiquiátricas, a hipertensão e a diabetes estão entre as mais referidas. Quanto ao local de atendimento das morbidades não psiquiátricas, a maioria dos participantes informou ser atendida nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Conclusão: o transtorno mental é apenas uma das necessidades de cuidado. Por isso, é importante pensar esse cuidado para além do transtorno, tendo como foco principal a pessoa e toda sua complexidade...
Describir la atención de la salud de las personas con trastorno mental en la Red de Atención Psicosocial. Métodos: estudio transversal cuantitativo, descriptivo, con 1.595 usuarios de los servicios comunitarios de salud mental en tres estados del sur de Brasil, en 2011. Los datos fueron introducidos en Epi-Info 6.04 programa estadístico y el análisis se realizó utilizando STATA 9.0. Resultados: el porcentaje de usuarios que no tienen ningún trastorno psiquiátrico corresponde al 45,3%. Entre las comorbilidades no psiquiátrico la hipertensión y la diabetes están entre los más mencionados. En cuanto al punto de atención de morbilidades no psiquiátricos, la mayoría de los participantes reportaron haber sido atendidos en Unidades Básicas de Salud. Conclusión: el trastorno mentales sólo una de las necesidades de atención, por lo que es importante pensar que el cuidado más allá de la enfermedad, centrándose principalmente en la persona y su complejidad...
الموضوعات
Humans , Mental Health , Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Community Mental Health Services , Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Brazilالملخص
To examine the state of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH) services and to compare the availability and use of CAMH services across the five regions of Brazil. Methods: the Mental Health Matrix Model was used as a framework to describe the state of CAMH services. Documents and administrative datasets were consulted, covering the whole country and the five Brazilian regions as separate levels. This enabled crossregion comparisons and combination with thethree temporal dimensions (Input, Process andOutcome) Results: although there are national policies regulating CAMH, along with an integral protection doctrine, scarcity of services was unequally distributed across the regions. A number of trends relating to social development and mental health (e.g. intellectual disability treated prevalence) were also identified. Conclusion: substantial advances in CAMH policy characterize the contemporary Brazilian CAMH system, especially regarding the implementa tion of community based mental health services for children and adolescents. However, the data reveals great inequalities and geographic variation regarding social indicators, service structure and use...
Analisar a situação dos serviços de saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes ecomparar a disponibilidade e uso dos mesmos entre as cinco macrorregiões do Brasil. Métodos: utilizou-se o The Mental Health Matrix Model como marco referencial para descrever a situação dos serviços de saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes. Analisaram-se documentos e dados originais de bases administrativas do governo federal. Isso permitiu a comparação entre as regiões e em relação ao tempo (investimentos, processos e resultados) Resultados: embora existam políticas e regulamentos nacionais sobre a saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes, alinhadas com a doutrina da proteção integral, verificouse um insuficiente número de serviços com uma distribuição desigual entre as macrorregiões. Adicionalmente, foi possível identificar tendências relacionadas ao desenvolvimento social e a saúde mental (ex. prevalência de atendimentos em deficiência intelectual) Conclusões: avanços substanciais nas políticas caracterizam o sistema brasileiro de saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes principalmente no que se refere à implementação de serviços de base comunitária. No entanto, os dados mostram desigualdade evariações regionais dos indicadores sociais, de estrutura e uso dos serviços...
الموضوعات
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Brazil , Mental Health , Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Community Mental Health Services/organization & administration , Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Mental Health Services/supply & distributionالملخص
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the compliance to the prescribed drug treatment and referral of patients discharged from a psychiatric emergency service (PES). METHOD: From a total of 330 patients enrolled in the study, 175 (53%) agreed to a telephone inquiry 60 days after the PES visit regarding the status of the prescribed medication use and the outpatient referral. RESULTS 227 patients (68.8%) received prescription for a psychotropic medication and all patients were referred to an outpatient psychiatry service. Of the 175 patients who agreed to participate, 153 (87.4%) were successfully contacted by phone. Out of these, 97 patients (63.4%) were using the prescribed medication and 83 (54.2%) had scheduled a community appointment after 60 days. Patients who received a prescription had a greater chance of being on psychotropic medications at follow-up (OR 2.88; IC 95% 1.33-6.22; p = 0.007). However, the prescription was not associated with being in regular outpatient treatment (OR 0.76; IC 95% 0.036-1.61; p = 0.475). CONCLUSIONS: Psychotropic medications were routinely prescribed for PES patients, but this practice did not increase compliance to outpatient treatment referral after two months.
OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico prescrito e ao encaminhamento em pacientes atendidos em um Serviço de Emergências Psiquiátricas (SEP). MÉTODO: Foram coletados dados demográficos e clínicos de 330 pacientes atendidos em um SEP durante um ano. Sessenta dias após o atendimento, a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e a continuidade do tratamento em caráter ambulatorial foram avaliadas através de contato telefônico. RESULTADOS: 227 pacientes (68,8%) receberam prescrição de medicações psicotrópicas. Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados para serviços psiquiátricos ambulatoriais. Cento e setenta e cinco pacientes concordaram em receber o contato telefônico. Desses pacientes, 97 (63,4%) estavam usando a medicação prescrita e 83 (54,2%) haviam marcado consulta após 60 dias. Os pacientes que receberam uma prescrição tiveram maior chance de estar em uso de medicações psicotrópicas no contato do seguimento (RC 2,88; IC 95% 1,33-6,22; p = 0,007). Entretanto, a prescrição não foi associada ao agendamento de consulta ambulatorial (RC 0,76; IC 95% 0,036-1,61; p = 0,475). CONCLUSÕES: Medicações psicotrópicas são prescritas rotineiramente para pacientes atendidos em SEP, mas esta prática não aumentou a adesão ao encaminhamento para tratamento ambulatorial após dois meses.
الموضوعات
Adult , Female , Humans , Emergency Services, Psychiatric/statistics & numerical data , Medication Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use , Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Follow-Up Studiesالملخص
Caregivers are indispensable to persons living with Alzheimer's disease; however, such care involves hard work, and the consequences of this activity on caregivers are often neglected. The objective of this study was to construct a profile for caregivers of Alzheimer patients and to evaluate the burden such care imposes on them. It is a transversal study of 122 caregivers from the metropolitan region of Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil. Socio-demographic data for the caregivers were analyzed, while the Katz scale and Lawton index were used to evaluate the functionality of Alzheimer's patients, and the Burden Interview Scale assessed the burden these patients impose on caregivers. Caregivers are predominantly married, are daughters who have learned to care for the patient on a daily basis, usually with some help, and they do so out of love. The caregiver's age (p < 0.01), whether or not the caregiver had help (p < 0.01), and the number of hours caring for the patient (p = 0.01) were associated with the impact. Results showed that the burden imposed on caregivers by Alzheimer patients is a heavy one.
O cuidador é indispensável ao paciente com doença de Alzheimer, no entanto cuidar é uma tarefa árdua, e as conseqüências dessa atividade em quem cuida são negligenciadas. Estudo transversal realizado na região metropolitana do Município de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, tem por objetivo caracterizar o perfil e avaliar o impacto da ação sobre 122 cuidadores principais de pacientes com doença de Alzheimer. A escala de Katz e o índice de Lawton foram utilizadas para avaliar a funcionalidade dos pacientes com doença de Alzheimer, e a Burden Interview Scale, para avaliar o impacto no cuidador. Caracterizaram-se seus dados sócio-demográficos. Os cuidadores foram predominantemente filhas, casadas, que aprenderam o cuidado no dia-a-dia, contavam com auxílio e exerciam a função por afeto. Associaram-se ao impacto de forma independente: idade do cuidador (p < 0,01), contar com auxílio (p < 0,01) e número de horas de cuidado (p = 0,01). Os cuidadores estudados apresentaram impacto elevado.
الموضوعات
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Alzheimer Disease/therapy , Cost of Illness , Caregivers/psychology , Activities of Daily Living , Analysis of Variance , Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Brazil , Community Mental Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Nuclear Family , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adultالملخص
A series of Community Psychiatric Clinics were conducted in different blocks of Sundarban region of West Bengal. One of the primary objectives of this was to collect clinical epidemiological data on psychiatric morbidity in the region. A total of 26 clinics were conducted in Sagar, Kakdwip, Canning and Gosaba block of the Sundarban region during the period from end 1998 to end 2000. A total of 451 psychiatric cases with diagnostic categories (male 239, female 212) and 215 non-psychiatric cases (male 107 and female 108) were seen in these clinics. Diagnostic Interview Schedules (SCID) and Clinical rating scales like Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales were used to ascertain clinical diagnosis quantitatively. Special emphasis was given on common psychiatric disorders.