الملخص
Introdução: Infecções nosocomiais, adquiridas após a internação hospitalar, são o evento adverso mais comum que ameaça a saúde dos pacientes hospitalizados, sendo a pneumonia, incluindo a causada pelo SARS-Cov-2, responsável por mais de 80% das infecções nosocomiais. A pandemia declarada pela OMS em março de 2020 reflete o rápido aumento de casos, impulsionado pela disseminação do vírus através de gotículas e aerossóis. A transmissão nosocomial do SARS-Cov-2 foi observada desde o início do surto em Wuhan, representando um desafio adicional na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Estudos internacionais em hospitais reportam incidências de infecção nosocomial por COVID-19 entre 11% e 44%.Objetivo: Identificar a proporção de infecção nosocomial por SARS-COV-2 no Brasil entre março de 2020 até dezembro de 2022.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo analítico, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, sobre a proporção de infecção nosocomial por Sars-Cov-2 no Brasil, através de dados secundários oriundos do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe. No presente estudo a variável dependente analisada foi a proporção de infecção nosocomial por Sars-cov-2. Como variáveis independentes exploratórias foram utilizadas: faixa etária, sexo, comorbidades e macrorregião de residência. Resultados: O estudo identificou uma proporção de casos nosocomiais de 2,58%, sendo maior no terceiro ano da pandemia 2022 (5,5%) na região Norte (7,57%), entre os indivíduos de 18-59 anos de idade (6,93%)Conclusões: Este estudo sobre casos nosocomiais de COVID-19 no Brasil revela uma proporção de 2,58% entre 2020 e 2022, com associações identificadas em relação à região, idade e comorbidades. Diferenças em relação a estudos internacionais sugerem questões metodológicas específicas. Essa pesquisa é de importância crítica, visto ser de abrangência nacional com grande amplitude, e estabelece uma base sólida para futuros estudos epidemiológicos (AU).
Introduction: Nosocomial infections, acquired after hospital admission, are the most common adverse events threatening patient health, with pneumonia, including that caused by SARS-CoV-2, responsible for over 80% of nosocomial infections. The pandemic declared by the WHO in March 2020 reflects the rapid rise in cases driven by the virus's spread through droplets and aerosols. Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed since the outbreak's onset in Wuhan, posing an additional challenge to patient quality of life. International hospital studies report nosocomial COVID-19 infection rates between 11% and 44%. Objective: Identifying the proportion of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil between March 2020 and December 2022.Methodology:This is an analytical, retrospective, cross-sectional study on the proportion of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil, using secondary data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. In this study, the analyzed dependent variable was the proportionof nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The exploratory independent variables included: age group, gender, comorbidities, and macro-region of residence.Results:The study identified a proportion of nosocomial cases of 2.58%, with a higher proportion in the third year of the pandemic, 2022 (5.5%) in the North region (7.57%), among individuals aged 18-59 years (6.93%). Conclusions: This study on nosocomial cases of COVID-19 in Brazil reveals a proportion of 2.58% between 2020 and 2022, with associations identified regarding region, age, and comorbidities. Differences compared to international studies suggest specific methodological issues. This research is of critical importance, given its national scope and broad coverage, and establishes a solid foundation for future epidemiological studies (AU).
Introducción: Las infecciones nosocomiales, adquiridas tras la hospitalización, son el evento adverso más común que amenaza la salud de los pacientes hospitalizados, siendo la neumonía, incluida la causada por el SARS-Cov-2, la responsable de más del 80% de las infecciones. La pandemia declarada por la OMS en marzo de 2020 refleja el rápido aumento de casos, impulsado por la propagación del virus a través de gotitas y aerosoles. La transmisión nosocomial del SRAS-Cov-2 se ha observado desde el inicio del brote en Wuhan, lo que supone un reto adicional para la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Estudios internacionales realizados en hospitales informan de incidencias de infecciones nosocomiales por COVID-19 de entre el 11% y el 44%. Objetivo: Identificar la proporción de infección nosocomial por SARS-CoV-2 en Brasil entre marzo de 2020 y diciembre de 2022. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio analítico, retrospectivo y transversal sobre la proporción de infección nosocomial por SARS-CoV -2 en Brasil, utilizando datos secundarios del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Influenza. La variable dependiente analizada fue la proporción de infección nosocomial por SARS-CoV-2. Como variables independientes exploratorias se utilizaron: grupo de edad, sexo, comorbilidades y macrorregión de residencia. Resultados:El estudio identificó una proporción de casos nosocomiales del 2,58%, siendo mayor en el tercer año de la pandemia de 2022 (5,5%) en la región Norte (7,57%), entre individuos de 18 a 59 años (6,93%). Conclusiones:Este estudio de casos de COVID-19 hospitalizados en Brasil revela una proporción de 2,58% entre 2020 y 2022, con asociaciones identificadas en relación a la región, edad y comorbilidades. Las disparidades en relación a estudios internacionales sugieren la presencia de cuestiones metodológicas específicas. Esta investigación es de extrema importancia para orientar estrategias preventivas y mejorar el control de las infecciones hospitalarias (AU).
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross Infection/transmission , Electronic Health Records/instrumentation , Health Information Systems , COVID-19/transmission , Brazil/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/etiologyالملخص
A infecção do trato urinário (ITU) nada mais é do que o acometimento das vias urinárias por microrganismo. Entre as infecções hospitalares de maior incidência está a infecção do trato urinário, acometendo mais mulheres do que homens. Uma das possíveis causas dessa infecção, em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), é o uso de cateter vesical. Seu tratamento inadequado pode ocasionar uma pielonefrite, podendo adentrar à circulação sanguínea, gerando uma infecção sistêmica e levar o paciente a óbito. A resistência antimicrobiana é uma das principais dificuldades encontrada em UTI sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um breve relato, baseado na literatura, sobre a resistência antimicrobiana na infecção urinária em unidade de terapia intensiva adulta. Em ambientes hospitalares o principal microrganismo causador de ITU é Escherichia coli, sendo 55,5% das culturas positivas estão associadas a procedimentos invasivos, como as sondas vesicais de demora, como consequência este é o microrganismo que mais apresenta resistência aos antimicrobianos utilizados como a ampicilina, trimetoprima e ciprofloxacino. O uso indiscriminado de antibióticos deixa em evidência a necessidade de análise criteriosa da real necessidade de qual antimicrobianos usar, tempo de uso e forma correta de administração. Portanto é necessária a ação dos profissionais de saúde frente a atenção ao paciente, desde a higiene das mãos, uso do cateter, quando necessário observar a real necessidade do uso do antimicrobianos e que esse seja feito após cultura e antibiograma.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is nothing more than the involvement of the urinary tract by a microorganism. Among the hospital infections with the highest incidence is urinary tract infections, affecting more women than men. One of the possible causes of this infection in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is the use of a bladder catheter. Its inadequate treatment can cause pyelonephritis, which can enter the bloodstream, generating a systemic infection and leading the patient to death. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the main difficulties encountered in ICUs and is considered a public health problem. The objective of this study was to present a brief report, based on the literature, on antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections in an adult intensive care unit. In hospital environments, the main microorganism that causes UTI is Escherichia coli, and 55.5% of positive cultures are associated with invasive procedures, such as indwelling urinary catheters, as a consequence, this is the microorganism that is most resistant to antimicrobials used, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics highlights the need for a careful analysis of the real need for which antimicrobials to use, time of use, and correct form of administration. Therefore, it is necessary for the action of health professionals in the care of the patient, from the hygiene of the professional to, the use of the catheter, when necessary to observe the real need for the use of antimicrobials and that this is done after culture and antibiogram.
La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) no es más que la afectación de las vías urinarias por un microorganismo. Entre las infecciones hospitalarias con mayor incidencia se encuentra la infección del tracto urinario, que afecta más a mujeres que a hombres. Una de las posibles causas de esta infección en pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) es el uso de una sonda vesical. Su tratamiento inadecuado puede causar pielonefritis, la cual puede ingresar al torrente sanguíneo, generando una infección sistémica y llevando al paciente a la muerte. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos es una de las principales dificultades encontradas en las UCI y se considera un problema de salud pública. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar un breve informe, basado en la literatura, sobre la resistencia antimicrobiana en infecciones del tracto urinario en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de adultos. En ambientes hospitalarios, el principal microorganismo causante de ITU es Escherichia coli, y el 55,5% de los cultivos positivos están asociados a procedimientos invasivos, como sondas vesicales permanentes, por lo que este es el microorganismo más resistente a los antimicrobianos utilizados, como la ampicilina. ., trimetoprima y ciprofloxacino. El uso indiscriminado de antibióticos pone de relieve la necesidad de un análisis cuidadoso de la necesidad real de qué antimicrobianos utilizar, el momento de uso y la forma correcta de administración. Por lo tanto, es necesaria la actuación de los profesionales de la salud en el cuidado del paciente, desde la higiene del profesional, uso del catéter, cuando sea necesario observar la necesidad real del uso de antimicrobianos y que este se realice previo cultivo y antibiograma.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Urinary Tract Infections/complications , Urinary Tract Infections/mortality , Urinary Tract Infections/prevention & control , Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy , Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects , Urinary Tract , Women , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/complications , Cross Infection/transmission , Escherichia coli/pathogenicity , Catheters/microbiology , Hand Hygiene , Ampicillin/therapeutic use , Intensive Care Units , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic useالموضوعات
Humans , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Cross Infection/parasitology , Parabasalidea/pathogenicity , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology , Protozoan Infections/diagnosis , Protozoan Infections/transmission , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/transmission , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis , Lung Diseases, Parasitic/transmissionالملخص
Abstract According to data from the last census of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN), the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Brazilian hemodialysis units (HU) is 3.3%, about three times higher than what is reported for the Brazilian general population. Often, professionals working in HU are faced with clinical situations that require rapid HCV diagnosis in order to avoid horizontal transmission within the units. On the other hand, thanks to the development of new antiviral drugs, the cure of patients with HCV, both in the general population and in patients with chronic kidney disease and the disease eradication, appear to be very feasible objectives to be achieved in the near future . In this scenario, SBN and the Brazilian Society of Hepatology present in this review article a proposal to approach HCV within HUs.
Resumo De acordo com os dados do último censo da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN), a prevalência de portadores do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) nas unidades de hemodiálise (UH) no Brasil é de 3,3%, cerca de três vezes maior do que é observado na população geral brasileira. Muitas vezes, os profissionais que trabalham nas UH deparam-se com situações clínicas que demandam rápido diagnóstico do HCV, a fim de evitar uma transmissão horizontal dentro das unidades. Por outro lado, a cura dos pacientes portadores do HCV, tanto na população geral como na portadora de doença renal crônica e a erradicação da doença, em virtude do desenvolvimento de novas drogas antivirais, parecem ser objetivos bastante factíveis, a ser alcançados em futuro próximo. Nesse cenário, a SBN e a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia apresentam neste artigo de revisão uma proposta de abordagem do HCV dentro das UH.
الموضوعات
Humans , Renal Dialysis/statistics & numerical data , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , RNA Viruses/genetics , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross Infection/transmission , Prevalence , Hepatitis C/diagnosis , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Hepacivirus/genetics , Glomerular Filtration Rate/physiology , Nephrology/organization & administration , Nephrology/statistics & numerical dataالملخص
BACKGROUND The multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is frequently observed in Acinetobacter baumannii, the most clinically relevant pathogenic species of its genus; recently, other species belonging to the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex have emerged as important MDR nosocomial pathogens. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of metallo-β-lactamase genes among distinct Acinetobacter species in a hospital located in the Brazilian Amazon Region. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined by broth microdilution. The genetic relationships among these isolates were assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Pyrosequencing reads of plasmids carrying the bla NDM-1 gene were generated using the Ion Torrent™ platform sequencing. FINDINGS A total of six isolates carried bla NDM-1: A. baumannii (n = 2), A. nosocomialis (n = 3), and A. pittii (n = 1); three carried bla IMP-1: A. baumannii, A. nosocomialis, and A. bereziniae. Resistance to colistin was observed for an NDM-1-producing A. nosocomialis isolate. Diverse PFGE patterns and sequence types were found among A. nosocomialis and A. baumannii isolates. The bla NDM-1 sequence was inserted in a Tn125 transposon, while the bla IMP-1 was found as a gene cassette of the class 1 integron In86. MAIN CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the dissemination of bla NDM-1 among distinct Acinetobacter species recovered from the same hospital in South America.
الموضوعات
Humans , Organometallic Compounds , Acinetobacter/isolation & purification , Acinetobacter/genetics , beta-Lactamases , Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects , Cross Infection/transmission , Intensive Care Unitsالملخص
O estudo objetivou conhecer o perfil das infecções hospitalares na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital, interior de São Paulo.Estudo retrospectivo, quantitativo, sendo os dados coletados através da CCIH. A taxa de pacientes com infecções hospitalares foi de 21,8%,o trato respiratório o sítio mais acometido (60,9%) e Acinetobacter spp e Staphylococcus aureus os patógenos mais encontrados. O óbito por infecções hospitalares foi mais frequente em mulheres (p=0,0322), idosos (p=0,0002) e em pacientes com maior dias de internação(p=0,0143). Os resultados apontam a necessidade de ações de prevenção e controle deste agravo.
This study aimed to know the profile of hospital infections (HI) in the Intensive Care Unit of a countryside hospital in São Paulo. It is a retrospective,quantitative study, with data collected through the CCIH. The rate of patients with HI was 21,8% and respiratory tract (60.9%) wasthe most affected site, and Acinetobacter spp and Staphylococcus aureus were the most found pathogens. The death for HI was found morefrequent in women (p=0.0322), in the elderly (p=0,0002) and patients with more days of admission (p=0.0143).The results show the needfor prevention and control of this disease.
El objetivo fue conocer el perfil de las infecciones hospitalarias (IH) en la unidad de terapia intensiva de un hospital en el interior de São Paulo.Estudio retrospectivo, cuantitativo y con datos recogidos a través de CCIH. La tasa de pacientes con IH fue 21,8%, el sitio más afectado eltracto respiratorio (60,9%), y Acinetobacter spp y Staphylococcus aureus los patógenos predominantes. La muerte por IH fue predominante en las mujeres (p=0,0322), ancianos (p=0,0002) y en pacientes con mayor número de días de hospitalización (p=0,0143). Son necesarias acciones de prevención y control de esto agravio.
الموضوعات
Humans , Cross Infection/complications , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/mortality , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross Infection/transmission , Health Profile , Infection Control , Intensive Care Units , Risk Factorsالملخص
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Corynebacterium striatum has been cited with increased frequency as pathogen of nosocomial infections. In this study, we report the draft genome of a C. striatum isolated from a patient with bloodstream infection in a hospital of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The isolate presented susceptibility only to tetracycline, vancomycin and linezolid. The detection of various antibiotic resistance genes is fully consistent with previously observed multidrug-resistant pattern in Corynebacterium spp. A large part of the pTP10 plasmid of MDR C. striatum M82B is present in the genome of our isolate. A SpaDEF cluster and seven arrays of CRISPR-Cas were found.
الموضوعات
Humans , Cross Infection/transmission , Genome/genetics , Corynebacterium Infections/therapy , Brazil/epidemiologyالملخص
Objective: To verify aspects related to the perception of healthcare workers regarding hand hygiene. Methods: Cross-sectional study in a emergency care unit at a university hospital in Belo Horizonte. A structured questionnaire was applied to nursing and medical staff. The statistic program SPSS was used, descriptive and univariate analysis were made. Results: Healthcare workers attributed as high the impact of infections on clinical evolution of patients and the effectiveness of hand hygiene in controlling those infections. The rate forself-reported compliance to hand hygiene was 76.0% for the nursing staff and 72.5% for medical staff, but lower than 60.0% for coworkers. Conclusions: Healthcare workers perceive hand hygiene as an effective measure to control infection and recognize that compliance rates of hand hygiene among health teams in general are low.
Objetivo: Verificar os aspectos relacionados à percepção dos profissionais de saúde em relação à higienização das mãos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em uma unidade de pronto-atendimento de um hospital universitário de Belo Horizonte. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado aos profissionais de enfermagem e da equipe médica. Utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS, realizou-se análise descritiva e univariada. Resultados: Os profissionais de saúde atribuem como alto o impacto das infecções na evolução clínica dos pacientes e a eficácia da higiene de mãos no controle destas. A taxa auto-reportada para adesão à higiene de mãos foi de 76% para a equipe de enfermagem e 72,5% para a equipe médica, porém, inferiores a 60% para os colegas de trabalho. Conclusões: Os profissionais percebem a HM como uma medida eficaz de controle de infecção e reconhecem que as taxas de adesão das equipes de saúde em geral, são baixas.
Objetivo: Verificar los aspectos relacionados con la percepción de los profesionales de salud con respecto a higiene de las manos. Métodos: Estudio transversal en un servicio de emergencia de un hospital universitario de Belo Horizonte. Un cuestionario estructurado fue aplicado para los profesionales de enfermería y médicos. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS, hubo análisis descriptivo y univariante. Resultados: Los profesionales de salud atribuyen alto impacto para las infecciones en la evolución clínica de los pacientes y alta la eficacia de la higiene de manos en el control de estas infecciones. La tasa de adherencia auto-reportada a la higiene de manos fue 76,0% para el personal de enfermería y 72,5% para el personal médico, sin embargo, inferior a 60,0% para los compañeros de trabajo. Conclusiones: Los profesionales perciben la higiene de las manos como una medida efectiva para controlar la infección y reconocen que las tasas de adherencia de los equipos de salud en general son bajos.
الموضوعات
Humans , Hand Disinfection/standards , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross Infection/transmission , Health Personnel , Brazilالملخص
BACKGROUND The association between Staphylococcus haemolyticus and severe nosocomial infections is increasing. However, the extent to which fomites contribute to the dissemination of this pathogen through patients and hospital wards remains unknown. OBJECTIVES In the present study, sphygmomanometers and thermometers were evaluated as potential fomites of oxacillin-resistant S. haemolyticus (ORSH). The influence of oxacillin and vancomycin on biofilm formation by ORSH strains isolated from fomites was also investigated. METHODS The presence of ORSH on swabs taken from fomite surfaces in a Brazilian hospital was assessed using standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by the disk diffusion method, and clonal distribution was assessed in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assays. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oxacillin and vancomycin were evaluated via the broth microdilution method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were performed to detect the mecA and icaAD genes. ORSH strains grown in media containing 1/4 MIC of vancomycin or oxacillin were investigated for slime production and biofilm formation on glass, polystyrene and polyurethane catheter surfaces. FINDINGS ORSH strains comprising five distinct PFGE types were isolated from sphygmomanometers (n = 5) and a thermometer (n = 1) used in intensive care units and surgical wards. ORSH strains isolated from fomites showed susceptibility to only linezolid and vancomycin and were characterised as multi-drug resistant (MDR). Slime production, biofilm formation and the survival of sessile bacteria differed and were independent of the presence of the icaAD and mecA genes, PFGE type and subtype. Vancomycin and oxacillin did not inhibit biofilm formation by vancomycin-susceptible ORSH strains on abiotic surfaces, including on the catheter surface. Enhanced biofilm formation was observed in some situations. Moreover, a sub-lethal dose of vancomycin induced biofilm formation by an ORSH strain on polystyrene. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Sphygmomanometers and thermometers are fomites for the transmission of ORSH. A sub-lethal dose of vancomycin may favor biofilm formation by ORSH on fomites and catheter surfaces.
الموضوعات
Humans , Oxacillin/pharmacology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/transmission , Thermometers/microbiology , Vancomycin/pharmacology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Biofilms/growth & development , Sphygmomanometers/microbiology , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/isolation & purification , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/drug effects , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/physiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Cross Infection/transmission , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Electrophoresisالملخص
We report the result of an awareness campaign about the importance of hand hygiene after using different devices used in assistance to patients, such as tablets, notebooks, mobile phones, identification cards, watches, cameras, showing the level of contamination found after detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via bioluminescence, which enables a quantitative assessment ready and easy to implement. ATP molecules found in all living cells react with the enzyme complex to generate light and represent the presence of organic matter in such objects(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Adenosine Triphosphate/analysis , Bacterial Infections/transmission , Cell Phone , Cross Infection/transmission , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Environmental Microbiology , Hand/microbiology , Health Personnel , Luminescent Measurements/methodsالملخص
Objetivo: o processo infeccioso e inflamatório decorrente da periodontite poderia contribuir para o desenvolvimento da pneumonia nosocomial. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura científica sobre a relação entre periodontite e pneumonia nosocomial. Material e métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, na base de dados PubMed, por trabalhos que avaliavam o impacto da condição bucal no desenvolvimento da pneumonia nosocomial. Os termos "nosocomial pneumonia" e "periodontitis" foram utilizados nessa busca. Resultados: quatro artigos foram selecionados por dois revisores, para serem incluídos nessa revisão da literatura: um transversal, um do tipo caso-controle, uma revisão sistemática e um ensaio clínico. Conclusão: o número de estudos sobre a associação entre essas duas doenças é extremamente reduzido. O aprimoramento do conhecimento sobre o potencial papel da infecção periodontal na instalação da pneumonia nosocomial é fundamental, pois essa infecção respiratória está associada à significativa morbidade e mortalidade. Estudos adicionais são necessários para elucidação da relação entre essas duas condições patológicas.
Objective: the infectious and inflammatory process in periodontitis could contribute to the development of nosocomial pneumonia. The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature on the relationship between periodontitis and nosocomial pneumonia. Material and methods: a literature search was performed in the PubMed database, for studies that evaluated the impact of oral health in the development of nosocomial pneumonia. The nosocomial pneumonia and periodontitis terms were used in this search. Results: we selected, by two reviewers, four articles to be included in this literature review: a cross-sectional, a case-control, a systematic review and a clinical trial. Conclusion: the number of studies on the association between these two diseases is extremely low. The improvement of knowledge about the potential role of periodontal infection in the nosocomial pneumonia installation is critical because this respiratory infection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between these two pathological conditions.
الموضوعات
Humans , Cross Infection/transmission , Periodontal Diseases , Periodontitis/complications , Pneumonia/complicationsالملخص
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a nosocomial pathogen in community settings. MRSA colonized individuals may contribute to its dissemination; the risk of MRSA infection is increased in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients, although the prevalence of colonization in this group is not well established. The present study addressed this issue by characterizing MRSA isolates from HIV/AIDS patients and their healthcare providers (HCPs) to determine whether transmission occurred between these two populations. METHODS: A total of 24 MRSA isolates from HIV-infected patients and five from HCPs were collected between August 2011 and May 2013. Susceptibility to currently available antimicrobials was determined. Epidemiological typing was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and Staphylococcus cassette chromosome (SCCmec) typing. The presence of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA) and heterogeneous daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (hDRSA) was confirmed by population analysis profile. Isolates characterized in this study were also compared to isolates from 2009 obtained from patients at the same hospital. RESULTS: A variety of lineages were found among patients, including ST5-SCCmecII and ST30-SCCmecIV. Two isolates were Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive, and hVISA and hDRSA were detected. MRSA isolates from two HCPs were not related to those from HIV/AIDS patients, but clustered with archived MRSA from 2009 with no known relationship to the current study population. CONCLUSIONS: ST105-SCCmecII clones that colonized professionals in 2011 and 2012 were already circulating among patients in 2009, but there is no evidence that these clones spread to or between HIV/AIDS patients up to the 7th day of their hospitalization.
الموضوعات
Humans , Staphylococcal Infections , HIV Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient/statistics & numerical data , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Cross Infection/microbiology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field , Molecular Epidemiology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Tertiary Care Centersالملخص
RESUMO As precauções padrão (PP) são recomendações para prevenir infecções e proteger os trabalhadores de saúde durante a prestação de cuidados. Porém, constata-se baixa adesão a estas recomendações. Objetivo Analisar os motivos e as consequências da baixa adesão às PP pela equipe de enfermagem. Método Revisão integrativa da literatura, busca em sete bases de dados, período de 2005 a 2014. Resultados 30 artigos foram selecionados para análise. Os motivos da baixa adesão evidenciados relacionam-se a práticas deficitárias de educação permanente, comportamentos de risco de trabalhadores, provisão de material e equipamentos de proteção inadequados e condições de trabalho inadequadas. As consequências são os acidentes e as doenças do trabalho. Os estudos de intervenção são escassos e limitam-se à educação dos profissionais. Conclusões A baixa adesão às PP está vinculada a aspectos individuais dos trabalhadores e às instituições empregadoras e formadoras. As estratégias de intervenção realizadas mostram-se pouco eficientes por focar apenas o trabalhador.
RESUMEN Las precauciones estándares (PE) son recomendaciones para prevenir infecciones y proteger a los trabajadores de la salud durante la prestación de cuidados, pero, se constata baja adhesión a estas recomendaciones. Objetivo analizar los motivos y consecuencias de la baja adhesión a las PE por el equipo de enfermería. Método revisión integradora de la literatura, busca en siete bases de datos, periodo de 2005 a 2014. Resultados 30 artículos fueron seleccionados para análisis. Los motivos de la baja adhesión evidenciados se relacionan a precarias prácticas de educación permanente, comportamientos de riesgo de trabajadores, inadecuada provisión de material y equipos de protección e inadecuadas condiciones de trabajo. Las consecuencias son los accidentes y las enfermedades del trabajo. Son escasos los estudios de intervención y se limitan a la educación de los profesionales. Conclusiones la baja adhesión a las PE se vincula a los aspectos individuales de los trabajadores, las instituciones empleadoras y formadoras. Las estrategias de intervención realizadas se muestran poco eficientes por enfocar solo al trabajador.
ABSTRACT Standard precautions (SP) are recommendations to prevent infection and protect health care workers during the provision of care, however, still exists low adherence to these recommendations. Objective To analyze the reasons and consequences of low adherence to standard precautions by the nursing staff. Method integrative literature review, search in seven databases, from 2005 to 2014. Results 30 articles were selected for analysis. The reasons for low adherence evidenced relate to deficient practices of lifelong learning, risk behaviors of workers, inadequate provision of equipment and protective equipment and inadequate working conditions. The consequences are accidents and occupational diseases. There are few intervention studies, which merely provide guidance to professionals. Conclusions The low adhesion to standard precautions is linked to individual aspects of workers, employers and educational institutions. Intervention strategies carried out have shown little efficient by only focusing on the worker.
الموضوعات
Humans , Attitude of Health Personnel , Universal Precautions/statistics & numerical data , Infection Control/statistics & numerical data , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Nurses/psychology , Nursing, Team , Risk-Taking , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross Infection/transmission , Cross-Sectional Studies , Infection Control/methods , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control , Motivation , Occupational Diseases/etiology , Occupational Diseases/prevention & controlالملخص
Serratia marcescens is a widely distributed gram-negative rod, often associated to nosocomial infections. Some outbreaks linked to contaminated antiseptic solutions have been reported. In this study we report a nosocomial outbreak of surgical site infection and catheter insertion site infection due to S. marcescens. 33 patients with positive cultures were studied after an index case was identified. Epidemiological, microbiological and molecular analysis demostrated an intrinsic contamination of alcohol free chlorhexidine solution as causal factor. Positive cultures were associated with 13 clinical infections, 9 colonized patients, 6 pseudobacteremia episodes and 5 patients without documented exposure. Hospital and national recall of contaminated chlorhexidine solution was performed after this study. Intrinsic contamination of antiseptic solutions is an infrequent cause of nosocomial infections with major epidemiological relevance.
Serratia marcescens es un bacilo gramnegativo de amplia distribución, frecuentemente asociado a infecciones nosocomiales. Se han descrito brotes asociados a la contaminación de diversas soluciones antisépticas. Describimos a continuación un brote de infección de sitio operatorio (ISO) y de infección de sitio de inserción de catéter vascular (ISC) por S. marcescens. A raíz de un caso índice se estudió un total de 33 pacientes con cultivo positivo para S. marcescens. El análisis epidemiológico, microbiológico y molecular logró demostrar la contaminación intrínseca de un lote de clorhexidina acuosa, como fuente común de exposición. Las muestras positivas correspondieron a 13 infecciones clínicas, nueve colonizaciones, seis pseudo-bacteriemias y cinco pacientes sin exposición demostrada. Los resultados de este estudio determinaron el retiro del producto de la institución y posteriormente a nivel nacional. La contaminación intrínseca de antisépticos es una causa poco frecuente de brotes de infecciones nosocomiales cuya identificación posee un gran impacto epidemiológico.
الموضوعات
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Chlorhexidine , Cross Infection/transmission , Disinfectants , Drug Contamination , Serratia Infections/transmission , Serratia marcescens/isolation & purification , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Disease Outbreaks , Seasons , Serratia Infections/diagnosis , Serratia Infections/epidemiologyالملخص
Introducción: la bacteriemia asociada al uso de catéter venoso central (BCVC) es una causa frecuente de infección intrahospitalaria en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto sobre la incidencia de BCVC de la implementación de un paquete de medidas destinadas a su prevención en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Niños del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo intervencionista desde el 1 de mayo de 2013 al 31 de octubre del mismo año. Se aplicó un paquete de medidas en la colocación de catéteres venosos centrales (CVC). Las mismas consistieron en higiene de manos, uso de barreras asépticas máximas, asepsia de la piel con clorhexidina, evitar el uso del acceso femoral, retiro temprano de los CVC y cuidados posteriores del CVC. Se determinó la densidad de incidencia de BCVC. Resultados: se incluyeron 45 niños con CVC colocados en UCIN, con un total de 51 CVC y 419 días de cateterización. Se identificó un caso de BCVC. La densidad de incidencia de BCVC fue 2,38 casos/1.000 días de CVC. El cumplimiento del paquete de medidas para la prevención de la BCVC fue elevado. Conclusiones: la incidencia de BCVC ha descendido a partir del año 2010. El protocolo de trabajo propuesto fue implementado como pauta de UCIN.
Introduction: intravascular-device bacteremia is a frequent cause of intrahospitalary infections in the Pediatrics Critical Care Units. Objective: to establish the impact of a bunddle of strategies on the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit of Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Method: an observational descriptive study was conducted from May 1, 2013 to October 31, 2013. Patients hospitalized in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit with a central catheter were included. Six interventions were applied as a bundle at the moment of insertion of catheter. Data were collected from the patients’ clinical history and from the checklist filled at the moment of insertion of catheter. Density of the incidence of of bacteremia related to central catheter was calculated. Results: 45 children were included in the study, adding up to 51 central venous access and 419 days of catheterization. One case of catheter-related bacteremia was identified, there being 2.38 cases/ 1000 days of catheterization. The isolation was coagulase negative Staphylococcus. The bundle of interventions was highly accepted. Conclusions: the incidence of catheter-related bacteremia has diminished since 2010. The bundle of interventions has been established as a guide in the Pediatrics Critical Care Unit of Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell.
الموضوعات
Humans , Bacteremia/prevention & control , Central Venous Catheters/adverse effects , Uruguay , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Clinical Protocols , Cross Infection/transmissionالملخص
Impression cytology (IC) has been widely used as a method for evaluating the ocular surface and superficial cells layers in the diagnosis and follow-up after treatment of several ocular surface tumors of both epithelial and melanocytic origin. Information regarding this can be found in the English-language literature since 1992. Using either cellulose acetate or Biopore membranes for specimen collection, a high correlation has been found between IC and tissue histology. Compared with exfoliative cytology with spatula, IC is less traumatic to the patient’s eye, provides a precise location of the area being studied, and allows accurate observation of the cells the way they exist in vivo. The additional advantage of IC is the preservation of limbal stem cells responsible for continuous corneal epithelium renewal; these can be affected after incisional or excisional biopsy at the corneoscleral limbus, which is the most frequent site of appearance of tumors in the stratified epithelium. Treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia has historically included surgery, but nonsurgical interventions have also been adopted. Hence, in certain cases, ophthalmologists may prefer interventions less invasive than surgical biopsy such as of impression cytology for both initial diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of treatment for ocular surface lesions. Nevertheless, it should be considered that IC may be less helpful if the results conflict with the clinical picture or if the clinical diagnosis is uncertain and results are negative. In such cases, surgical biopsy is required for accurate diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the published literature on the utilization of IC for the diagnosis and management of ocular surface tumors and to discuss the requirement for further investigation on the subject.
A citologia de impressão (CI) tem sido amplamente utilizada como um método de avaliação da superfície ocular e das camadas de células superficiais no diagnóstico e no seguimento após tratamento de vários tumores da superfície ocular de origem epitelial ou melanocítica. As informações podem sem encontradas na literatura em língua inglesa desde 1992. Utilizando-se de membranas de acetato de celulose ou Biopore na coleta dos espécimes, uma alta correlação tem sido encontrada entre a CI e a histologia do tecido. Comparando-se com a citologia esfoliativa, a citologia de impressão é menos traumática para o olho do paciente, fornece uma localização precisa da área estudada e permite ver as células da forma como elas organizam-se in vivo. A vantagem adicional da citologia de impressão é a preservação das células- tronco germinativas responsáveis pela renovação contínua do epitélio da córnea. Elas podem ser afetadas após biópsia cirúrgica na região do limbo que é o sítio mais frequentemente acometido pelos tumores do epitélio estratificado. O tratamento para a neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular tem sido historicamente a cirurgia, mas intervenções não cirúrgicas também foram adotadas. Por esta razão, em certos casos, oftalmologistas podem recorrer a formas menos invasivas que a biópsia cirúrgica (como a citologia de impressão) tanto para o diagnóstico inicial quanto para o monitoramento terapêutico das lesões da superfície ocular. No entanto, deve-se ter em mente que a citologia de impressão deixa de ser útil quando seu resultado não coincide com o quadro clínico ou quando o diagnóstico clínico é incerto e o resultado da citologia de impressão negativo. Nesses casos, a biópsia cirúrgica deve ser realizada para o diagnóstico. O objetivo desta revisão é examinar a literatura sobre a utilização da citologia de impressão no diagnóstico e tratamento dos tumores da superfície ocular bem como discutir a necessidade de uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre o assunto.
الموضوعات
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Equipment Contamination , Infection Control , Intensive Care Units , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Contact Tracing , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross Infection/transmission , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , France , Fomites/microbiology , Glycopeptides/pharmacology , Hospitals, University , Oximetry/instrumentation , Retrospective Studies , Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control , Staphylococcal Infections/transmission , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effectsالموضوعات
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Legionella pneumophila/isolation & purification , Legionnaires' Disease/epidemiology , Water Microbiology , Water Supply , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Cross Infection/transmission , Fomites , Infection Control , Legionnaires' Disease/prevention & control , Legionnaires' Disease/transmission , Wisconsinالملخص
Introducción: la transmisión nosocomial de la tuberculosis ha sido reconocida como un problema para el control de la tuberculosis a nivel mundial. Objetivos: estimar la prevalencia de Infección Tuberculosa Latente y evaluar el riesgo de infección tuberculosa en trabajadores de tres Hospitales Clínico Quirúrgicos de La Habana, Cuba. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal en muestra de 804 trabajadores de una plantilla total de 5 737 en tres hospitales Clínico Quirúrgicos de La Habana; se les aplicó prueba de tuberculina y encuesta con datos personales, de ubicación laboral y exposición a Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se consideraron positivas las reacciones ï³10 mm. Para probar la posible influencia de las variables predictoras sobre la presencia o no de infección, se realizó análisis bivariado y posteriormente multivariado. El riesgo individual se clasificó en Alto, Intermedio, Bajo y Mínimo. El Riesgo Colectivo se midió por departamentos; se clasificaron como Riesgo Alto, Intermedio, Bajo, Muy Bajo y Mínimo. Resultados: la prevalencia de Infección Tuberculosa Latente fue 28,8 por ciento, inferior en el Albarrán (26,6 por ciento) y superior en Allende (31,5 por ciento). La media de induración fue 10,4 mm excluyendo los no reactores. Se encontró posible asociación de la Infección Tuberculosa Latente con las categorías enfermero y trabajador de servicios, tener contacto con casos de tuberculosis y llevar 6 años o más trabajando en el centro. El 28,6 por ciento de los trabajadores se evaluó con riesgo alto; 33,6 por ciento de los departamentos se evaluaron con Riesgo Alto. Conclusiones: el riesgo de Infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis para los trabajadores de los tres hospitales clínico quirúrgicos de La Habana fue evaluado entre intermedio y alto, con un tercio de sus áreas que constituyen un potencial de riesgo de tuberculosis para el personal que labora en ellas(AU)
Introduction: nosocomial tuberculosis transmission has been recognized worldwide as a problem for TB control. Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection and to evaluate the risk of Tuberculosis Infection in Health Care Workers of three Surgical Clinical Hospitals at Havana City. Methods: across sectional study in a sample of 804 Health Care Workers out of 5737 staff of three hospitals at Havana City was carried out; a tuberculin skin test was applied along with an interview on personal data, labor location and exposition to M. tuberculosis. A 10 mm cut-off point was used. To prove the possible influence of predictor variables on the presence of infection, a bivariate analysis and a multivariate model were applied. The individual risk was classified as high, Intermediate, Low and Minimum. The Collective Risk was measured by departments and were classified as High, Intermediate, Low, Very Low and Minimum Risk. Results: the prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection was 28.8 percent, lower in Albarrán (26.6 percent) and higher in Allende (31.5 percent). Induration mean: 10.4 mm excluding non-reactors. A possible association of Latent Tuberculosis Infection with the categories: nurses and services workers, having contact with tuberculosis cases, and ≥ 6 years working in the hospital was found. 28.6 percent of workers were evaluated as high risk; 33.6 percent of the departments were evaluated as High Risk, 31 percent Intermediate and none as Minimum risk. Conclusions: the risk of Micobacterium tuberculosis Infection for Health Care Workers of 3 hospitals at Havana city was evaluated among intermediate and high, with a third of their areas constituting a potential tuberculosis risk for the personnel working in them(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Tuberculosis/transmission , Cross Infection/transmission , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Occupational Health , Cubaالملخص
C. difficile is an anaerobic spore former pathogen and the most important etiologic agent of nosocomial and community acquired antibiotics associated diarrheas. C. difficile infections (CDI) are responsible for an elevated rate of morbidity in developed and developing countries. Although the major virulence factors responsible for clinical symptoms of CDI are the two toxins TcdA and TcdB, C. difficile spores are the main vehicle of infection, persistence and transmission of CDI. Recent work has unrevealed unique properties of C. difficile spores that make them remarkable morphotypes of persistence and transmission in the host, including their resistance to antibiotics, the host immune response and disinfectants. The present review summarizes relevant aspects of C. difficile spore biology that have major implications from a clinical and medical perspective.
Clostridium difficile es un patógeno anaerobio, formador de esporas y el agente etiológico más importante de las diarreas asociadas a antimicrobianos, tanto nosocomiales como adquiridas en la comunidad. Las infecciones asociadas a C. difficile poseen una elevada tasa de morbilidad en países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. Los dos factores de virulencia principales son TcdA y TcdB, toxinas que causan la remodelación del citoesqueleto lo cual desencadena los síntomas clínicos asociados a esta enfermedad infecciosa. A pesar que las esporas de C. difficile son el principal vehículo de infección, persistencia en el hospedero y de transmisión, pocos estudios se han enfocado sobre este clave aspecto. Es altamente probable que la espora juegue roles esenciales en los episodios de recurrencia y de transmisión horizontal de la infección por este microorganismo. Estudios recientes han revelado características únicas de las esporas de C. difficile que las hacen capaces de ser altamente transmisibles y persistir dentro del hospedero. Más aún, algunas de estas propiedades están relacionadas con la resistencia de sus esporas a los desinfectantes más comúnmente usados en los recintos hospitalarios. La presente revisión resume los conocimientos más relevantes en la biología de las esporas de C. difficile, con un énfasis en aquellos aspectos con implicancias clínicas, incluido el control de infecciones en el ambiente hospitalario.