Effects of manipulator operation task and troubleshooting task on blood pressure indexes of oceanauts / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To explore the characteristics and rules of blood pressure changes in oceanauts during simulated operation of manipulator and troubleshooting tasks with different difficulty. Methods: In July 2020, 8 deep-sea manned submersible oceanauts, 6 males and 2 females, were selected as objects. In the 1∶1 model of Jiaolong deep-sea manned submersible, the oceanauts performed manipulator operation tasks and troubleshooting tasks with different difficulties, measured the continuous blood pressure of the oceanauts, filled in the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX scale) after the completion of a single mission, and the changes of systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mental workload were analyzed. Results: In a single task, the SBP, DBP and MAP of the oceanauts increased first and then decreased. The blood pressure values at the third minute were significantly lower than those at the first minute (P<0.01), and those at the fifth minute were significantly higher than those at the third minute (P<0.01). When performing the same task, compared with the quiet state, SBP, DBP and MAP increased when the oceanauts performed low difficulty, high difficulty, high difficulty+2-back manipulator operation task and troubleshooting task (P<0.05). When the task difficulty was the same, the SBP and MAP of oceanauts performing manipulator operation tasks were higher than those of oceanauts performing troubleshooting tasks (P<0.05). Compared with low difficulty tasks, the scores of NASA-TLX scale for oceanauts performing high difficulty manipulator operationtasks were significantly higher (P<0.05). Compared with the low difficulty task and high difficulty task, the scale score of the high difficulty+2-back troubleshooting task was significantly higher (P<0.05). When the task difficulty was the same, the scale scores of low difficulty and high difficulty manipulator operation tasks were significantly higher than those of troubleshooting tasks (P<0.05). SBP, DBP, MAP of No. 1, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, and No. 7 oceanauts (all of whom had 6 years of diving) were positively correlated with NASA-TLX scale scores (r>0.8, P<0.05) . Conclusion: In the process of manned deep-sea diving, when the oceanauts perform manipulator operation tasks and troubleshooting tasks, with the increase of task difficulty, the mental load of oceanauts increases, and the blood pressure index increases significantly in a short time. At the same time, improving the proficiency of operation can reduce the variation range of blood pressure indexes. Blood pressure can be used as an effective reference to evaluate the difficulty of operation and guide scientific training.

Efectos biológicos de la exposición a distintas concentraciones de oxígeno: desde la hipoxia hipobárica al oxígeno hiperbárico / Biological effects due to exposure to different concentrations of oxygen from hypo to hyperoxemia

The systemic effects of oxygen deficiency or excess are not thoroughly described. Knowledge is evolving towards the description of beneficial and detrimental effects of both extremes of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). The cellular and tissue mediators derived from the modulation of the oxidative tone and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely characterized biochemically, but the pathophysiological characterization is lacking. Preclinical models support the use of hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning, based on its beneficial effects on ventricular function or its reduction in infarct size. A very important use of oxygen today is in commercial diving. However, novel clinical indications for oxygen such as the healing of diabetic foot ulcers and bone injury caused by radiotherapy are increasingly used. On the other hand, the modulation of the hypoxic response associated with exposure to high altitude environments (hypobaric), favors Chile and its highlands as a natural laboratory to determine certain cardiovascular, cerebral and metabolic responses in the resident population. Also, the consequences of the intermittent exposure to high altitudes in workers also deserves attention. This review discusses the physiopathological response to hypo and hyperoxemia, associated with environments with different oxygen concentrations, and brings back the concept of oxygen as a pharmacological mediator in extreme environments such as high altitudes and hyperbaric medicine in divers, decompression sickness, osteonecrosis associated with radiotherapy and sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

El buceo recreativo y la otorrinolaringología: ¿qué sabemos y deberíamos saber? / Recreational diving and otolaryngology: what do we know and should we know?

El buceo recreativo es una práctica cada vez más popular en la población mundial, sin embargo, no está exenta de riesgos. A medida que transcurre una inmersión, el buzo es susceptible a una serie de cambios de presión que afectan las distintas cavidades que contienen aire dentro del cuerpo humano, tales como el oído, cavidades paranasales y los pulmones. Existe un gran espectro de patologías asociadas al buceo, explicándose la mayoría de ellas por el barotrauma asociado, cuya gravedad depende de la magnitud del daño asociado, pudiendo presentar desde manifestaciones a nivel local, así como también a nivel sistémico. Las patologías otológicas suelen ser las más frecuentes y el principal motivo de consulta en este tipo de pacientes. Sin embargo, las afecciones otoneurológicas, rinosinusales, de vía aérea y sistémicas pueden ser comunes dependiendo de cada perfil de buceo. Actualmente no existen recomendaciones locales sobre esta práctica, por lo que el conocimiento de la fisiología, fisiopatología y el tratamiento de las patologías otorrinolaringológicas asociadas deben ser conocidas a medida que este deporte se vuelve cada vez más popular. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre las distintas afecciones otorrinolaringológicas con el fin de sistematizarlas y elaborar recomendaciones para establecer una práctica segura.

Recreational diving is an increasingly popular practice in the world; however, it is not without risks. As a dive progresses, the diver is susceptible to a series of pressure changes that affect the air-containing cavities, such as the ear, paranasal cavities, and lungs. There is a large spectrum of pathologies associated with diving, most of them being explained by associated barotrauma, the severity of which depends on the magnitude of the associated damage, could present local manifestations, as well as at systemic level. Otological pathologies are usually the most frequent and the main reason for consultation in this type of patients, however, otoneurological, rhinosinusal, airway and systemic conditions can be common depending on each diving profile. Currently there are no local recommendations on this practice, therefore, knowledge of the physiology, pathophysiology and treatment of associated otorhinolaryngological pathologies should be known as this sport becomes increasingly popular. A review of the literature on the different ear, nose and throat conditions was carried out in order to systematize them and develop recommendations to establish a safe practice.

Research on scientific sports training of students majoring in physical education / Pesquisa científica sobre o treinamento esportivo de alunos do curso de educação física / Investigación sobre la formación científico-deportiva de estudiantes de la carrera de educación física

ABSTRACT Introduction: The organization of high-level sports teams in colleges and universities is an important measure for my country's competitive sports to break the traditional monopoly and monopoly pattern and go to the market and society in an all-around way. It helps to improve the cultural quality of Chinese athletes and cultivate new sports talents for comprehensive development. It can make full use of universities' multidisciplinary and high-tech advantages, increase the technological content of competitive training, and accelerate the improvement of sports level. Objective: This article intends to take the diving team as an example to explain the role and significance of scientific training in developing competitive sports in my country's ordinary colleges and universities and put forward suggestions for the establishment, organization, and implementation of scientific training. Methods: The scientific research support system used in the thesis includes: physiological and biochemical monitoring, health and sports injury monitoring, nutrition and weight monitoring, psychological consultation and monitoring, technical training support system, training quality management system, physical training support system, and athlete training database. Results: The in-depth research on diving training focuses on: (1) the detection and evaluation of diving technique training; (2) the training of divers' specific strength qualities; (3) the monitoring of nutrition and weight of female athletes; (4) Pre-match psychological training for outstanding diving athletes. Conclusions: The diving team's training shows that scientific and systematic training is an important guarantee for high-level student-athletes training in ordinary universities in my country. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A organização de equipes esportivas de alto nível em faculdades e universidades é uma medida importante para que os esportes competitivos em meu país quebrem o padrão tradicional de monopólio e entrem no mercado e na sociedade de maneira abrangente. Ajuda a melhorar a qualidade cultural dos atletas chineses e a cultivar novos talentos esportivos para um desenvolvimento integral. Pode tirar o máximo proveito das vantagens multidisciplinares e de alta tecnologia das universidades, aumentar o conteúdo tecnológico do treinamento competitivo e acelerar a melhoria do nível esportivo. Objetivo: Este artigo visa tomar a equipe de mergulho como exemplo para explicar o papel e a importância da formação científica no desenvolvimento dos esportes competitivos em faculdades e universidades comuns do meu país e apresentar sugestões para o estabelecimento, organização e implementação da formação científica. Métodos: O sistema de apoio à investigação científica utilizado na tese inclui: monitorização fisiológica e bioquímica, monitorização de lesões na saúde e desportivas, monitorização da nutrição e peso, consulta e monitorização psicológica, sistema de apoio técnico à formação, sistema de gestão da qualidade da formação, apoio à formação física sistema e banco de dados de treinamento de atletas. Resultados: A pesquisa aprofundada sobre o treinamento em mergulho concentra-se em: (1) detecção e avaliação do treinamento em técnicas de mergulho; (2) treinar as qualidades específicas de força dos mergulhadores; (3) monitorar a nutrição e o peso dos atletas; (4) Treinamento psicológico pré-jogo para atletas de mergulho de destaque. Conclusões: O treinamento da equipe de mergulho mostra que o treinamento científico e sistemático é uma garantia importante para a formação de alunos-atletas de alto nível em universidades comuns de meu país. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos: investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La organización de equipos deportivos de alto nivel en colegios y universidades es una medida importante para que el deporte competitivo de mi país rompa el patrón tradicional de monopolio e ingrese al mercado y a la sociedad de manera integral. Ayuda a mejorar la calidad cultural de los atletas chinos y a cultivar nuevos talentos deportivos para un desarrollo integral. Puede aprovechar al máximo las ventajas multidisciplinarias y de alta tecnología de las universidades, aumentar el contenido tecnológico de la formación competitiva y acelerar la mejora del nivel deportivo. Objetivo: Este artículo pretende tomar al equipo de buceo como ejemplo para explicar el papel y la importancia de la formación científica en el desarrollo de deportes competitivos en los colegios y universidades ordinarios de mi país y presentar sugerencias para el establecimiento, organización e implementación de la formación científica. Métodos: El sistema de apoyo a la investigación científica utilizado en la tesis incluye: seguimiento fisiológico y bioquímico, seguimiento de la salud y lesiones deportivas, seguimiento de la nutrición y el peso, consulta y seguimiento psicológico, sistema de apoyo al entrenamiento técnico, sistema de gestión de la calidad del entrenamiento, sistema de apoyo al entrenamiento físico, y base de datos de entrenamiento de atletas. Resultados: La investigación en profundidad sobre el entrenamiento de buceo se enfoca en: (1) la detección y evaluación del entrenamiento de técnicas de buceo; (2) el entrenamiento de las cualidades de fuerza específicas de los buzos; (3) el seguimiento de la nutrición y el peso de las atletas; (4) Entrenamiento psicológico previo al partido para atletas de buceo destacados. Conclusiones: La formación del equipo de buceo muestra que la formación científica y sistemática es una garantía importante para la formación de estudiantes-deportistas de alto nivel en las universidades ordinarias de mi país. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Análisis de eventos fríos y cálidos por medio de datos de buceo: un enfoque de ciencia ciudadana en el Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica / Analysis of warm and cool events in the Gulf of Papagayo through diving data: A Citizen Science approach

Introduction: In January 2011 and as a Citizen Science initiative, the owners of the Deep Blue Diving Shop in Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, began to collect daily temperature data in the seawater column during their diving activities, to inform tourists before traveling to Costa Rica and help them properly select their diving equipment and thus maximize the enjoyment of the experience in the Gulf of Papagayo. This data collection remained constant until January 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: Identify cold and warm events of the sub-surface temperature of the sea in the Gulf of Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica and their relationship with known sources of climate variability as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and synoptic systems such as incursions of cold fronts in the Caribbean Sea. Methods: Sea Subsurface Temperature data corresponding to the lowest temperature of the seawater column were used, at an approximate depth of 25-35m. Observations were made daily, from 01/01/2011 to 01/31/2020. Results: The mean temperature was 25.7 °C. Cooler temperatures were observed in February-March, below 22.5 °C with a secondary minimum in July. There were two peaks in May and August with temperatures above 27.4 °C. The drops during cold events reached 16-17 °C. All cold events were associated with the passage of cold fronts through the Caribbean Sea, due to reinforcement in the intensity of the trade winds, with a zonal component from the East, which causes seasonal upwelling. The warm events presented temperatures at their maximum of 30-31 °C. The latter events were associated with the development and maturity of warm El Niño-type ENSO events. ENSO is an important modulator of sea temperature variability in the Gulf of Papagayo, since El Niño events are related to positive anomalies in sea temperature in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Conclusions: The Citizen Science initiative presented in this study proved to be very useful for monitoring sea temperature in the Gulf of Papagayo. The results of this study indicate that Dive Masters can provide data on sea temperature of sufficient quality and with high temporal resolution. Divers can profitably support monitoring and Citizen Science can contribute positively to social well-being by influencing the questions that are being addressed and by giving people a voice in local environmental decision-making. The information generated in this study returns to the tour operators and enhance the understanding of the variability observed in the data collected by them, a knowledge that is later transmitted to their clients to improve their experience.

Introducción: En el año 2011 y como una iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana, los propietarios de la tienda Deep Blue Diving Shop en Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, iniciaron a recolectar diariamente los datos de temperatura en la columna de agua de mar durante sus actividades de buceo, como respuesta a la necesidad de informar a los turistas antes de viajar a Costa Rica para la selección del equipo correcto de SCUBA y así maximizar su experiencia en el Golfo de Papagayo. Esta recolección de datos se mantuvo constante hasta enero de 2020 por la pandemia del COVID-19. Objetivo: Identificar eventos fríos y cálidos de la temperatura sub-superficial del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo, Guanacaste, Costa Rica y su relación con fuentes de variabilidad climática conocidas como El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) y sistemas sinópticos como las incursiones de frentes fríos en el Mar Caribe. Métodos: Se utilizaron datos de Temperatura Subsuperficial del Mar correspondientes a la temperatura más baja de la columna del agua de mar, a una profundidad aproximada de 25-35 m. Las observaciones se realizaron con una frecuencia diaria del 01/01/2011 al 31/01/2020. Resultados: La iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana presentada en este estudio mostró ser muy útil para el monitoreo y caracterización de la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo. La temperatura media fue de 25.7 °C. Se observaron temperaturas más frías en febrero-marzo, por debajo de 22.5 °C con un mínimo secundario en julio. Hubo dos máximos en mayo y agosto con temperaturas superiores a 27.4 °C. Los descensos durante los eventos fríos alcanzaros los 16-17 °C. Todos los eventos fríos estuvieron asociados al paso de frentes fríos por el Mar Caribe, debido a reforzamientos en intensidad del viento alisio, con componente zonal del este, que provoca surgencia estacional. Los eventos cálidos presentaron temperaturas en sus máximos de 30-31 °C. Los eventos cálidos estuvieron asociados al desarrollo y madurez de los eventos cálidos del ENOS tipo El Niño. El ENOS es un modulador importante de la variabilidad de la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo, ya que los eventos El Niño están relacionados con anomalías positivas de la temperatura del mar en el Pacífico Tropical del Este. Conclusiones: La iniciativa de Ciencia Ciudadana presentada en este estudio resultó ser muy útil para monitorear la temperatura del mar en el Golfo de Papagayo. Los resultados de este estudio indican que los guías de buceo pueden aportar datos sobre la temperatura del mar de suficiente calidad y con alta resolución temporal. Los buzos pueden apoyar de manera rentable el monitoreo y la Ciencia Ciudadana puede contribuir positivamente al bienestar social al influir en las preguntas que se están abordando y al dar voz a las personas en la toma de decisiones ambientales locales. La información generada en este estudio regresa a los operadores de turismo y mejora la comprensión de la variabilidad observada en los datos recolectados por ellos, conocimiento que luego es transmitido a sus clientes para mejorar su experiencia.

A case of pulmonary barotrauma complicated with cerebral arterial air embolism in a diver / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Pulmonary barotrauma is a kind of disease caused by the injury of lung tissue or blood vessel when the gas pressure of lung is too high or too lower than the external pressure of the body, which causes the air to enter the blood vessel and adjacent tissue. It could be happened in the escape of the divers with the light diving equipment or the sailors from submarine. Generally, the decompression chamber was used to treating the disease, and the minimum air pressure of 0.5 MPa recompression therapeutic schedule was used to selecting. In November 2019, a patient with pulmonary barotrauma combined with cerebral arterial gas embolism caused by improper underwater escape with light diving equipment was admitted to the General Hospital of Eastern War Zone. He was treated with 0.12 MPa oxygen inhalation recompression scheme in the oxygen chamber pressurized with air. 7 days later, the patient recovered and discharged.

Forensic Identification of Diving Deaths / 法医学杂志

Investigation of the cause of death during diving is one of the contents of forensic pathology. In this article, relevant foreign literature is reviewed to summarize the techniques and methods used in the identification of diving deaths, such as accident reconstruction, diving monitoring data, postmortem CT examination and gas analysis (location and quantity) in the body of the corpse, in order to provide a reference for forensic identification of such cases.

Impacto socioeconómico de la variabilidad climática en pesca y turismo: antecedentes y propuesta metodológica / Socioeconomic impact of climate variability in fisheries and tourism: background and methodological proposal

Introducción: La variabilidad climática tiene efectos importantes sobre las diferentes actividades económicas que se desarrollan en zonas costeras y que emplean servicios ecosistémicos para su funcionamiento. Actualmente, no existen metodologías integrales que permitan realizar un proceso de valoración teniendo en cuenta todas las variables y las interacciones entre ellas. Objetivo: Proponer una aproximación metodológica que incluya de manera integral las diferentes etapas en el proceso de valoración económica de servicios ecosistémicos en zonas costeras, ante la variabilidad climática. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, consulta a expertos y se empleó un ejemplo de aplicación usando la actividad turística de buceo con tiburones martillos en la Isla del Coco. Resultados: La aproximación metodológica propuesta inicia con la caracterización socioeconómica y ambiental de la actividad que emplea el recurso natural como insumo, posteriormente se realiza una identificación y caracterización de las variables ambientales que afectan el recurso natural y los efectos que la variación de este recurso tiene sobre la actividad económica. Conclusiones: Las variables que conforman el sistema climático, que tienen relación con los recursos naturales y las actividades económicas, al ser influenciadas por fenómenos externos, producen efectos que deben ser analizados por medio de aproximaciones metodológicas integrales, dentro de las cuales uno de los pasos es la metodología de valoración, que permitan generar recomendaciones de política que contribuyan a minimizar esos efectos.

Introduction: Climate variability has important effects on the different economic activities that take place in marine areas. Currently, there are no comprehensive methodologies to carry out an assessment process that consider all the variables and interactions between them. Objective: To propose a methodological approach that comprehensively includes the different stages in the process of economic valuation of ecosystem services in coastal areas, in the face of climate variability. Methods: A bibliographic review, expert consultations and an application of a methodological example using the impact over shark diving activities at Isla del Coco were conducted. Results: The proposed methodological approach begins with the socio-economic and environmental characterization of the activity that uses a natural resource as input, followed by the identification and characterization of the environmental variables that affect the natural resource and of the effects that the variation of this resource has on the economic activity. Conclusions: The variables that make up the climate system, which relate to natural resources and economic activities, being influenced by external phenomena, produce effects that must be analyzed by comprehensive methodological approximations, within which one of the steps is the valuation methodology, that will allow generating policy recommendations that help to minimize these effects.

Lung macrophages are involved in lung injury secondary to repetitive diving / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

This study aimed to establish an animal model of decompression-induced lung injury (DILI) secondary to repetitive diving in mice and explore the role of macrophages in DILI and the protective effects of high-concentration hydrogen (HCH) on DILI. Mice were divided into three groups: control group, DILI group, and HCH group. Mice were exposed to hyperbaric air at 600 kPa for 60 min once daily for consecutive 3 d and then experienced decompression. In HCH group, mice were administered with HCH (66.7% hydrogen and 33.3% oxygen) for 60 min after each hyperbaric exposure. Pulmonary function tests were done 6 h after decompression; the blood was harvested for cell counting; the lung tissues were harvested for the detection of inflammatory cytokines, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry; western blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were done for the detection of markers for M1 and M2 macrophages. Our results showed that bubbles formed after decompression and repeated hyperbaric exposures significantly reduced the total lung volume and functional residual volume. Moreover, repetitive diving dramatically increased proinflammatory factors and increased the markers of both M1 and M2 macrophages. HCH inhalation improved lung function to a certain extent, and significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory factors. These effects were related to the reduction of M1 macrophages as well as the increase in M2 macrophages. This study indicates that repetitive diving damages lung function and activates lung macrophages, resulting in lung inflammation. HCH inhalation after each diving may be a promising strategy for the prevention of DILI.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los buzos sobre la enfermedad descompresiva de buceo atendidos en la clínica médica previsional filial Puerto Cabezas. Enero a Diciembre 2018 / Knowledge, attitudes and practices of divers about decompressive diving disease treated at the Puerto Cabezas subsidiary medical clinic. January to December 2018

Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, el propósito fue identificar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de los buzos sobre la enfermedad descompresiva del buceo. Se utilizó como instrumento de recolección de la información una entrevista. El estudio se realizó con un universo y muestra de 42 buzos que fueron atendidos en la Clínica Médica Previsional filial Puerto Cabezas, Región Autónoma Costa Caribe Norte, en el periodo comprendido de enero a diciembre 2018. Predominó la edad de 18 a 30 años, todos son sexo masculino el tiempo de laborar 40% tienen menos de 2 años nuevo de laborar, su procedencia 71 % zona Rural,y 79 % sin ningún nivel de escolaridad los conocimientos el 72 % tiene poco conocimiento de riesgo de la enfermedad 76% tiene suficiente conocimiento sobre la enfermedad y secuelas 86% no tiene ningún conocimiento sobre el tratamiento el 90% no conoce sobre la importancia de buceo en compañía, el 45% no tiene ningún conocimiento sobre el usode equipo de protección personal (EPP) y un 90 % sobre el mantenimiento no tieneningún conocimiento, 71% no conocen sobre la leyes nacionales. Las actitudes de los buzos no son las correctas consideran no importante el uso, y mantenimiento de los EPP y la aplicación de las leyes. Realizan las prácticas, de manera incorrecta. Al relacionar los conocimientos las actitudes y las prácticas se puede concluir que: los buzos no tienen conocimiento, no tiene la actitud y en práctica no la realizan de acuerdo a las normas de salud ocupacional

SCUBA Diving Fatality by Overweighted Belt: An Autopsy Case / 대한법의학회지

Scuba diving is a popular sports activity, even though it is associated with potential hazards. When a diver enters the water for an underwater expedition, he/she needs a series of diving gear, including a regulator, buoyancy compensator, diving suit, and weight belt, among others. Here, the author encountered a fatal diving accident wherein autopsy showed the evidence of death by drowning. The witness stated that the diver requested more weight to descend into the water, and the diver wore one more weight belt, totalling 26 kg. After a second trial of diving, he did not grab the regulator and disappeared into the water suddenly, and bubbles did not appear at the surface. Based on the witness statement and autopsy findings, the original cause of accident was concluded as an overweighted belt for descent into the water.

Effects of simulated 100 m Trimix conventional diving on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in rabbits / 中国应用生理学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of simulated 100 m Trimix conventional diving on tissue inflammatory cytokines in rabbits.@*METHODS@#Eight New Zealand rabbits were performed a simulated 100 m Trimix conventional diving program which was established according to the Haldane theory. The expression levels of interferon-gamma(IFN-), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), myeloperoxidase(MPO) and matrix metallo proteinase-9 (MMP-9) in rabbits lung and brain tissues were detected by Elisa after diving decompression. The tissue wet/dry ratio was calculated. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione(GSH), catalase(CAT), malondiadehyde(MDA) and lipid peroxide(LPO) were detected by Elisa method in rabbits before and after diving.@*RESULTS@#The expressions of IFN-, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MPO and MMP-9 in simulated diving group rabbits were significantly increased compared with the intact group(<0.05, <0.01); the simulated diving rabbits tissues wet/dry ratio had no significant changes compared with the intact group. After diving, the activities of SOD and GSH were decreased significantly (<0.01), while the contents of CAT, MDA and LPO were increased significantly (<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The simulated 100 m Trimix conventional diving had significant impact on oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction in rabbits, the results of wet/dry ratio showed that the diving rabbits had no tissue edema after decompression.

Subjective Health and Factors of Health-related Quality of Life in Elderly Haenyo

PURPOSE: To investigate the subjective health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Haenyo. METHODS: Subjects were 100 elderly Haenyo in Jeju island who belonged to a fishing-village society. Main variables were activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL (IADL), the HRQoL, subjective health, and depression. Subjective health and differences of HRQoL by variables were analyzed by t-test or ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Hierarchical multiple regression was executed to examine the effects of the major factors on the quality of life. RESULTS: The mean age was 69.9 years, the mean period for diving career was 51.5 years, and work hours per month were 37.8. Comorbidity of diseases was 2.74, and the common health problems were osteoporosis and headache/dizziness. HRQoL was significantly different by age (F=4.52, p=.013), education (F=6.10, p=.003), muljil work years (F=3.93, p=.050), depression (t=-3.04, p=.030), subjective health state (F=30.62, p < .01), and degenerative arthritis (F=-2.38, p=.019). In the final model by hierarchical multiple regression, ADL/IADL (β=.41, p < .001), depression (β=-.29, p < .001), and subjective health (β=.43~.51, p < .001) were significant and explained 63.5% of the total variance of HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Haenyo have specific health problems different from those of elderly women in general. ADL/IADL, depression and subjective health affected their HRQoL. It is clear that Haenyos' health problems need further study to improve their health.

Estimation of the Genetic Substitution Rate of Hanwoo and Holstein Cattle Using Whole Genome Sequencing Data

Despite the importance of mutation rate, some difficulties exist in estimating it. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) data yields large numbers of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which can make it feasible to estimate substitution rates. The genetic substitution rates of Hanwoo and Holstein cattle were estimated using NGS data. Our main findings was to calculate the gene's substitution rates. Through estimation of genetic substitution rates, we found: diving region of altered substitution density exists. This region may indicate a boundary between protected and unprotected genes. The protected region is mainly associated with the gene ontology terms of regulatory genes. The genes that distinguish Hanwoo from Holstein in terms of substitution rate predominantly have gene ontology terms related to blood and circulatory system. This might imply that Hanwoo and Holstein evolved with dissimilar mutation rates and processes after domestication. The difference in meat quality between Hanwoo and Holstein could originate from differential evolution of the genes related to these blood and circulatory system ontology terms.

Fracaso implantario derivado de la práctica del submarinismo: a propósito de un caso / Implant failure secondary to Scuba diving: report of a case

En las últimas décadas, el buceo con equipo de respiración subacuático autónomo (SCUBA) ha experimentado un gran auge, lo que conlleva la necesidad por parte del odontólogo de conocer las posibles complicacionesasociadas. Durante su práctica, se producen cambios en la presión inducida, así como micromovimientos derivados de sostener la boquilla del tubo de oxígeno con la boca, que pueden conducir al fracaso temprano del implante. El tiempo mínimo recomendado antes de volvera practicar el submarinismo tras la inserción de implantes dentales depende del criterio del cirujano; sin embargo, no se recomienda que seaantes de las primeras cinco semanas a dos meses postquirúrgicos. Encirugías con procedimientos asociados más complejos, se recomiendan periodos de reposo más largos.

In the last decades, the number of people who practice self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) diving has increased,which makes it important for dentists to be prepared to address andtreat complications resulting from its practice. While performing the sport, pressure may change and induced micro-motion derived from holding the tube of oxygen can lead to an early implant failure. Divingis not recommended during the fi rst fi ve weeks to two months after the implant placement. In surgeries where the associated procedures aremore complex, a greater recovery period is recommended.

Representações sociais de pescadores com lesão medular: repercussões e trajetória de vida / Representaciones sociales de pescadores con lesión medular: repercusiones e historia de vida / Social representations of fishermen with spinal cord injury: impacts and life trajectory

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as representações sociais da trajetória de vida dos pescadores artesanais com lesão medular vítimas de acidente por mergulho nas praias do litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Norte. Método: estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido com 31 pescadores entre outubro de 2013 e agosto de 2014, mediante entrevista semiestruturada. Empregou-se a análise lexicográfica e classificação hierárquica descendente dos textos (software ALCESTE), sob a ótica das Representações Sociais. Resultados: as representações sociais dos pescadores com lesão medular apresentaram as experiências com as limitações físicas e expectativas de aposentadoria, estas últimas configurando-se como uma realidade distante das exigências impostas por nossas leis trabalhistas. Conclusão: exigem-se medidas de promoção, prevenção e reabilitação da saúde do pescador vítima de lesão medular, além de condições seguras e dignas de trabalho como compromisso das políticas de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las representaciones sociales de la historia de vida de pescadores artesanales con lesión medular víctimas de accidente de buceo en las playas del litoral Norte de Rio Grande do Norte. Método: estudio descriptivo, de naturaleza cuantitativa, desarrollado con 31 pescadores entre octubre de 2013 y agosto de 2014, mediante entrevista semiestructurada. Se empleó análisis lexicográfico y clasificación jerárquica descendiente en los textos (software ALCESTE), en la visión de las Representaciones Sociales. Resultados: las representaciones sociales de los pescadores con lesión medular expresaron las experiencias de las limitaciones físicas y expectativas de jubilación, configurándose éstas como realidad distante de las exigencias impuestas por la legislación laboral vigente. Conclusión: se requieren medidas de promoción, prevención y rehabilitación de la salud del pescador víctima de lesión medular, además de condiciones laborales seguras y dignas, con compromiso de las políticas de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze social representations in the life trajectory of artisanal fishermen with spinal cord injury caused by diving on the north coast of Rio Grande do Norte. Method: a descriptive, qualitative study was conducted with 31 fishermen between October 2013 and August 2014, using a semi-structured interview. A lexicographic analysis and descending hierarchical classification of texts were performed (with software ALCESTE), in the perspective of the social representations. Results: social representations of fishermen with spinal cord injury presented experiences with physical limitations and expectations regarding retirement, which appeared as a distant reality from the requirements in Brazilian labor laws. Conclusion: measures are required for the promotion, prevention and rehabilitation of the health of fishermen with spinal cord injury, as well as safe and decent fishing conditions, with the commitment of health authorities.

Immersion Pulmonary Edema after Scuba Diving: An Undiagnosed Entity / 대한스포츠의학회지

Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a form of pulmonary edema that can occur in divers or swimmers. IPE is a rare condition, but can be life-threatening and recurrent condition. The pathophysiology of IPE is still incompletely understood. We present a case of scuba diving induced pulmonary edema in a 46-year-old woman diving in cold seawater. After 20 minutes of diving at 18 m, she felt difficulty of breathing. Symptoms on surfacing were dyspnea, cough, and frothy sputum. Chest X-ray showed pulmonary edema and she was treated with an intravenous diuretic and supplemental oxygen. The patient showed rapid resolution of symptoms and was discharged on the same day. Sport physician should be aware of this potentially life-threatening recurrent condition.

Osteonecrosis disbárica de cabeza humeral en buzo pesquero tratado con artroplastia de superficie / Dysbaric osteonecrosis of humeral head in a diver treated with resurfacing arthroplasty

Describir osteonecrosis disbárica (ODB) en buzo pesquero y exponer la experiencia inédita de tratamiento con artroplastia de superficie (AS). Introducción ODB, forma de necrosis avascular secundaria a enfermedad por descompresión (EDC), cuyo tratamiento gold standard para estadios avanzados continúa siendo la artroplastia total (AT). Presentación de caso: Paciente de 49 años, buzo pesquero, antecedentes de EDC tratada el 2008 en cámara hiperbárica, con diagnóstico compatible con ODB de cabeza humeral derecha de 6 años de evolución; Constant score=29. Se realiza AS del hombro derecho, y luego de 18 meses de seguimiento se reporta una adecuada evolución clínica con remisión de la sintomatología; Constant score a 18 meses=72. Discusión: El uso de AT en el paciente joven es limitado, por lo que surge la necesidad de implementar nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas en este grupo de pacientes. Conclusión: La AS constituye una alternativa terapéutica en adultos jóvenes y activos con ODB...

Introduce and describe Dysbaric Osteonecrosis (DON) in a fishing diver patient, emphasising clinical features, use of imaging methods, and present a new experience of treatment with Resurfacing Arthroplasty (RA). Introduction: DON, a form of avascular necrosis secondary to Decompression Sickness (DCS). Total Arthroplasty (AT) remains the reference treatment for advanced stages. Case report: Male, 49 years old, fishing diver, with a history of DCS treated in a hyperbaric chamber (2008). Right humeral head DON Compatible with 6 years of onset. Constant Score=29. RA performed on right shoulder. Clinical remission of symptoms was observed after 18 months of follow-up. Constant Score at 18 months=72. Discussion: TA use in young patients is limited, so there is a need to implement new surgical techniques in this group of patients. Conclusion: RA is a therapeutic alternative in young and active subjects with DON...

Clinical characterization and treatment of acute spinal cord decompression sickness after repeated dives / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and summarize the characteristics and treatment of acute spinal cord decompression sickness. To explore the factors that influence the treatment effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>77 cases of acute spinal cord decompression sickness patients should be divided into 4 groups according to the pressurized treatment and drug treatment options. They were group I, group II, group III and group IV. At the same time they were get hyperbaric oxygen therapy and other treatment. The evaluation index, were Frankel function classification and paraplegia index. There were 17 factors that affected the treatment effect.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rate of early cure was 57.14% (44/77). The rate of late cure was 74.03% (57/77). Their difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). In 3 months and 1 year the cure rate of group IV and group B were the highest. But there was no difference between them(P>0.05). They were higher than group ii and group I (P<0.05). The Frankel function classification in 3months and 1 year in each group was higher than before treatment (P<0.05). The paraplegia index in 3 months and 1 year in each group was lower than before treatment (P<0.05). In 3 months and 1 year the Frankel function classification was increased gradually and the paraplegia index was decreased gradually in group I , group II, group III (P<0.05). In group IV and group III the Frankel function and the paraplegia index had not significant difference (P>0.05). Among the 17 factors that affect the treatment effect there are 9 factors that affect the proportion of the large.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The first choice of treatment method for the patients with acute spinal cord decompression sickness would be group III. Drug therapy was also imporpant. At the same time the hyperbaric oxygen therapy and other treatments were taken. Although the cure rate was not high in this article. But most of the cure is within 3 months. Within 1 year.the cure rate still could be improved. 9 factors that affect the efficacy of acute spinal cord decompression sickness was more noteworthy.</p>