الملخص
Resumen Se presenta la fuente Proyecto de Reglamentación de Linao, elaborado por el Club de Gimnasia y Deportes, y publicado en Santiago en 1929. El folleto consiste en un discurso del doctor Luis Bisquertt y el corpus normativo del linao, juego de pelota ancestral. Su transcripción es de utilidad para el estudio histórico del deporte, la investigación sobre la modernización de tradiciones en la construcción de lo nacional, y a su vez, permite comprender los discursos pedagógicos y eugenésicos, asociados a la actividad profesional desarrollada por los primeros profesores de educación física a principios del siglo XX.
Abstract The source presented is the Linao Game Regulation Project, prepared by the Club Gimnasia y Deportes, and published in Santiago in 1929. The brochure consists of a speech by Dr. Luis Bisquertt and the normative corpus of linao, an ancestral ball game. Its transcription is useful for the historical study of sport, and research on the modernization of traditions in the national construction. It is also useful to understand the pedagogical and eugenic discourses, associated with the professional activity developed by the first physical education teachers at the beginning of the twentieth century.
الموضوعات
Physical Education and Training , Professional Practice , Sports , Eugenics , Faculty , Chile , History, 20th Centuryالملخص
Resumo O artigo analisa as rupturas e permanências do ideário eugênico na obra de Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr., professor e geneticista da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". A partir da pesquisa documental sobre artigos, correspondências e anotações do ex-diretor do Boletim de Eugenia , investiga-se a reconfiguração da eugenia no contexto pós-1945, momento em que Piza Jr. passou a atuar como divulgador do evolucionismo. Conclui-se que Piza Jr. deixou de defender publicamente a eugenia na segunda metade do século XX, mas manteve a concepção racializada nos anos 1950, correspondeu-se com sociedades eugenistas nos anos 1960 e sustentou a interpretação hierarquizada de evolução humana até final dos anos 1980.
Abstract This article analyzes the ruptures from and continuations of eugenicist ideology in the work of Salvador de Toledo Piza Jr., a geneticist and professor at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz." Documentary research involving articles, correspondence, and notes from this former director of the Boletim de Eugenia investigates the reshaping of eugenics in the post-1945 context, a time when Piza Jr. began to publicize evolutionism. While Piza Jr. stopped publicly defending eugenics in latter half of the twentieth century, he maintained his racialized notions into the 1950s, corresponded with eugenicist groups in the 1960s, and supported a hierarchical interpretation of human evolution until the late 1980s.
الموضوعات
Racial Groups , Scientific Communication and Diffusion , Eugenics , Brazil , History, 20th Centuryالملخص
Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)
This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)
Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Brazil , Homosexuality , Sexuality , History , Orgasm , Paraphilic Disorders , Pathology , Pedophilia , Personality Development , Personality Disorders , Pleasure-Pain Principle , Psychology , Psychosexual Development , Public Policy , Rationalization , Religion and Sex , Repression, Psychology , Sadism , Sex , Sexual Behavior , Disorders of Sex Development , Sex Offenses , Social Control, Formal , Social Environment , Societies , Avoidance Learning , Sublimation, Psychological , Taboo , Therapeutics , Transvestism , Unconscious, Psychology , Voyeurism , Behavior Therapy , Child Abuse, Sexual , Attitude , Homeopathic Cure , Character , Christianity , Mental Competency , Sexual Harassment , Coitus , Human Body , Homosexuality, Female , Conflict, Psychological , Community Participation , Cultural Diversity , Feminism , Heterosexuality , Neurobehavioral Manifestations , Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological , Crime , Cultural Characteristics , Culture , Safe Sex , Mind-Body Therapies , Defense Mechanisms , Dehumanization , Human Characteristics , Intention , Moral Development , Emotions , Health Research Agenda , Discussion Forums , Population Studies in Public Health , Eugenics , Exhibitionism , Pleasure , Fetishism, Psychiatric , Sexual Health , Homophobia , Racism , Social Marginalization , Medicalization , Transgender Persons , Moral Status , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Political Activism , Gender Diversity , Asexuality , Undisclosed Sexuality , Sexuality Disclosure , Gender Norms , Gender Blind , Androcentrism , Freedom , Freudian Theory , Respect , Gender Identity , Sexual Trauma , Workhouses , Psychosocial Functioning , Gender Role , Intersectional Framework , Family Structure , Health Promotion , Human Development , Human Rights , Identification, Psychological , Anatomy , Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders , Incest , Instinct , Introversion, Psychological , Libido , Masochism , Masturbation , Mental Disorders , Methods , Morale , Morals , Neurotic Disordersالملخص
Resumen El trabajo, inscripto en el campo de la historia de la sexualidad, aporta una mirada tendiente a deconstruir ciertas apropiaciones biopolíticas del piropo y el flirt en la Argentina. Para ello, indaga un plexo de discursos provenientes del establishment eugenésico caracterizados por pretensiones normalizadoras de la seducción; hallando su principal sustento teórico en el control de la moral sexual impulsado por la vertiente de la disciplina galtoniana más aceptada en ese país sudamericano, que, desde el imperativo de sexualidad (solo) para la reproducción, consideraría al piropo y al flirt como indicadores de las aptitudes morales de los futuros contrayentes. Más allá de advertir la necesidad de que un enfoque de este tipo sea formulado desde la larga duración, el texto focaliza en la propuesta de normalización de esas dos estrategias de seducción impulsada por el tardo-eugenismo local, comprendido en el período 1945-1980.
Resumo Inscrito no campo da história da sexualidade, este artigo aborda a crítica eugênica argentina pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial sobre as práticas tradicionais de sedução, como o "flirteo", o "piropo" e o "levante". Encontrando seu principal suporte teórico em uma moralidade sexual baseada no imperativo da sexualidade (apenas) para a reprodução, como foi promovido pela variante mais aceita da disciplina galtoniana na Argentina, a crítica eugênica sobre essas práticas as considera como indicadores das aptidões morais dos futuros cônjuges. Reconhecendo a necessidade de uma abordagem dessas ideias eugênicas a partir de uma perspectiva histórica de longa duração, o artigo se concentra na proposta de normalização das estratégias de sedução promovidas pela eugenia tardia local, compreendida no período de 1945-1980.
Abstract Inscribed in the field of the history of sexuality, this article approaches the post Second World War Argentinian eugenic criticism about the traditional practices of seduction, such as the "flirteo", "piropo" and "levante". Finding its main theoretical support in a sexual morality based on the imperative of sexuality (only) for reproduction, as it was promoted by the most accepted variant of the Galtonian discipline in Argentina, the eugenic critic on these practices considers them as indicators of moral aptitudes of future spouses. Recognizing the need for an approach of this eugenic ideas from a longue durée historical perspective, the article focuses on the proposal for the normalization of seduction strategies promoted by local late-eugenics, comprised in the period 1945-1980.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Social Behavior , Eugenics , Argentina , Sexual Behavior , Sexismالملخص
Abstract This article analyzes healthy child contests as a medical and socio-political strategy implemented in Latin America to protect childhood, thus ensuring the future of the "race" and the nation. These contests blended degeneration, racial theories, and state interventionism and gained momentum in the 1930s with the rise of eugenics. This article examines the contest in Colombia, which was implemented under the Liberal Republic (1930-1946); even though this competition was defined by its national context, a broader international perspective improves understanding. Questions are also raised about the efforts of the Liberal government to strengthen the idea of national identity through education and health programs.
Resumen Este artículo analiza los concursos de niño sano como una estrategia médica y sociopolítica implementada en América Latina para proteger a la niñez, asegurando así el futuro de la "raza" y de la nación. Estos concursos combinaron la degeneración, las teorías raciales y el intervencionismo estatal y cobraron impulso en la década de 1930 con el auge de la eugenesia. Este artículo examina la contienda en Colombia, que se implementó bajo la República Liberal (1930-1946); aunque esta competencia fue definida por su contexto nacional, una perspectiva internacional más amplia mejora la comprensión. También se plantean preguntas sobre los esfuerzos del gobierno liberal para fortalecer la idea de identidad nacional a través de programas de educación y salud.
الموضوعات
Child Welfare , Infant Mortality , Child Health , State , Eugenics , Colombia , History, 20th Centuryالملخص
Resumo Discute o modelo de eugenia empregado pelo médico-sanitarista Belisário Penna durante a campanha do saneamento do Brasil nas décadas de 1920 e 1930. São abordados dois conceitos fundamentais para o seu pensamento: "raça brasileira" e eugenia "preventiva". A maneira como Penna avaliava a questão racial brasileira era fundamental para aderir à concepção eugênica aliada à medicina social e ao seu projeto de "consciência sanitária". O texto oferece uma perspectiva de como foi bordada a concepção eugênica de Penna e o diálogo estabelecido com o movimento eugênico brasileiro, em especial com o eugenista Renato Kehl. Assim, a defesa de uma eugenia classificada como "preventiva" estabelecia coerência para um projeto reformista social via o saneamento defendido por Penna.
Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the eugenics model used by the medical-sanitarist Belisário Penna during the sanitation campaign in Brazil in the 1920s and 1930s. The article addresses two fundamental concepts for his thinking: "Brazilian race" and "preventive" eugenics. The way in which Penna saw the Brazilian racial issue was fundamental to adhere to the eugenic conception combined with social medicine and its project of "health awareness." The text offers a perspective of how Penna's eugenics was conceived and the dialogue established with the Brazilian eugenic movement, especially with the eugenicist Renato Kehl. Thus, the defense of an eugenics classified as "preventive" established a coherence for a social reform project through the sanitation defended by Penna.
الموضوعات
Sanitation/history , Racial Groups , Eugenics , Health Promotion , Brazil , History, 20th Centuryالملخص
Resumo Analisa-se como a higiene mental se tornou pauta central no debate acerca do desenvolvimento nacional (anos 1920 e 1930), detendo-se nos trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Clínica de Eufrenia (1931), criada pela Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental, e pelo Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental (1934), edificado na reforma Anísio Teixeira, ambos situados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Ainda que com abordagens distintas, trabalharam a criança como lócus para a intervenção e construção do brasileiro do futuro: forte, saudável e produtivo. As análises foram alicerçadas em alguns casos clínicos realizados pelas instituições; nos escritos de seus diretores (os médicos Mirandolino Caldas e Arthur Ramos); e nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Higiene Mental.
Abstract This article analyzes how mental hygiene became a central theme in the debate on national development in the 1920s and 1930s, examining the work of the Clínica de Eufrenia (1931) created by the Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental and the Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental (1934), both in Rio de Janeiro and established during the Anísio Teixeira reform. Despite following different approaches, they considered the child as a locus to intervene and construct the Brazilian of the future: strong, healthy, and productive. This analysis includes some clinical cases from these institutions, writings by their directors (the physicians Mirandolino Caldas and Arthur Ramos), and the Brazilian Mental Hygiene Archives.
الموضوعات
Child , Mental Health , Eugenics , Healthy Lifestyle , Brazil , History, 20th Centuryالملخص
Resumen En este artículo se analiza la maternología en Auxilio Social enmarcada en la política demográfica del primer franquismo, bajo la influencia del pensamiento eugenésico. Considerando que durante el franquismo el control del cuerpo de las mujeres se convirtió en una herramienta esencial de su biopolítica, se discute la presencia de ideas y prácticas eugenésicas en torno al problema sanitario de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas y la sífilis congénita. Así mismo, se analiza el papel de Auxilio Social en la implantación de la vigilancia prenatal durante el embarazo y en el proceso de institucionalización y medicalización del parto en España.
Abstract This article analyzes maternity in Social Assistance based on the demographic policy of the first Franco regime, influenced by eugenic thought. Considering that during the Franco regime the control of women's bodies became an essential tool of its biopolitics, the presence of eugenic ideas and practices around the health problem of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis is discussed. The role of Social Assistance in the implementation of prenatal surveillance during pregnancy and the process of institutionalization and medicalization of childbirth in Spain is also analyzed.
الموضوعات
Public Policy , Women , Syphilis , Parenting , Eugenics , Spain , History, 20th Centuryالملخص
In the context of the new era, paying attention to maternal and child health and advocating prenatal and postnatal care can effectively improve the quality of the birth population. Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of prenatal and postnatal healthcare with rich content, which is the theoretical basis of modern related services. With the social development and the improvement of people's awareness of prenatal and postnatal healthcare, people have gradually shifted the focus of prenatal and postnatal healthcare to the peri-pregnancy stage at present, namely that couples of childbearing age are guided to prepare for pregnancy under the premise of solving their basic diseases. Infertility is a common and refractory disease for women of childbearing age. Ovulation disorder is one of its common pathological mechanisms. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that kidney deficiency is the main cause and pa-thogenesis of anovulation infertility and blood stasis is an important factor throughout the disease course. In clinical practice, therapies for invigorating kidney and activating blood are safe and reliable to treat anovulatory infertility mainly by adjusting the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, improving ovarian function, uterine environment and gamete quality and increasing endometrial volume. Under the guidance of the thought of prenatal and postnatal healthcare, the authors tried to explore the effect of therapies for kidney-tonifying and blood-activating in the treatment of anovulatory infertility in eugenics, with the purpose of providing ideas and basis for subsequent relevant clinical studies and contributing to prenatal and postnatal healthcare services.
الموضوعات
Child , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Anovulation , Eugenics , Infertility, Female/drug therapy , Kidney , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Ovulationالملخص
Resumo O artigo problematiza as relações de gênero no primeiro Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia, realizado no Rio de Janeiro, em 1929. Abalizadas como a maior manifestação pública do movimento eugênico no Brasil, as Atas e Trabalhos do Congresso foram foco de uma análise das questões de gênero expressas sob o espectro de intrínsecas concepções sobre hereditariedade e reprodução. As problematizações empreendidas se empenham em discutir, por meio do trabalho de diversos participantes do congresso, o papel e o status da mulher na eugenia brasileira, o controle reprodutivo no Brasil e a relação entre os estudos envolvendo a determinação de sexo biológico e a melhora da raça humana.
Abstract This article problematizes gender relations during the first Brazilian Eugenics Conference, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1929. Seen as the largest public manifestation of the eugenics movement in Brazil, the Atas e Trabalhos do Congresso (Conference Minutes and Proceedings) were analyzed in terms of gender issues expressed through the spectrum of intrinsic conceptions of hereditarianism and reproduction. The problematizations make an effort to discuss, through the works of several participants in the conference, the role and status of women in Brazilian eugenics, reproductive control in Brazil and the relationship between studies involving determination of biological gender and improvement of the human race.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , History, 20th Century , Eugenics/history , Gender Role , Reproduction , Gender Identity , Interpersonal Relationsالملخص
Os ideais eugenistas estabeleceram uma relação estreita e também de condução da Psicologia científica no Brasil, entre meados do século XIX e início do século XX. Neste artigo, demonstramos de que modo a circulação desses ideais no cotidiano consolidou um tipo de cuidado com a maternidade e com a Educação Infantil. Para isto, foram analisados dois jornais de grande circulação do período entre 1893 e 1917. Por meio do conceito de arquivo e conforme paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg foram analisadas partes de uma materialidade do cotidiano composta por esses jornais que permitiram analisar um discurso sobre infância e educação infantil, com destaque para o papel de uma Psicologia do cotidiano na difusão destes ideais eugenistas.
Eugenic ideas established a close relationship and were responsible for the scientific psychology arrival to Brazil, between mid 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. In this article, we demonstrate how the circulation of these ideals in day-to-day life consolidates a type of care with motherhood and early childhood education. For this purpose, two newspapers of great circulation from the period between 1893 and 1917 were analyzed. Through the concept of archive and according to the evidentiary paradigm of Ginzburg, parts of a materiality of daily life composed by these newspapers were analyzed, which allowed to analyze a discourse about childhood and childhood education, with emphasis on the role of a day-to-day psychology in the dissemination of these eugenic ideals.
Los ideales eugenésicos fijaran una relación estrecha e también de conducción de la Psicología científica hasta Brasil, entre el medio siglo XIX y inicio del siglo XX. En este articulo, mostramos de que manera el modo de circulación de esos ideales en el cotidiano mantuve un tipo de cuidado con la maternidad y con la educación infantil. Para eso, fueran analizados dos jornales de gran circulación da época (1893-1917). Por medio del concepto de archivo y de lo paradigma indiciario de Ginzburg fueran analizadas partes de una materialidad de el cotidiano composta por estos jornales. Fue posible analizar un discurso sobre infancia y educación infantil con destaque para el papel de la Psicología del cotidiano en la difusion de esos ideales eugenésicos.
الموضوعات
Psychology , Child Rearing , Parenting , Eugenics , Mass Media , Newspapers as Topicالملخص
La revolución biológica constituye una de las raíces que, según José Alberto Mainetti, origina la crisis bioética como síndrome de la posmodernidad. El desarrollo de la genómica, como técnica vanguardia de esta revolución, conlleva varias cuestiones que merecen su abordaje bioético. En este trabajo se intentará reflexionar sobre una de ellas: la eugenesia (y el derecho a no nacer) en torno a las nuevas formas de procrear.
The biological revolution constitutes one of the roots that, according to José Alberto Mainetti, originates the bioethical crisis as a post-modernity syndrome. The development of genomics, as the vanguard technique of this revolution, involves several issues that deserve a bioethical approach. In this work we will try to reflect on one of them: eugenics, and the right not to be born , around the new forms of procreation.
الموضوعات
Bioethics , Reproductive Techniques, Assisted , Genetics , Eugenicsالملخص
Resumo Frequentemente as ideias eugênicas ressurgem, colocando em questão a aceitação do diferente. Travestidas de "melhoramento", hoje retornam sob a promessa de aperfeiçoamento genético. Nesse contexto, é preciso ressaltar os direitos da pessoa com deficiência, pois embora aparentemente não representem mais um "problema" para a sociedade, o preconceito e a discriminação permanecem. A partir do relato de grupo familiar de imigrantes portugueses que enfrentaram dificuldades para entrar no Brasil em razão da filha deficiente visual, este artigo traça panorama histórico das ideias eugênicas até os dias de hoje. Por fim, reafirma-se a importância de constatar e combater o eugenismo pela reflexão ética.
Abstract Eugenic ideas reemerge intermittently, calling into question the acceptance of the different. Now, the term returns, this time disguised as genetic "improvement". In this context, it is necessary to highlight the rights of people with disabilities because, although they no longer seem to constitute a "problem" to society, prejudice and discrimination still remain. From the report of a family of Portuguese immigrants who faced difficulties to be granted permission to enter Brazil because one of the children had visual impairment, this paper outlines a historical overview of eugenic ideas to this date. Finally, the importance of identifying and combating eugenics through an ethical reflection is reaffirmed.
Resumen Frecuentemente, las ideas eugenésicas resurgen poniendo en cuestión la aceptación de lo diferente. Travestidas de "mejoramiento", hoy retornan bajo la promesa de perfeccionamiento genético. En este contexto, es necesario resaltar los derechos de la persona con discapacidad, pues, aunque aparentemente ya no representan un "problema" para la sociedad, el prejuicio y la discriminación permanecen. A partir del relato de un grupo familiar de inmigrantes portugueses que enfrentó dificultades para entrar en Brasil, debido a una hija con deficiencia visual, este artículo traza un panorama histórico de las ideas eugenésicas hasta los días actuales. Finalmente, se reafirma la importancia de constatar y combatir el eugenismo a partir de la reflexión ética.
الموضوعات
Bioethics , Disabled Persons , Emigration and Immigration , Eugenicsالملخص
Resumen El siguiente texto busca presentar y contextualizar la fuente "Aspectos de la educación física", de Luis Bisquertt, poniendo énfasis en la búsqueda del mejoramiento racial en Chile de 1930, a partir de la educación física eugénica, cuyo paradigma corporal serían las estatuas clásicas helénicas. Uno de los conceptos centrales de este documento es el de belleza plástica, cuyo sentido se encuentra totalmente imbricado a la idea de normalidad y sanidad, patologizando aquellos cuerpos que no se enmarquen en el canon atlético, situación extendida por las características sedentarias de la modernidad.
Abstract The article seeks to introduce and contextualize the work "Characteristics of physical education" ("Aspectos de la educación física"), by Luis Bisquertt, which emphasizes the effort to ameliorate racial aspects in Chile, in 1930, thru physical education eugenics, whose body paradigm were the Hellenic classical statues. One of the key concepts of this document is plastic beauty, whose meaning overlaps with the idea of normality and sanity, creating pathologies on those bodies that were considered outside of the athletic standards, a situation that was aggravated by the sedentary conditions of modern times.
الموضوعات
Humans , History, 20th Century , Physical Education and Training , Eugenics , Chileالملخص
Abstract Theodosius Dobzhansky has been studied for how he integrated field naturalism and laboratory experimentation in ways that helped produce the Modern Synthesis, as well as how he leveraged biological expertise to support liberal and cosmopolitan values amidst Second World War and the Cold War. Moreover, Dobzhansky has been central in analyses of the institutionalization of genetics in Brazil, where he spent several years. This article situates Dobzhansky's Brazilian research within the science of variation and the politics of diversity. I conclude by raising questions about how the ways in which science figured in politics depended on ideas about the role of scientists in society whichwere advanced in parallel, suggesting research on the "co-production" of natural and social orders.
Resumo Theodosius Dobzhansky tem sido estudado pelo modo como ele integrou o naturalismo de campo e a experimentação científica, que deram origem à síntese moderna, assim como a alavanca que ele deu ao conhecimento biológico para apoiar valores liberais e cosmopolitas em meio à Segunda Guerra Mundial e à Guerra Fria. Além disso, Dobzhansky tem sido fundamental para a análise da institucionalização da genética no Brasil, onde ele morou e trabalhou por muito tempo. O trabalho contextualiza a pesquisa brasileira de Dobzhansky dentro da ciência da variabilidade e nas políticas de diversidade. A conclusão levanta questionamentos sobre como a ciência figurava na política dependendo das ideias sobre o papel dos cientistas na sociedade, que foram avançando em paralelo, sugerindo uma pesquisa na coprodução das ordens social e natural.
الموضوعات
Humans , Genetics , Institutionalization , Politics , Racial Groups , Eugenicsالملخص
Lee Kap-Soo (April 23, 1889–December 5, 1973) graduated from Gyeongseong Medical College in 1920, went to Germany to study, and returned to Korea after graduating from Berlin University in 1924. On September 14, 1933, he played a leading role in the founding of the Joseon Eugenics Society, and he contributed eugenic ideas through written publications and lectures. He was a leading eugenicist who continued his activities related to eugenics, such as re-establishing the Korean National Eugenics Society and making efforts to enact the Eugenics Act after Korea's liberation from Japanese occupation. His ideas on eugenics were then a rapid acceptance of the world's times and science, and his ideas were an expanded eugenics that emphasized the nation. He actively carried out the campaign for eugenics and maintained a consistent stance before and after liberation. His eugenic ideas and activities show that Korean society was not free from the influence of eugenics that was gaining popularity around the world. His eugenic ideas were related to enlightenment, but the basis of eugenics was the logic of discrimination and exclusion. In particular, his eugenic ideas and activities have caused pain to Hansen's patients through forced isolation and discontinuation. In addition, his doctrine of eugenics still holds sway in Korean society. The history of Lee Kap-Soo's life and eugenics-related activities shows the important points and characteristics of the history of eugenics in Korean society before and after the liberation from Japan, and furthermore provides an important clue in understanding and explaining the colonial vestige in Korean society, economic growth first ideology, enthusiasm for scientific development, and competitive social culture.
الموضوعات
Humans , Asian People , Berlin , Discrimination, Psychological , Economic Development , Eugenics , Germany , Japan , Korea , Lecture , Leprosy , Logic , Occupationsالملخص
Resumo O artigo apresenta pesquisa centrada na assistência psiquiátrica destinada a crianças e jovens ditos anormais em Santa Catarina. Inicialmente, analisa-se o surgimento da ideia de "criança perigosa", ou da categoria "menor", a partir da discussão de Foucault sobre a noção de "indivíduo perigoso", para então abordarem-se as dificuldades apresentadas na institucionalização da minoridade anormal em Santa Catarina. A seguir, são questionados os vínculos existentes entre as teorias que permitem identificar as crianças ditas anormais com as ideias eugênicas. Por fim, problematiza-se a dinâmica institucional que envolvia os menores ditos anormais internados no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana na década de 1940.
Abstract Research into the psychiatric care for so-called abnormal children and youths in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina is presented. The emergence of the idea of the "dangerous child" or the category of "minor" is discussed, drawing on Foucault's discussion of the notion of the "dangerous individual." This is followed by a presentation of the difficulties faced in the institutionalization of abnormal minors in the aforementioned state. The links between theories that enable so-called abnormal children to be identified and the ideas of eugenics are then questioned. Finally, the institutional dynamics involving so-called abnormal children admitted to the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana in the 1940s are scrutinized.