الملخص
RESUMO A encefalomielite aguda disseminada é uma doença rara, aguda, inflamatória e desmielinizante do sistema nervoso central, presumivelmente associada, em mais de três quartos dos casos, a infecções (virais, bacterianas ou inespecíficas) e imunizações ou sem qualquer antecedente indentificável. Habitualmente, apresenta um curso monofásico com início de sintomas inespecíficos na fase prodrómica, podendo evoluir com alterações neurológicas multifocais e até à perda total da acuidade visual. Descrevemos o caso de um menino de 9 anos com quadro inicial de edema de papila causado por encefalomielite aguda disseminada devido a Bartonella henselae. Apesar da gravidade da doença, o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce proporcionaram bons desfechos.
ABSTRACT Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare, acute, inflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Presumably associated in more than three quarters of cases by infections (viral, bacterial, or nonspecific) and immunizations or without any identifiable antecedent. It usually presents a monophasic course with onset of nonspecific symptoms in the prodromal phase and may evolve with multifocal neurological changes and even visual acuity loss. We describe a case of a 9-year-old boy with an initial picture of papillary edema caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis due to Bartonella henselae. Despite the severity of the disease, early diagnosis and treatment provided good outcomes.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Child , Cat-Scratch Disease/complications , Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/etiology , Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Cat-Scratch Disease/diagnosis , Cat-Scratch Disease/drug therapy , Visual Acuity , Doxycycline/administration & dosage , Bartonella henselae , Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/diagnosis , Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/drug therapy , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculi , Headacheالملخص
RESUMO Objetivo: Obter imagens de fundoscopia por meio de equipamento portátil e de baixo custo e, usando inteligência artificial, avaliar a presença de retinopatia diabética. Métodos: Por meio de um smartphone acoplado a um dispositivo com lente de 20D, foram obtidas imagens de fundo de olhos de pacientes diabéticos; usando a inteligência artificial, a presença de retinopatia diabética foi classificada por algoritmo binário. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 97 imagens da fundoscopia ocular (45 normais e 52 com retinopatia diabética). Com auxílio da inteligência artificial, houve acurácia diagnóstica em torno de 70 a 100% na classificação da presença de retinopatia diabética. Conclusão: A abordagem usando dispositivo portátil de baixo custo apresentou eficácia satisfatória na triagem de pacientes diabéticos com ou sem retinopatia diabética, sendo útil para locais sem condições de infraestrutura.
ABSTRACT Introduction: To obtain fundoscopy images through portable and low-cost equipment using artificial intelligence to assess the presence of DR. Methods: Fundus images of diabetic patients' eyes were obtained by using a smartphone coupled to a device with a 20D lens. By using artificial intelligence (AI), the presence of DR was classified by a binary algorithm. Results: 97 ocular fundoscopy images were evaluated (45 normal and 52 with DR). Through AI diagnostic accuracy around was 70% to 100% in the classification of the presence of DR. Conclusion: The approach using a low-cost portable device showed satisfactory efficacy in the screening of diabetic patients with or without diabetic retinopathy, being useful for places without infrastructure conditions.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Algorithms , Artificial Intelligence , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnostic imaging , Photograph/instrumentation , Fundus Oculi , Ophthalmoscopy/methods , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Mass Screening , Neural Networks, Computer , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/instrumentation , Machine Learning , Smartphone , Deep Learningالملخص
Introducción: La infección congénita por el citomegalovirus en neonatos menores de 1500 gramos puede ser causa de morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la infección congénita por citomegalovirus en un servicio de neonatología. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal con 61 neonatos. Se les realizó detección de citomegalovirus en la primera semana de vida en suero y orina, mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, para determinar infección congénita. Se evaluaron variables perinatales en todos los neonatos, así como elementos clínicos y resultados de exámenes complementarios en los infectados. Resultados: La incidencia de infección congénita fue de un 10 por ciento (6/61). El 5 por ciento de los estudios fueron positivos (6/122). Ninguna muestra de orina resultó positiva (0/61) y en el 10 por ciento de las muestras de suero (6/61) se detectó el genoma del virus. Se encontró asociación entre valoración nutricional al nacer e infección por citomegalovirus (p< 0,05). El 83 por ciento de los neonatos infectados presentaron algún signo clínico y el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria fue el más frecuente (67 por ciento). En todos los neonatos con infección congénita el ultrasonido cerebral fue normal y en el 33 por ciento se detectó retinopatía de la prematuridad en el fondo de ojo. Conclusiones: La incidencia de infección congénita por citomegalovirus es alta en este grupo de riesgo. Los signos clínicos encontrados y los resultados del fondo de ojo en neonatos con infección congénita se relacionaron con la prematuridad y la valoración nutricional de hipotrófico se asoció con esta infección(AU)
Introduction: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in neonates weighing less than 1500 grams can be a cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability. Objective: To describe the behavior of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a neonatal service. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 61 neonates. Cytomegalovirus was detected in the first week of life in serum and urine, by polymerase chain reaction, to determine congenital infection. Perinatal variables were evaluated in all neonates, as well as clinical elements and results of complementary examinations in infected infants. Results: The incidence of congenital infection was 10 percent (6/61). 5 percent of the studies were positive (6/122). No urine samples were positive (0/61) and the virus genome was detected in 10 percent of serum samples (6/61). An association was found between nutritional assessment at birth and cytomegalovirus infection (p < 0.05). A total of 83 percent of infected neonates had some clinical sign, with respiratory distress syndrome being the most common (67 percent). In all neonates with congenital infection, brain ultrasound was normal, and retinopathy of prematurity was detected in 33 percent of patients with fundus retinopathy. Conclusions: The incidence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection is high in this risk group. The clinical signs found and the results of the fundus in neonates with congenital infection were related to prematurity and the nutritional assessment of hypotrophic was associated with this infection(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn , Retinopathy of Prematurity/diagnosis , Cytomegalovirus Infections/urine , Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology , Infant, Very Low Birth Weight , Risk Groups , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Fundus Oculiالملخص
Introducción: La hipertensión arterial constituye una de las enfermedades más frecuentes en la población general. En la actualidad llega a una prevalencia global del 30 al 45 %. La microcirculación retiniana puede considerarse como una representación anatómica de las características fisiológicas y funcionales de la circulación coronaria y cerebral. Objetivos: Profundizar en la relación existente entre los niveles de presión arterial y el daño del órgano diana, específicamente a través del fondo de ojo, así como de las posibles complicaciones oftalmológicas derivadas de la hipertensión arterial, y la comparación de algunas de las clasificaciones existentes sobre los cambios oftalmológicos que esta provoca. Métodos: Se emplearon los métodos de análisis-síntesis y análisis bibliográfico y documental. Los motores de búsqueda utilizados fueron: Google y Google Académico, y las bases de datos Hinari, SciELO Cuba, Pubmed, entre otras. Conclusiones: La retinopatía hipertensiva es una de las complicaciones adversas de la hipertensión arterial aguda o crónica. Por su parte, las oclusiones venosas y la formación de macroaneurismas, constituyen otras de gran envergadura. Mientras más eficaz sea el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes hipertensos, menos recursos se necesitarán para su tratamiento, y se evitarán así las complicaciones de otros órganos diana como el cerebro y el riñón, lo que provocaría en los pacientes una mayor discapacidad.
Introduction: arterial hypertension is one the most frequent diseases in general population. Nowadays, it reaches a global prevalence of 30 to 45 %. Retinal microcirculation can be considered as an anatomical representation of the physiological and functional characteristics of the coronary and cerebral circulation. Objectives: to delve into the relationship between blood pressure levels and target organ damage, specifically through the fundus, as well as the possible ophthalmological complications derived from arterial hypertension, and the comparison of some of the existing classifications on the ophthalmological changes that it causes. Methods: analysis - synthesis and bibliographic- documentary analyses were the used methods. Google and Google Scholar as well as Hinari, SciELO Cuba, Pubmed and others databases were the search engines. Conclusions: hypertensive retinopathy is one of the adverse complications of acute or chronic arterial hypertension. On the other hand, venous occlusions and the formation of macroaneurysms constitute other serious ones to consider. The more effective the diagnosis and follow-up of hypertensive patients, the fewer resources will be needed for their treatment, thus avoiding complications in other target organs such as the brain and kidney, which would cause greater disability in patients.
الموضوعات
Microvessels , Hypertensive Retinopathy , Fundus Oculiالملخص
ABSTRACT Waardenburg syndrome is a rare congenital genetic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentary abnormalities of the hair, skin, and eyes. Based on the different clinical presentations, it is divided into four subtypes as in WS1 to WS4. This report describes a 15-year-old boy who presented with low vision and bilateral hearing loss. His visual acuity was 20/200 in both eyes. Slit-lamp examination revealed complete iris heterochromia, with one blue iris and one brown iris. Fundus examination showed symmetrical pigmentation of the retina and choroid, with atrophy of the pigment epithelium in the macular region, notably also in the eye with normal iris pigment illustrating the broad spectrum of the iris and fundus pigmentation as part of this syndrome. A carefully clinical and ophthalmological evaluation should be done to differentiate various types of Waardenburg syndrome and other associated auditory-pigmentary syndrome. Early diagnosis in some cases may be crucial for the adequate development of patients affected with this condition.
RESUMO A síndrome de Waardenburg é uma doença genética congênita rara caracterizada por perda auditiva neurossensorial e anormalidades pigmentares do cabelo, da pele e dos olhos. Com base nas diferentes apresentações clínicas, é dividida em quatro subtipos (WS1 a WS4). Este relato descreve o caso de um menino de 15 anos que apresentava baixa visão e perda auditiva bilateral. Sua acuidade visual era de 20/200 em ambos os olhos. O exame em lâmpada de fenda revelou heterocromia completa da íris, com uma íris azul e uma íris marrom. A fundoscopia mostrou pigmentação simétrica da retina e coroide, com atrofia do epitélio pigmentar na região macular, notadamente também no olho com pigmento de íris normal, ilustrando o amplo espectro de pigmentação de íris e fundo como parte dessa síndrome. Uma avaliação clínica e oftalmológica criteriosa deve ser feita para diferenciar os vários tipos de síndrome de Waardenburg e outras síndromes auditivo-pigmentares associadas. O diagnóstico precoce em alguns casos pode ser crucial para o desenvolvimento adequado dos pacientes acometidos por essa condição.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Pigmentation Disorders/diagnosis , Retinal Diseases/diagnosis , Retinal Diseases/etiology , Waardenburg Syndrome/complications , Iris Diseases/diagnosis , Iris Diseases/etiology , Pigmentation Disorders/etiology , Waardenburg Syndrome/diagnosis , Visual Acuity , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculi , Hearing Loss, Sensorineural/etiologyالملخص
1. INTRODUCCIÓN El desprendimiento de retina es un problema visual grave que puede ocurrir a cualquier edad, aunque suele darse en individuos de edad media o en personas de la tercera edad. La incidencia es relativamente baja considerando que las estima-ciones varían según zonas geográficas; y, se han reportado datos de entre 6,3 y 17,9 por 100 000 habitantes. Otras características im-portantes a considerar son la degeneración en encaje de 45,75% y la miopía de 47,28% que influyen en la presentación del desprendi-miento de retina. Al mismo tiempo que la edad, los cambios vítreos retinianos y la presencia de pseudofaquia1,2. Además, de los factores oculares relacionados también influyen, el seguimiento inadecuado de los factores de riesgo y el difícil acceso a médicos especialistas que se traduce en retraso en el diagnóstico certero y tratamiento tardío que implica deterioro del pronóstico visual cuando el área macular está incluida en el área desprendida con pobres resultados en adultos jóvenes y en edad productiva.El tratamiento evitará el deterioro o pérdida irreversible de la visión. El pronóstico con tratamiento quirúrgico es bueno si el des-prendimiento no incluye a la mácula.
1. INTRODUCTIONRetinal Detachment is a serious visual problem that can occur at any age, although it usually occurs in middle-aged or elderly in-dividuals. The incidence is relatively low considering that estimates vary ac-cording to geographical areas; and, data have been reported be-tween 6,3 and 17,9 per 100 000 inhabitants. Other important cha-racteristics to consider are socket degeneration of 45,75% and myopia of 47,28% that influence the presentation of retinal deta-chment, as well as age, vitreoretinal changes and the presence of pseudophakia1,2.In addition to the related ocular factors, inadequate follow-up of risk factors and difficult access to medical specialists also play a role, resulting in delayed accurate diagnosis and late treatment that implies deterioration of the visual prognosis when the macular area is included in the detached area with poor results in young adults and those of productive age.Treatment will prevent irreversible deterioration or loss of vision. The prognosis with surgical treatment is good if the detachment does not include the macula.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Retinal Detachment , Visual Acuity , Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative , Vitreous Detachment , Retinal Pigment Epithelium , Fundus Oculi , Ophthalmology , Therapeutics , Blindness , Diabetic Retinopathy , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Ecuador , Vitreoretinal Surgery , Myopiaالملخص
RESUMO O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico é uma doença que pode apresentar comprometimento oftalmológico geralmente benigno, sendo as alterações mais encontradas a síndrome do olho seco e a catarata. Nos pacientes com a doença estável, o dano oftalmológico parece estar relacionado ao tratamento sistêmico a longo prazo, o que enfatiza a importância do exame oftalmológico completo de rotina. Porém, quando a doença está em franca atividade e, em especial, quando há o envolvimento renal, deve-se iniciar o tratamento precoce com corticoterapia sistêmica e com medidas de suporte, para se evitarem repercussões mais complexas, como as crises hipertensivas que podem levar ao óbito.
ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus may present ophthalmological involvement, usually benign, and the most common changes are dry eye syndrome and cataract. In patients with stable disease, ophthalmologic damage appears to be related to long-term systemic treatment, emphasizing the importance of routine complete ophthalmologic examination. However, in full-blown disease, especially when there is renal involvement, early treatment should start with systemic steroid therapy and supportive measures, to avoid major repercussions, such as hypertensive crises that may lead to death.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Hypertensive Retinopathy/etiology , Hypertension, Malignant/complications , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Ophthalmoscopy , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Prednisone/administration & dosage , Visual Acuity , Pulse Therapy, Drug , Hypertensive Retinopathy/diagnosis , Hypertensive Retinopathy/drug therapy , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculi , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/etiology , Hypertension, Malignant/etiologyالملخص
Objective: To develop and validate a deep learning model based on fundus photos for the identification of coronary heart disease (CHD) and associated risk factors. Methods: Subjects aged>18 years with complete clinical examination data from 149 hospitals and medical examination centers in China were included in this retrospective study. Two radiologists, who were not aware of the study design, independently evaluated the coronary angiography images of each subject to make CHD diagnosis. A deep learning model using convolutional neural networks (CNN) was used to label the fundus images according to the presence or absence of CHD, and the model was proportionally divided into training and test sets for model training. The prediction performance of the model was evaluated in the test set using monocular and binocular fundus images respectively. Prediction efficacy of the algorithm for cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., age, systolic blood pressure, gender) and coronary events were evaluated by regression analysis using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and R2 correlation coefficient. Results: The study retrospectively collected 51 765 fundus images from 25 222 subjects, including 10 255 patients with CHD, and there were 14 419 male subjects in this cohort. Of these, 46 603 fundus images from 22 701 subjects were included in the training set and 5 162 fundus images from 2 521 subjects were included in the test set. In the test set, the deep learning model could accurately predict patients' age with an R2 value of 0.931 (95%CI 0.929-0.933) for monocular photos and 0.938 (95%CI 0.936-0.940) for binocular photos. The AUC values for sex identification from single eye and binocular retinal fundus images were 0.983 (95%CI 0.982-0.984) and 0.988 (95%CI 0.987-0.989), respectively. The AUC value of the model was 0.876 (95%CI 0.874-0.877) with either monocular fundus photographs and AUC value was 0.885 (95%CI 0.884-0.888) with binocular fundus photographs to predict CHD, the sensitivity of the model was 0.894 and specificity was 0.755 with accuracy of 0.714 using binocular fundus photographs for the prediction of CHD. Conclusion: The deep learning model based on fundus photographs performs well in identifying coronary heart disease and assessing related risk factors such as age and sex.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Retrospective Studies , Deep Learning , Fundus Oculi , ROC Curve , Algorithms , Risk Factors , Coronary Disease/diagnostic imagingالملخص
Objective@#We determined the diagnostic accuracies of the mydriatic, monoscopic, iPhone 6s+ optic nerve photographs with a 20D lens and the Melbourne Rapid Fields (MRF) visual fields iPad application.@*Methods@#This was a prospective, cross-sectional, single-center study involving 47 non-glaucomatous and 49 glaucomatous eyes. Each eye underwent 2 visual field tests: MRF iPad application and the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HRF). Mydriatic photographs of the fundus were taken with two devices: an iPhone 6s+ combined with a 20 D lens and the Visucam 500 fundus camera. All printouts were evaluated by 2 independent, masked glaucoma specialists. Diagnostic accuracies between the modalities were computed. Agreements between different parameters of both devices were analyzed using Cohen’s kappa test.@*Results@#Smartphone-based (iPhone 6s+) fundus photos had an overall sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 89.36%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.36% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 100%, with all kappa values between graders of each parameter above 0.61. Tablet-based Melbourne Rapid Fields test had a sensitivity of 81.82%, specificity of 86.54%, PPV of 83.72% and NPV of 84.91%, showing good agreement with the HRF with a kappa value of 0.68 ± 0.07.@*Conclusion@#Smartphone-based fundus photography and tablet-based visual field tests are comparable to the standard fundus photos and visual field tests in evaluating the optic nerve and visual field. These portable devices are reliable and appropriate tools for diagnosing glaucoma and can be used for documentation and testing in remote areas and in a wider range of settings.@*@#
الموضوعات
Fundus Oculiالملخص
ABSTRACT Myelinated retinal nerve fibers are rare congenital anomalies that appear as gray-white patches. They may be present in a syndrome characterized by ipsilateral myelinated retinal nerve fibers, myopia and amblyopia. The author reported an ellipsoid zone defect on spectral domain optical coherence tomography in a case of Straatsma syndrome without macular extension.
RESUMO Fibras nervosas retinais mielinizadas são anomalias congênitas raras que aparecem como manchas branco-acinzentadas. Eles podem se apresentar em uma síndrome caracterizada por fibras nervosas retinais mielinizadas ipsilaterais, miopia e ambliopia. O autor relatou um defeito na zona elipsoide na tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral em um caso de síndrome de Straatsma sem extensão macular.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Retinal Diseases/pathology , Retinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Nerve Fibers/pathology , Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology , Optic Disk , Amblyopia , Eye Abnormalities/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Fundus Oculi , Myelin Sheath , Myopiaالملخص
RESUMO A mácula dome-shaped consiste na elevação convexa da região macular, encontrada principalmente em pacientes com alta miopia. O significado clínico e a correlação com outras patologias oculares ainda são incertos. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever dois casos de mácula dome-shaped com acúmulo de fluido sub-retiniano em olhos alto míopes. Trata-se de pacientes com baixa acuidade visual, fundus miopicos e nítida elevação em forma de cúpula na área macular vista na tomografia de coerência óptica. A mácula dome-shaped pode cursar com descolamento seroso da retina neurossensorial envolvendo a fóvea, levando à baixa acuidade visual. Sua patogênese ainda não é bem estabelecida. De acordo com a tomografia de coerência óptica, a mácula dome-shaped pode ser classificada em três tipos morfológicos, sendo, nesses dois casos, demonstrada a disposição oval horizontalizada. Interessante ressaltar que o diagnóstico de mácula dome-shaped deve ser considerado em pacientes alto míopes, especialmente quando há queixa de baixa acuidade visual, que pode estar relacionada à presença de fluido sub-retiniano. Como o exame clínico não permite o diagnóstico adequado da mácula em cúpula, a realização da tomografia de coerência óptica com cortes verticais e horizontais é fundamental na suspeita de mácula dome-shaped.
ABSTRACT Dome-shaped macula consists of the convex elevation of the macular region, found mainly in patients with high myopia. The clinical significance and the correlation with other ocular pathologies are still uncertain. This article aims to describe two cases of dome-shaped macula with accumulation of subretinal fluid in high myopic eyes. Those are patients with low visual acuity, myopic fundus and a clear dome-shaped elevation in the macular area at optical coherence tomography. A dome-shaped macula can course with a serous detachment of the sensorineural retina involving the fovea, leading to low visual acuity. Such a pathogenesis is still not well studied. According to the optical coherence tomography, dome-shaped macula can be classified into three morphological types, those two cases being shown in a horizontal, oval arrangement. It is interesting to note that the diagnosis of dome-shaped macula should be considered in patients with high myopia, especially when there is a complaint of low visual acuity, which may be related to the presence of subretinal fluid in cases of dome-shaped macula. As the clinical examination does not allow an adequate diagnosis of the domed macula, the performance of the optical coherence tomography with vertical and horizontal cuts is fundamental in the suspicion of the dome-shaped macula.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Retinal Detachment/diagnostic imaging , Choroid/diagnostic imaging , Macula Lutea/pathology , Macula Lutea/diagnostic imaging , Fluorescein Angiography , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculi , Myopiaالملخص
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o impacto da triagem de retinopatia diabética de paciente diabéticos realizada com retinografia colorida. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, de caráter descritivo, avaliando laudos de retinografias realizadas desde a implementação do protocolo da triagem de retinopatia diabética de paciente diabéticos acompanhados no Ambulatório de Endocrinologia de um hospital terciário do Sistema Único de Saúde, de maio de 2018 até maio de 2020. Resultados Realizaram retinografia 727 pacientes diabéticos, que tinham entre 14 e 91 anos, sendo a maioria com 60 anos ou mais (53,2%), do sexo feminino (68%) e brancos (87,6%). Não apresentavam retinopatia diabética 467 (64,2%) pacientes, 125 (17,2%) tinham retinopatia diabética não proliferativa, 37 (5,1%) retinopatia diabética não proliferativa grave e/ou suspeita de edema macular, 65 (8,9%) retinopatia diabética proliferativa, 21 (2,9%) suspeita de outras patologias, e as imagens de 12 (1,7%) pacientes eram insatisfatórias. Foram considerados de alto risco (aqueles com retinopatia diabética não proliferativa grave e/ou edema macular, retinopatia diabética proliferativa ou imagem insatisfatória) 114 (15,68%) pacientes. Conclusão O rastreio de retinopatia diabética com retinografia colorida possibilitou a detecção de pacientes diabéticos de alto risco que necessitavam atendimento com brevidade, permitindo o acesso deles à consulta oftalmológica e diminuindo a morbidade da doença relacionada ao tratamento tardio. Os demais foram encaminhados à Atenção Primária para regulamentação, por meio do Sistema de Regulação.
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the impact of diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening using color retinography in diabetic patients. Methods Retrospective descriptive study, evaluating reports of all retinographs performed since the implementation of the protocol for screening for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients followed up at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital of the Unified Health System, from May 2018 to May 2020. Results 727 diabetic with age range from 14 to 91 years old, the majority being 60 years old or older (53.2%), female (68%) and white (87.6%), patients underwent retinography. Of the patients, 467 (64.2%) did not have DR, 125 (17.2%) had non-proliferative DR, 37 (5.1%) had severe non-proliferative DR and/or suspected macular edema, 65 (8.9%) had proliferative DR, 21 (2.9%) had suspicion signs of other pathologies and 12 (1.7%) had unsatisfactory images. A total of 114 (15.68%) patients were considered at high risk (those with severe non-proliferative NP and/or EM, proliferative DR or poor image) and were referred for comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation. Conclusion The screening of RD with color retinography enabled the detection of high-risk diabetic patients who needed assistance sooner and enabled their access to ophthalmologic consultation, which decreased disease morbidity. The others were referred to primary care for regulation through the Regulation System (SISREG).
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Photography/methods , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnostic imaging , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Unified Health System , Mydriasis/chemically induced , Retrospective Studies , Color , Diabetes Complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology , Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology , Tertiary Care Centers , Diagnostic Screening Programs , Fundus Oculi , Hospitals, Publicالملخص
RESUMO A persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico, atualmente referida como persistência da vasculatura fetal, é uma anomalia congênita que resulta da não regressão do vítreo vascular primário e do sistema da artéria hialoide durante a embriogênese. Trata-se de uma anomalia unilateral na maioria dos casos, esporádica e comumente não associada a nenhum outro achado sistêmico. Clinicamente, essa condição pode ser classificada em persistência anterior e em persistência posterior da vasculatura fetal. A condição anterior está relacionada ao sistema da artéria ciliar, enquanto a persistência da vasculatura posterior associa-se à artéria hialoide e pode apresentar anormalidades, com desfecho visual desfavorável. A detecção da persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico é de suma importância, visto que é um diagnóstico diferencial para retinoblastoma. O relato de caso a seguir descreve o acompanhamento ambulatorial em um Serviço de Oftalmologia de uma criança do sexo masculino com persistência da vasculatura fetal unilateral e sem alterações sistêmicas.
ABSTRACT Hyperplastic primary vitreous persistence, currently referred to as fetal vasculature persistence, is a congenital anomaly that results from non-regression of the primary vascular vitreous and hyaloid artery system during embryogenesis. It is a unilateral anomaly in the vast majority of cases, sporadic and commonly not associated with any other systemic finding. Clinically, this condition can be classified into anterior and posterior persistence of fetal vasculature. The anterior condition is related to the ciliary artery system, while the persistence of the posterior vasculature is associated with the hyaloid artery, which may present abnormalities with an unfavorable visual outcome. Detecting persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is of paramount importance, as it is a differential diagnosis for retinoblastoma. The following case report describes the outpatient follow-up at the ophthalmology service of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM) of a male child with persistent unilateral fetal vasculature and no systemic changes.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Infant , Vitreous Body/abnormalities , Amblyopia/etiology , Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous/complications , Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous/diagnosis , Retinal Vessels/abnormalities , Ultrasonics , Visual Acuity , Microphthalmos , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculiالملخص
ABSTRACT Purpose: Stargardt disease is the most common type of juvenile-onset macular dystrophy. It is bilateral and symmetrical in appearance, affects the macula, and its main characteristic is the loss of central vision that starts in the first or second decade of life. The purpose of this study was to describe the profile of the patients evaluated at the Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, as well as describe the electroretinographic findings with the full-field electroretinogram in these patients. Methods: An observational, retrospective study was performed by analysis of records and electroretinographic examinations of 27 patients with Stargardt disease and fundus flavimaculatus who were treated at the Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná's Department of Ocular Electrophysiology and Neuro-Ophthalmology between 1997 and 2014. The patients included in this study presented clinical features, fundus examination and/or electroretinographic findings compatible with Stargardt disease. Results: The visual acuity in the best eye varied from 0 to 1.6 logMAR (20/20 to 20/800) with an average of 0.89 ± 0.42 logMAR. The age at onset of symptoms varied from since birth to 36 years old (average 19.2 ± 9.2) with the majority of patients having symptom onset in the first or second decade of life. The mean time from the disease's first symptoms until the diagnosis was 7.3 years. In the fundus examination, every patient presented some kind of abnormality. In the electroretinogram analysis, the majority of patients had results that differed from those of sample controls, i.e., reduced amplitude and increased implicit time in the photopic and scotopic phases. Conclusions: The visual acuity and the age at symptoms onset in this study were compatible with the natural history of this dystrophy. The typical fundus appearance of Stargardt disease and altered electroretinogram were more frequent because of the delay until diagnosis. New prospective studies are necessary to evaluate these patients based on emergent technologies.
RESUMO Objetivo: A doença de Stargardt é a forma mais comum de distrofia macular de início juvenil. É bilateral e simétrica em aparência, afeta a mácula e sua característica principal é a diminuição da visão central que geralmente inicia-se na primeira ou segunda década de vida. O objetivo do estudo é descrever o perfil clínico dos pacientes avaliados no Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, bem como descrever os achados eletrorretinográficos destes pacientes com o eletrorretinograma de campo total. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional retrospectivo, baseado na análise de prontuários e eletrorretinograma de 27 pacientes com Doença de Stargardt e Fundus Flavimaculatus, atendidos em consulta oftalmológica no ambulatório de Eletrofisiologia Ocular e Neuro-Oftalmologia do Complexo Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, entre 1997 e 2014. Os pacientes incluídos no estudo apresentavam quadro clínico, fundoscopia e/ou achados eletrorretinográficos compatíveis com a doença. Resultados: A acuidade visual no melhor olho variou de 0 a 1,6 logMAR (20/20 a 20/800), com média de 0,89 ± 0,42 logMAR. A idade de aparecimento dos sintomas variou desde o nascimento a 36 anos (19,2 ± 9,2), sendo a maioria nas 1ª e 2ª década de vida. Em relação ao tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico, a média foi de 7,3 anos. Na fundoscopia, todos os pacientes apresentaram alguma alteração. Na análise do eletrorretinograma, a maioria dos pacientes demonstrou resultados que diferem da amostra de pacientes controles, ou seja, amplitudes reduzidas e tempos de culminação aumentados nas fases fotópicas e escotópicas. Conclusões: A acuidade visual e idade de início de aparecimento dos sintomas encontrados neste estudo são compatíveis com a evolução desta distrofia. Achados fundoscópicos típicos da doença de Stargardt e eletrorretinograma alterados foram mais frequentes em decorrência do atraso no diagnóstico. Novos estudos prospectivos são necessários para avaliar estes pacientes, fundamentando-se em novas tecnologias.
الموضوعات
Humans , Macular Degeneration , Brazil/epidemiology , Fluorescein Angiography , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , Electroretinography , Fundus Oculi , Stargardt Disease , Hospitals , Macular Degeneration/diagnosis , Macular Degeneration/epidemiologyالملخص
ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe microvascular changes in the maculas of individuals with type 2 diabetes observed on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. We compared the maculas of diabetic subjects without diabetic retinopathy with those of healthy subjects and correlated the findings with the clinical profiles of diabetic subjects. Methods: One eye each of 30 patients with diabetes and 30 healthy individuals were examined. The patients with diabetes underwent funduscopy, retinography, and fluorescein angiography to rule out retinopathy. All subjects underwent optical coherence tomography angiography of a macular area (6×6 mm2), and the foveal and parafoveal vascular densities were analyzed in the superficial and deep retinal vascular plexus. The foveal and parafoveal thicknesses, foveal avascular zone of the superficial plexus, and choriocapillaris flow area were also examined. The optical coherence tomography angiography results were compared between the two study groups and correlated with the following parameters: visual acuity, time since diabetes diagnosis, glycemic control, lipid profile, and renal function of patients with diabetes. Results: A minimal increase in the choriocapillaris flow area was observed in the patients with diabetes (mean area, 22.3 ± 4.6 mm2 in controls; 22.6 ± 3.9 mm2 in patients with diabetes) (p=0.017). No significant differences were observed between other optical coherence tomography angiography parameters analyzed in the two groups. Glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly negatively correlated with the foveal vascular density of both plexuses; conversely, fasting blood glucose levels were positively correlated with the choriocapillaris flow area (p=0.034). The other clinical parameters were not correlated with the optical coherence tomography angiography findings. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography angiography may not be the most appropriate tool for detecting preclinical changes in patients with diabetes, moreover, optical coherence tomography angiography; does not replace clinical examinations. Glycemic control should be the primary clinical parameter considered during retinopathy screening. Larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever alterações microvasculares na mácula em diabéticos do tipo 2 sem retinopatia diabética e pacientes saudáveis, e correlacionar achados com perfil clínico nos diabéticos. Métodos: Foram incluídos 60 olhos de 30 diabéticos e 30 pacientes saudáveis. Diabéticos realizaram fundoscopia, retinografia® (CR2; Canon Inc., New York, New York, USA) e angiografia fluoresceínica® (TRC-50DXC; Topcon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) para descartar a presença de retinopatia. Os 60 pacientes realizaram a angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica® (RTVue XR, Avanti, Optovue, Fremont, CA, USA) (área macular: 6 x 6 mm2) e foram analisados densidade vascular total, foveal e parafoveal no plexo capilar superficial e plexo capilar profundo, espessura foveal, espessura parafoveal, área da zona avascular da fóvea no plexo capilar superficial e área de fluxo da coriocapilar. Resultados da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica foram comparados entre os 2 grupos e correlacionados com acuidade visual, tempo de diabetes, controle glicêmico, perfil lipídico e função renal nos diabéticos. Resultados: Observou-se aumento mínimo da área de fluxo da coriocapilar nos diabéticos, média das áreas foi de 22,3 ± 4,6 mm2 no grupo controle e 22,6 ± 3,9 mm2 em diabéticos (p=0,017). Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante entre outras variáveis da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica analisadas nos dois grupos. Hemoglobina glicosilada e glicemia de jejum apresentaram correlação negativa estatisticamente significante com densidade vascular foveal de ambos os plexos e a glicemia de jejum se correlacionou positivamente com área de fluxo da coriocapilar (p=0,034). Outros dados clínicos avaliados não apresentaram correlação com achados da angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica. Conclusão: Resultados sugerem que a angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica pode não ser a melhor ferramenta na detecção de alterações pré-clínicas em diabéticos, não substituindo o exame clínico, e corroboram a ideia de que o controle glicêmico deve ser o principal parâmetro clínico a ser considerado na triagem da retinopatia. Estudos com amostras maiores são necessários para confirmar os achados.
الموضوعات
Humans , Fluorescein Angiography , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnostic imaging , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnostic imaging , Retinal Vessels/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Fundus Oculiالملخص
Resumo: Introdução: O ensino médico vem passando por transformações nas últimas décadas. Objetivos educacionais tendem a se alterar com os avanços tecnológicos recentes, em especial na área de tecnologias de informação. Objetivo: Esta pesquisa aborda o exame do fundo de olho explorando e analisando as dificuldades dos estudantes de Medicina na execução desse componente do exame clínico e busca propor diretrizes para seu ensino na graduação médica. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com técnicas de observação direta e entrevistas com análise de conteúdo em uma população de estudantes do internato da Universidade do Estado do Pará (Uepa), na cidade de Marabá. Na avaliação de conteúdo utilizaram-se recursos do programa livre de análise de texto Iramuteq. Resultados: Dos 21 estudantes voluntários participantes da pesquisa, apenas dois relataram experiência anterior com oftalmoscópio direto (9,52%) e um aluno havia participado de campanha com uso de dispositivo portátil para registro da imagem do fundo de olho (4,8%). As atividades da pesquisa incluiram discussão de casos clínicos, realização de oftalmoscopias diretas em pacientes voluntários e análise de retinografias. Na análise dos textos correspondentes às entrevistas foram categorizadas quatro classes geradas pelo programa Iramuteq, realçando-se o valor da integração de teoria e prática no depoimento dos alunos. Conclusão: Programas de treinamento com integração de teoria e prática e valendo-se de princípios de aprendizagem significativa podem contribuir para prover competência ao estudante de Medicina para o exame de fundo de olho, adequando-se ao surgimento de novas tecnologias.
Abstract: Introduction: Medical education has undergone changes in recent decades. Educational objectives tend to change with recent technological advances, especially in the area of information technologies. Objective: This research addresses the examination of ocular fundus by exploring and analyzing the difficulties medical students encounter in relation to this component of the clinical examination and seeks to propose guidelines for its teaching in undergraduate medical training. Method: Qualitative research with direct observation techniques and interviews with content analysis with a population of students at the University of the State of Pará (UEPA), in the city of Marabá. Content analysis used resources from the free text analysis program Iramuteq. Results: Of the 21 volunteer students participating in the research, only two reported previous experience with direct ophthalmoscope (9.52%) and one student had participated in a campaign using a portable device to record the fundus image (4.8%). Research activities included discussion of clinical cases, performing direct ophthalmoscopies in volunteer patients and retinography analysis. In the analysis of the texts corresponding to the interviews, four classes generated by the Iramuteq program were categorized, highlighting the value of theoretical and practical integration in the students' testimony. Conclusion: Training programs with theoretical and practical integration using meaningful learning concepts can help qualify medical students in the ocular fundus exam, adapting to the emergence of new technologies.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Ophthalmology/education , Ophthalmoscopy/methods , Education, Medical, Undergraduate/methods , Retinal Diseases/diagnosis , Clinical Competence , Problem-Based Learning , Diagnostic Tests, Routine , Fundus Oculiالملخص
RESUMO A toxoplasmose ocular pode se manifestar de forma atípica, rara, bilateral e associada à necrose retiniana aguda. É apresentada em pacientes imunossuprimidos, resultando em grave perda visual, se não for solucionada rapidamente. Relata-se um caso atípico de toxoplasmose ocular em paciente diabético, que, em sua internação prévia, já evidenciava aspecto sistêmico, o qual foi elucidado pelo exame clínico oftalmológico e pela anamnese. Além disso, a rotina do setor de uveítes, ao solicitar as sorologias de forma direcionada e criteriosa, foi imprescindível para o diagnóstico da toxoplasmose sistêmica associado à lesão ocular atípica bilateral, mimetizando necrose retiniana aguda com desfecho favorável.
Abstract Ocular toxoplasmosis can present with an atypical, rare, bilateral involvement, and associated with acute retinal necrosis. It occurs in immunosuppressed patients, resulting in severe visual loss, if not quickly solved. We report an atypical case of ocular toxoplasmosis in a diabetic patient, who already showed a systemic aspect in a previous hospitalization, which was elucidated by the ophthalmologic examination and history. In addition, the routine of the uveitis sector requesting serology in a directed and careful way was essential for the diagnosis of systemic toxoplasmosis associated with atypical bilateral ocular lesion, mimicking acute retinal necrosis with good outcome.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Adult , Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/diagnosis , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Fluorescein Angiography , Visual Acuity , Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute/drug therapy , Toxoplasmosis/drug therapy , Toxoplasmosis, Ocular/drug therapy , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculi , Infectious Mononucleosisالملخص
ABSTRACT Exudative retinal detachment occurs when fluid accumulates between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Ocular diseases or multisystem conditions such as nephrotic syndrome may lead to exudative retinal detachment. This report describes a case of nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease, anasarca and bilateral serous macular detachment in an adult patient. A 75-year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with generalized edema, asthenia, and visual impairment. Medical history included a recent diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome secondary to minimal change disease, which had been controlled with corticosteroid therapy. At presentation, best corrected visual acuity was 20/100. Slit-lamp examination revealed xanthelasmas and mild bilateral eyelid edema and chemosis. Dilated fundus examination confirmed bilateral macular detachment. The patient did not respond to diuretic therapy. Ttherefore, hemodialysis was started. Two months later, visual acuity improved to 20/25 and near normal restoration of retinal anatomy was achieved, with concurrent remission of proteinuria. Exudative retinal detachment is a multifactorial condition. However, in diseases associated with severe hypoalbuminemia, such as nephrotic syndrome, low oncotic pressure in choroidal vessels and high interstitial pressure in the choroid may explain retinal detachment. Patients with chronic kidney disease carry a high risk of ophthalmic disease development. Several mechanisms that affect ocular vessels, the retina and the choroid are thought to be involved. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to resolve the ophthalmic condition and improve overall health.
RESUMO O descolamento de retina exsudativo ocorre quando o fluido se acumula entre a retina neurossensorial e o epitélio pigmentado da retina. Patologias oculares isoladas ou doenças multissistêmicas, como a síndrome nefrótica, podem levar ao descolamento de retina exsudativo. Apresenta-se aqui o caso de um adulto com síndrome nefrótica por doença de lesões mínimas, anasarca e descolamento de retina exsudativo macular bilateral. Trata-se de um homem de 75 anos de idade, que recorreu ao serviço de urgência com edema generalizado, astenia e diminuição da acuidade visual. Os antecedentes pessoais incluíam diagnóstico recente de síndrome nefrótica secundária à doença de lesões mínimas, em uso de corticoterapia. Na apresentação, a melhor acuidade visual corrigida era 20/100. A biomicroscopia revelou xantelasmas, edema palpebral leve e quemose nos dois olhos. Fundoscopia mostrou descolamento macular bilateral. O doente iniciou diuréticos com pouca resposta clínica, tendo sido adicionada hemodiálise. Verificou-se melhora da acuidade visual para 20/25 e restauração quase total da anatomia da retina 2 meses após o início do tratamento, coincidindo com a remissão da proteinúria. A fisiopatologia dos descolamentos de retina exsudativos é multifatorial, mas, em doenças com hipoalbuminemia grave, como a síndrome nefrótica, a baixa pressão oncótica e a alta pressão intersticial na coroide podem explicar o descolamento macular exsudativo. Doentes com doença renal crônica constituem um grupo de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença ocular, envolvendo vários mecanismos que afetam vasos, retina e coroide. Uma abordagem multidisciplinar é crucial para a melhoria da doença oftalmológica e do estado geral do doente.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Aged , Retinal Detachment/etiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications , Nephrotic Syndrome/complications , Ophthalmoscopy , Retinal Detachment/diagnosis , Visual Acuity , Tomography, Optical Coherence , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis , Exudates and Transudates , Slit Lamp Microscopy , Fundus Oculi , Macula Luteaالملخص
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da retinografia colorida e a da angiografia fluorescente no diagnóstico e no rastreio da retinopatia diabética. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, com base na análise de resultados de ambos os exames de 398 pacientes diabéticos. Resultados: Os resultados da angiografia coincidiram com os da retinografia em 77,4% dos casos, e não houve diferença significativa no estadiamento e na identificação da retinopatia pelos dois métodos. Conclusão: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à capacidade diagnóstica da doença pelos métodos descritos, demonstrando não existir benefício em indicar a angiografia como avaliação inicial do paciente diabético.
ABSTRACT Objective: To assess effectiveness of fundus photography and fluorescein angiography in diagnosis and screening of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: A retrospective study of 398 diabetic patients, based on analysis of results of both tests. Results: Results of fluorescein angiography and fundus photography coincided in 77.4% of cases, and there was no significant difference in staging and identification of retinopathy by both methods. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between both methods regarding the capacity to diagnose the disease, showing no benefit in indicating fluorescein angiography as initial assessment of diabetic patients.
الموضوعات
Humans , Adult , Middle Aged , Fluorescein Angiography/methods , Photography/methods , Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnostic imaging , Retina/diagnostic imaging , Retrospective Studies , Diabetes Complications , Diabetic Angiopathies/complications , Fundus Oculiالملخص
The existing retinal vessels segmentation algorithms have various problems that the end of main vessels are easy to break, and the central macula and the optic disc boundary are likely to be mistakenly segmented. To solve the above problems, a novel retinal vessels segmentation algorithm is proposed in this paper. The algorithm merged together vessels contour information and conditional generative adversarial nets. Firstly, non-uniform light removal and principal component analysis were used to process the fundus images. Therefore, it enhanced the contrast between the blood vessels and the background, and obtained the single-scale gray images with rich feature information. Secondly, the dense blocks integrated with the deep separable convolution with offset and squeeze-and-exception (SE) block were applied to the encoder and decoder to alleviate the gradient disappearance or explosion. Simultaneously, the network focused on the feature information of the learning target. Thirdly, the contour loss function was added to improve the identification ability of the blood vessels information and contour information of the network. Finally, experiments were carried out on the DRIVE and STARE datasets respectively. The value of area under the receiver operating characteristic reached 0.982 5 and 0.987 4, respectively, and the accuracy reached 0.967 7 and 0.975 6, respectively. Experimental results show that the algorithm can accurately distinguish contours and blood vessels, and reduce blood vessel rupture. The algorithm has certain application value in the diagnosis of clinical ophthalmic diseases.