الملخص
Background: hypercalcemia mediated by a silicone-induced granulomatous reaction is a condition that, despite being rare, must be remembered since there is an increasing demand for aesthetic procedures among the general population. It is necessary to rule out other causes of hypercalcemia, such as hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, infectious and non-infectious granulomatous diseases, as well as the use of drugs. Case presentation: We present a patient with a history of large amounts of silicone implants who was admitted to a hospital presenting hypercalcemia and chronic kidney disease. A skin biopsy revealed a granulomatous foreign body reaction associated with exogenous siliconomatous material. Treatment with corticosteroids was initiated, with partial renal function improvement, with no renal replacement therapy needed. Conclusion: Patients with silicone implants should be carefully monitored for renal function and may be informed to avoid nephrotoxic agents as there is sufficient evidence that this type of aesthetic procedure can trigger hypercalcemia and CKD.
Introdução: a hipercalcemia mediada por uma reação granulomatosa induzida por silicone é uma condição que, apesar de rara, deve ser lembrada, pois há uma demanda crescente por procedimentos estéticos na população em geral. É necessário descartar outras causas de hipercalcemia, como hiperparatireoidismo, hipercalcemia da malignidade, doenças granulomatosas infecciosas e não infecciosas, bem como o uso de medicamentos. Relato de caso: apresentamos um paciente com histórico implante de grandes quantidades de silicone, que foi admitido em um hospital apresentando hipercalcemia e doença renal crônica (DRC). A biópsia de pele revelou reação granulomatosa tipo corpo estranho associada a material siliconomatoso exógeno. Foi iniciado tratamento com corticosteroides, com melhora parcial da função renal, sem necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva. Conclusão: os pacientes com implantes de silicone devem ser cuidadosamente monitorados quanto à função renal e devem ser informados para evitar agentes nefrotóxicos, pois há evidências suficientes de que esse tipo de procedimento estético pode desencadear hipercalcemia e DRC.
الموضوعات
Granuloma , Hypercalcemia , Prostheses and Implants , Siliconesالملخص
BACKGROUND: Histopathological analysis of tissue samples is an ancillary complementary diagnostic tool in tuberculosis (TB) with variable sensitivity and specificity according to different clinical settings. We evaluated the spectrum of histological findings, their diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic utility, and requests over time in a sample of archival biopsies. METHODS: Analysis of biopsies of confirmed TB cases between years 2011-2019 at a reference hospital in Chile. RESULTS: The series included patients with a histological study for TB confirmed by culture (88.9%) or PCR (11.1%). In total, 34 samples were available for analysis, most of them of extrapulmonary origin (82.4%). Biopsies were taken before the start of treatment in 26 cases (76.5%) or after the start-end of treatment for different reasons in 8 cases (23.5%). Restricting the analysis to the group with pretreatment biopsies, the prevalence/diagnostic sensitivity of granulomas was 93.3%, 69.2% for caseous necrosis, 26.9% for granulomas with caseous necrosis without acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and 46.2% for AFB in any histological context. A histological score was constructed to evaluate the homogeneity of lesions, observing that 76.9% had at least four of the six components of the score. The request for biopsies was maintained over time despite the increase in the use of molecular techniques. The presence of AFB contributed to the diagnosis before microbiological results in 23.1% of the cases. Conclusions: Histological study continues to contribute to the diagnosis of TB, especially in extrapulmonary forms.
El análisis histopatológico de muestras de tejidos es una metodología antigua y auxiliar para el diagnóstico de tuberculosis (TB) con sensibilidad y especificidad variable de acuerdo al escenario clínico. Evaluamos el espectro de los hallazgos histológicos, su sensibilidad diagnóstica, su utilidad diagnóstica y cambios de solicitud en el tiempo. MÉTODOS: Análisis de biopsias de casos de TB confirmados entre los años 2011-2019 en un hospital de referencia en Chile. RESULTADOS: La serie incluye pacientes con estudio histológico por TB confirmados por cultivo (88,9%) o PCR (11,1%). En total se contó con 34 muestras para análisis, en su mayoría de origen extrapulmonar (82,4%). Las biopsias fueron tomadas antes del inicio del tratamiento en 26 casos (76,5%) o luego del inicio o al finalizar el tratamiento por diferentes razones en 8 casos (23,5%). Restringiendo el análisis al grupo con biopsias pretratamiento, la prevalencia/sensibilidad diagnóstica de granulomas fue de 93,3%, de necrosis caseosa 69,2%, de granulomas con necrosis caseosa sin bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes (BAAR) de 26,9% y de BAAR en cualquier contexto histológico de 46,2%. Se construyó un score histológico para ver homogeneidad de lesiones, observando que el 76,9% tenía al menos 4 de los 6 componentes del score. La solicitud de biopsias se mantuvo en el tiempo a pesar del incremento de técnicas moleculares. La presencia de BAAR contribuyó al diagnóstico antes que los resultados microbiológicos en el 23,1% de los casos. Conclusiones: El estudio histológico sigue contribuyendo al diagnóstico, especialmente en las formas extrapulmonares de TB.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/microbiology , Tuberculosis/pathology , Sensitivity and Specificity , Biopsy/methods , Chile , Retrospective Studies , Granuloma/diagnosis , Granuloma/microbiology , Granuloma/pathology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/geneticsالملخص
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope, is a ubiquitous pathogen that is prevalent in humans, although most people who contract it do not develop symptoms (Kerr, 2019). While the primary cells EBV attacks are epithelial cells and B lymphocytes, its target range expands to a variety of cell types in immunodeficient hosts. Serological change occurs in 90% of infected patients. Therefore, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, serologically reactive to viral capsid antigens, are reliable biomarkers for the detection of acute and chronic EBV infections (Cohen, 2000). Symptoms of EBV infection vary according to age and immune status. Young patients with primary infection may present with infectious mononucleosis; there is a typical triad of symptoms including fever, angina, and lymphadenectasis (Houen and Trier, 2021). In immunocompromised patients, response after EBV infection may be atypical, with unexplained fever. The nucleic acid of EBV can be detected to confirm whether high-risk patients are infected (Smets et al., 2000). EBV is also associated with the occurrence of certain tumors (such as lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma) because it transforms host cells (Shannon-Lowe et al., 2017; Tsao et al., 2017).
الموضوعات
Humans , Trachea , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections , Herpesvirus 4, Human , Virus Diseases , Fever , Granulomaالملخص
O granuloma periférico de células gigantes (GPCG) é uma lesão hiperplásica benigna causada por trauma local ou trauma crônico. Origina-se do ligamento periodontal ou mucoperiósteo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso de GPCG em mandíbula tratada com sucesso através de excisão cirúrgica, curetagem e ostectomia periférica.
Peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) is a benign hyperplastic lesion caused by local trauma or chronic trauma. It originates from the periodontal ligament or mucoperiosteum. The objective of this work is to present a case of PGCG in the mandible successfully treated through surgical excision, curettage and peripheral ostectomy.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Granuloma, Giant Cell/diagnosis , Giant Cells , Dentistry , Granuloma/diagnosis , Mandibleالملخص
Introducción: El cáncer de tiroides es el tumor más común de los malignos originados en órganos endocrinos (más del 92 por ciento) y comprende un grupo de tumores que son diferentes clínicamente, epidemiológicamente y en cuanto a pronóstico. Objetivo: Caracterizar a los enfermos con cáncer de tiroides operados en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico General "Freyre de Andrade". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte longitudinal en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico General "Freyre de Andrade" en el período 2014-2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 32 enfermos operados de cáncer de tiroides. Fueron analizadas variables sociodemográficas, clasificación de Bethesda, diagnóstico histológico, técnica quirúrgica empleada y complicaciones. Resultados: El cáncer de tiroides predominó en mujeres (87,5 por ciento) entre 51 - 60 años (25,0 por ciento). Según la clasificación de Bethesda prevaleció la categoría VI (15,62 por ciento). Predominó el carcinoma papilar (65,62 por ciento). A todos los enfermos se le realizó una tiroidectomía total y las complicaciones fueron el hematoma posoperatorio (6,25 por ciento) y el granuloma (6,25 por ciento). Conclusiones: El cáncer tiroideo predomina en mujeres entre la quinta y sexta década de la vida. La técnica quirúrgica que se utiliza es la tiroidectomía total con baja morbilidad. Predomina la variante histológica del carcinoma papilar(AU)
Introduction: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor originating in endocrine organs (more than 92 percent) and comprises a group of clinically, epidemiologically and prognostically different tumors. Objective: To characterize patients with thyroid cancer operated on at Freyre de Andrade General Clinical Surgical Hospital. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was carried out at Freyre de Andrade General Clinical Surgical Hospital in the period 2014-2019. The universe consisted of 32 patients operated on for thyroid cancer. Sociodemographic variables, Bethesda classification, histological diagnosis, used surgical technique and complications were analyzed. Results: Thyroid cancer predominated in women (87.5 percent) between 51 and 60 years of age (25.0 percent). According to the Bethesda classification, category VI prevailed (15.62 percent). Papillary carcinoma predominated (65.62 percent). All patients underwent total thyroidectomy, while the complications were postoperative hematoma (6.25 percent) and granuloma (6.25 percent. Conclusions: Thyroid cancer predominates in women between the fifth and sixth decades of life. The used surgical technique is total thyroidectomy, reporting low morbidity. The histological variant of papillary carcinoma predominates(AU)
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Thyroidectomy/methods , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Papillary/etiology , Hematoma/complications , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective Studies , Granuloma/complicationsالملخص
RESUMEN Objetivo . Explorar la viabilidad de desarrollar un modelo de neurocisticercosis (NCC) de oveja mediante infección intracraneal de oncosferas de T. solium. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un modelo de infección experimental de NCC en ovejas. Se inocularon aproximadamente 10 posoncósferas de T. solium cultivadas previamente por 30 días por vía intracraneal en diez ovejas. Las oncósferas, en 0,1 mL de solución salina fisiológica, se inyectaron en el lóbulo parietal a través de una aguja de calibre 18. Resultados. Después de tres meses, en dos ovejas se encontraron granulomas y en una tercera identificó un quiste de 5 mm de diámetro en el ventrículo lateral derecho y la evaluación histológica confirmó que el quiste corresponde a una larva de T. solium. También se utilizó inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos monoclonales dirigidos contra componentes de membrana y antígenos excretorios/secretorios del quiste de T. solium para confirmar la etiología de los granulomas encontrados. Uno de ellos mostro reactividad ante los anticuerpos monoclonales utilizados, confirmando así que se trató de un cisticerco. Conclusión. Este experimento es la prueba de concepto de que es posible infectar ovejas con cisticercosis por inoculación intracraneal.
ABSTRACT Objective. To explore the feasibility of developing a sheep model of neurocysticercosis (NCC) by intracranial infection with T. solium oncospheres. Materials and methods. We carried out an experimental infection model of NCC in sheep. Approximately 10 T. solium oncospheres previously cultured for 30 days were inoculated intracranially into ten sheep. The oncospheres, in 0.1 mL of physiological saline, were injected into the parietal lobe through an 18-gauge needle. Results. After three months, granulomas were found in two sheep. In a third sheep we identified a 5 mm diameter cyst in the right lateral ventricle and histological evaluation confirmed that the cyst corresponded to a T. solium larva. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies directed against membrane components and excretory/secretory antigens of the T. solium cyst was also used to confirm the etiology of the found granulomas. One of them showed reactivity to the monoclonal antibodies used, thus confirming that it was a cysticercus. Conclusion. This experiment is the proof of concept that it is possible to infect sheep with cysticercosis by intracranial inoculation.
الموضوعات
Animals , Brain , Cysticercosis , Sheep , Lateral Ventricles , Cysts , Epilepsy , Granulomaالملخص
Introducción: el granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinofilia estromal es una afección benigna, crónica y autolimitante, que por su evolución clínica puede estar sujeta a confusión diagnóstica. Por ello, el caso que aquí se comparte expone particularidades de esta afección y su respuesta al tratamiento para permitir un mejor conocimiento de esta lesión. Se describen las características clínicas e histopatológicas y su evolución ante la terapéutica empleada. Se presenta una paciente femenina de seis años, con antecedentes de salud y de dientes neonatales, que hace tres meses manifiesta dos úlceras en mucosa sublingual que no cicatrizan ni mejoran al tratamiento anterior. Se indicaron estudios hematológicos, se realizó biopsia incisional de la lesión con su estudio histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico. Se obtuvo eosinofilia estromal y ausencia de linfocitos anómalos CD30. El tratamiento incluyó aplicación de corticosteroides tópicos e intralesionales, experimentando remisión de la lesión. Se mantiene la paciente bajo seguimiento clínico, sin recidiva de lesión. Conclusiones: el granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinofilia estromal es una lesión autolimitante que puede ser confundida con otras lesiones ulcerativas de la cavidad bucal, por lo que su estudio histopatológico resulta imprescindible para su diagnóstico. Asimismo, su análisis inmunohistoquímico es indispensable para precisar su naturaleza y probable evolución. El adecuado y exhaustivo proceso diagnóstico constituye una herramienta vital para lograr su identificación.
Background: Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia is a benign, chronicle and self-healing lesion, which can be misdiagnosed for its clinical evolution, for this reason, this case report is carried out, showing particularities of this disease and its response in front to the treatment, giving a better identifcation of the lesion, were described the clinical and histopathological fndings of a case. A feminine patient, six years old, with neonatal health and dental history. She has presented during three months two ulcerative lesions in sublingual mucosa, which do not improve with the previous treatment. Hematological studies and biopsy were carried out, the incisional biopsy was analyzed with immunohistochemical test, the results were stromal eosinophilia and absence of anomalous lymphocytes CD30. She was treated with topical and intralesional corticosteroids, experiencing remission of the lesion. The patient had a long clinical follow up without recidive. Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia is a self-healed lesion that needs a histopathological and inmunohistochemical analysis for an adequate diagnosis. The correct diagnostic sequence is a vital tool to achieve its identification.
الموضوعات
Female , Child , Ulcer , Eosinophilia , Granuloma , Biopsy , Immunohistochemistryالملخص
ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disease that involves the lung in 90% of cases. Skeletomuscular involvement of sarcoidosis may involve joints, muscles and/or bones, the latter affecting 313% of patients. Its clinical presentation is asymptomatic in half of the cases, in the other half there is pain, soft tissue edema, and decreased limb function. Radiographically it is accompanied by osteolysis, osteosclerosis, cystic lesions and pathological fractures in advanced stages. A final diagnosis is made by tissue biopsy, finding non-caseating granulomatous process accompanied by Langhans giant cells. The main indication of medical management is the control of symptoms, associated with an improvement in the functioning of the affected limb and quality of life of the patient. The case is presented of a patient with digital sarcoidosis with classic radiographic pattern with no other extra-skeletal involvement.
RESUMEN La sarcoidosis es una enfermedad multisistémica que involucra en el 90% de los casos el pulmón. El compromiso osteomuscular de la sarcoidosis puede incluir articulaciones, músculos o huesos; este último caso afecta al 3-13% de los pacientes. Su presentación clínica es asintomática en la mitad de los casos, el restante se presenta con dolor, edema de tejidos blandos y disminución en la funcionalidad de la extremidad. Radiográficamente se acompaña de osteólisis, osteoesclerosis, lesiones quísticas y fracturas patológicas en estadios avanzados. Su diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por medio de una biopsia tisular, en la que se encuentra un proceso granulomatoso no caseificante acompañado de células gigantes de Langhans. La principal indicación del manejo médico es el control de los síntomas, lo que se asocia con una mejoría en el funcionamiento de la extremidad afectada y en la calidad de vida del paciente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con sarcoidosis digital con patrón radiográfico clásico, sin otro compromiso extraesquelético.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Adult , Sarcoidosis , Granuloma , Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases , Lymphatic Diseasesالملخص
A resposta imune desenvolvida pelo hospedeiro contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis é considerada de natureza complexa e multifacetada. Esta interação bacilo-hospedeiro resulta, na maioria das vezes, em uma infecção latente assintomática, podendo ou não evoluir para a forma ativa da tuberculose (TB). O presente estudo objetivou atualizar e sumarizar o conhecimento científico acerca dos mecanismos imunológicos associados à infecção e sua progressão para a TB ativa. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, realizada a partir do levantamento bibliográfico de artigos científicos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e SciELO, nos últimos 20 anos. Nas últimas décadas, a caracterização de linfócitos Tγδ, MAIT, iNKT e outra células T CD1 restritas proporcionaram um maior entendimento do papel da imunidade inata na infecção pelo bacilo. A migração de linfócitos T CD4+ produtores de IFN-g, TNF-α e de outras moléculas solúveis, promove o recrutamento e formação do granuloma, estrutura que beneficia tanto o hospedeiro quanto o bacilo. Eventualmente, um desequilíbrio nesta complexa rede de interação, resulta em uma resposta inflamatória exacerbada que contribui para o desenvolvimento de um granuloma necrótico. Por fim, a exaustão da resposta imune local frente à contínua exposição ao bacilo, associada ao perfil anti-inflamatório dos linfócitos Th2 e linfócitos Treg, favorecem a inativação funcional e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento da doença ativa. A resposta imunológica é crucial para o desenvolvimento da infecção por M. tuberculosis. Portanto, estudos que possibilitem uma maior compreensão sobre a interação bacilohospedeiro podem viabilizar o desenvolvimento de novos métodos diagnósticos, estratégias terapêuticas e, sobretudo, avanços no desenvolvimento de imunobiológicos.
The immune response developed by the host against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is considered a complex and multifaceted nature. This host-bacillus interaction, which in most cases results in an asymptomatic latent infection that may or may not evolve to the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The present study aimed to update and summarize the current scientific knowledge regarding the immunological mechanisms associated with infection and the development of active disease. This is a narrative review, based on scientific articles indexed in the PubMed/ MEDLINE and SciELO databases over the last 20 years. In recent decades, the characterization of Tγδ lymphocytes, MAIT, iNKT and CD1-restricted T cells has provided a better understanding of the role of innate immunity in bacilli infection. The migration of T CD4+ lymphocytes that produce IFN-γ, TNF-α and other soluble molecules, promotes the recruitment and formation of the granuloma, a structure that benefits both the host and the bacillus. Eventually, an imbalance in this complex interaction network results in an exacerbated inflammatory response that contributes to the development of a necrotic granuloma. Finally, exhaustion of the local immune response due to continuous exposure to the bacillus, associated with the anti-inflammatory profile of Th2 lymphocytes and Treg lymphocytes, favor functional inactivation and, consequently, the development of active disease. The immune response is crucial for the development of M. tuberculosis infection. Therefore, studies that enable a greater understanding of the hostbacillus interaction may enable the development of new diagnostic methods, therapeutic strategies and, above all, advances in the development of immunobiologicals.
الموضوعات
Humans , Tuberculosis , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary , Immunity , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Therapeutics , T-Lymphocytes , CD4 Antigens , Health Strategies , PubMed , Allergy and Immunology , Granulomaالملخص
Pythiosis is caused by an aquatic fungus-like organism (Pythium insidiosum). It is considered an important public health issue as it can affect both animals and humans. This paper reports a case of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog. The patient was hospitalized for four days, during which the animal received supportive and symptomatic treatment. But the applied treatment was unsuccessful and the dog's clinical condition worsened, culminating in death. Complementary imaging tests such as radiography and ultrasonography, as well as hematological tests, were performed during the hospitalization period. The definitive diagnosis was reached in the postmortem as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics suggested the presence of intestinal granuloma and accentuated multifocal suppurative necrotic enteritis. Additionally, the histological evaluation revealed morphological structures compatible with P. insidiosum. Also, the results of nested PCR performed showed partial amplification (105 bp) of the ITS1 region of the ribosomal gene of P. insidiosum.(AU)
A pitiose é causada por um organismo aquático semelhante a um fungo (Pythium insidiosum) e considerada um importante problema de saúde pública, pois pode afetar animais e humanos. Este artigo relata um caso de pitiose gastrointestinal em um cão. O paciente ficou internado por quatro dias, período em que o animal recebeu tratamento de suporte e sintomático. No entanto, o tratamento aplicado não teve sucesso e o quadro clínico do cão piorou, culminando com a morte. Exames de imagem complementares, como radiografia e ultrassonografia, bem como exames hematológicos, foram realizados durante o período de internação. O diagnóstico definitivo foi feito na autópsia, pois as características macroscópicas e microscópicas sugeriam a presença de granuloma intestinal e acentuada enterite necrótica multifocal supurativa. Além disso, a avaliação histológica revelou estruturas morfológicas compatíveis com P. insidiosum. Além disso, a nested PCR foi realizada e mostrou amplificação parcial (105 pb) da região ITS1 do gene ribossomal de P. insidiosum.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Male , Dogs , Pythiosis/diagnosis , Granuloma/diagnosis , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/diagnosis , Pythium/genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Granuloma/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitologyالملخص
Sporotrichosis is a chronic fungal infection caused by Sporothrix species. The occurrence of cases that are resistant to long-term treatment, especially in the nasal planum of cats, emphasizes the importance of studying its pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the inflammatory process of cutaneous lesions of feline refractory sporotrichosis to clinical aspects through cytopathological and histopathological examination. Moreover, the study included 13 cats with cutaneous lesions that had been resistant to itraconazole treatment for more than a year. Cutaneous lesions samples were collected for cytopathological, histopathological, and fungal culture analyses. Tissue fragments were processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Grocott methenamine silver (GMS). Further, two clinical presentations had the highest occurrence: the localized cutaneous form in animals with good general condition and stable disease (n=9, 69.2%) and the disseminated cutaneous form in cats with poor general condition (n=4, 30.8%). In cats with refractory sporotrichosis, the nasal planum (84.6%) was the most common location of lesions. In the cytopathological study, cats with fewer than two lesions and in good general condition (n=9, 69.2%) showed absence or mild yeast intensity (up to 5 yeasts per field), lower intensity of macrophages and neutrophils, and higher intensity of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. On the other hand, (n=4, 30.8%) of the cats with disseminated sporotrichosis and a poor general condition had a marked intensity of yeasts, which were mostly phagocytosed by an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils. Of those animals with good general condition, the majority (n=6, 66.7%) had higher eosinophil intensity. In histopathology, malformed suppurative granuloma was the predominant type (n=9, 69.2%) in feline sporotrichosis lesions, followed by well-formed granulomas (n=4, 30.8%). Malformed granulomas showed mild to moderate fungal intensity (55.6%) in animals with good general condition and localized lesions while marked fungal intensity (44.4%) in cats with the disseminated form of the disease and poor general condition. Well-formed granulomas (n=4, 30.7%) had mild to moderate intensity of fungal load, and 75% of the animals with this type of granuloma had only one lesion and were in good general condition. Long-term itraconazole treatment in these cats with refractory sporotrichosis can keep the infection under control and localized lesions stable; however, fungus reactivation can occur, resulting in an exuberant and inefficient immune response.(AU)
A esporotricose é uma infecção fúngica crônica causada por espécies do gênero Sporothrix. A ocorrência de casos refratários ao tratamento de longo prazo, especialmente na região nasal de gatos, alerta para a importância do estudo de sua patogênese. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o processo inflamatório das lesões cutâneas de esporotricose felina refratária ao tratamento, por meio de exames citopatológico e histopalógico, e comparar com aspectos clínicos. Treze gatos com lesões cutâneas refratárias ao tratamento com Itraconazol por mais de um ano foram incluídos no estudo. Amostras de lesões cutâneas foram coletadas para análises citopatológicas, histopatológicas e cultura fúngica. Fragmentos de tecidos foram processados e corados pela hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Prata Metenamina de Grocott (GMS). Duas apresentações clínicas tiveram maior ocorrência: a forma localizada cutânea em animais com bom estado geral e doença estável (n=9, 69,2%); e a forma disseminada cutânea em gatos com estado geral ruim (n=4, 30,8%). A região nasal (84,6%) foi a localização mais frequente das lesões nos gatos com esporotricose refratária ao tratamento. No estudo citopatológico, felinos com menos de duas lesões, e em bom estado geral, (n=9, 69,2%) revelaram ausência ou leve intensidade de leveduras (até 5 leveduras por campo), menor intensidade de macrófagos e neutrófilos, e maior intensidade de células epitelióides, linfócitos, plasmócitos e eosinófilos. Enquanto, (n=4, 30,8%) dos felinos que apresentavam a forma disseminada da esporotricose associada a um estado geral ruim, revelaram acentuada intensidade de leveduras em sua maioria fagocitadas por acentuado número de macrófagos e neutrófilos. Dos animais com bom estado geral, a maioria (n=6, 66,7%) apresentava maior intensidade de eosinófilos. Na histopatologia, o granuloma supurativo mal formado foi o tipo predominante (n=9, 69,2%) nas lesões de esporotricose felina, e (n=4, 30,8%) foram de granulomas bem formados. Granulomas mal formados apresentaram leve a moderada intensidade fúngica (55,6%) nos animais com bom estado geral e lesões localizadas, e acentuada intensidade fúngica (44,4%) nos gatos com a forma disseminada da doença e estado geral ruim. Granulomas bem formados (n=4, 30,7%) apresentaram leve a moderada intensidade de carga fúngica, sendo 75% dos animais com esse tipo de granuloma com apenas uma lesão e bom estadogeral. O tratamento de longo prazo com itraconazol, nesses gatos com esporotricose refratária, pode manter a infecção controlada e lesões localizadas estáveis de forma temporária, contudo a reativação do fungo pode ocorrer levando a uma resposta imunológica exuberante e ineficiente.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Cats , Sporotrichosis/pathology , Cat Diseases/pathology , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Sporotrichosis/veterinary , Cat Diseases/microbiology , Granuloma/veterinaryالملخص
Sporotrichosis is a chronic fungal infection caused by Sporothrix species. The occurrence of cases that are resistant to long-term treatment, especially in the nasal planum of cats, emphasizes the importance of studying its pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the inflammatory process of cutaneous lesions of feline refractory sporotrichosis to clinical aspects through cytopathological and histopathological examination. Moreover, the study included 13 cats with cutaneous lesions that had been resistant to itraconazole treatment for more than a year. Cutaneous lesions samples were collected for cytopathological, histopathological, and fungal culture analyses. Tissue fragments were processed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Grocott methenamine silver (GMS). Further, two clinical presentations had the highest occurrence: the localized cutaneous form in animals with good general condition and stable disease (n=9, 69.2%) and the disseminated cutaneous form in cats with poor general condition (n=4, 30.8%). In cats with refractory sporotrichosis, the nasal planum (84.6%) was the most common location of lesions. In the cytopathological study, cats with fewer than two lesions and in good general condition (n=9, 69.2%) showed absence or mild yeast intensity (up to 5 yeasts per field), lower intensity of macrophages and neutrophils, and higher intensity of epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. On the other hand, (n=4, 30.8%) of the cats with disseminated sporotrichosis and a poor general condition had a marked intensity of yeasts, which were mostly phagocytosed by an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils. Of those animals with good general condition, the majority (n=6, 66.7%) had higher eosinophil intensity. In histopathology, malformed suppurative granuloma was the predominant type (n=9, 69.2%) in feline sporotrichosis lesions, followed by well-formed granulomas (n=4, 30.8%). Malformed granulomas showed mild to moderate fungal intensity (55.6%) in animals with good general condition and localized lesions while marked fungal intensity (44.4%) in cats with the disseminated form of the disease and poor general condition. Well-formed granulomas (n=4, 30.7%) had mild to moderate intensity of fungal load, and 75% of the animals with this type of granuloma had only one lesion and were in good general condition. Long-term itraconazole treatment in these cats with refractory sporotrichosis can keep the infection under control and localized lesions stable; however, fungus reactivation can occur, resulting in an exuberant and inefficient immune response.
A esporotricose é uma infecção fúngica crônica causada por espécies do gênero Sporothrix. A ocorrência de casos refratários ao tratamento de longo prazo, especialmente na região nasal de gatos, alerta para a importância do estudo de sua patogênese. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o processo inflamatório das lesões cutâneas de esporotricose felina refratária ao tratamento, por meio de exames citopatológico e histopalógico, e comparar com aspectos clínicos. Treze gatos com lesões cutâneas refratárias ao tratamento com Itraconazol por mais de um ano foram incluídos no estudo. Amostras de lesões cutâneas foram coletadas para análises citopatológicas, histopatológicas e cultura fúngica. Fragmentos de tecidos foram processados e corados pela hematoxilina-eosina (HE) e Prata Metenamina de Grocott (GMS). Duas apresentações clínicas tiveram maior ocorrência: a forma localizada cutânea em animais com bom estado geral e doença estável (n=9, 69,2%); e a forma disseminada cutânea em gatos com estado geral ruim (n=4, 30,8%). A região nasal (84,6%) foi a localização mais frequente das lesões nos gatos com esporotricose refratária ao tratamento. No estudo citopatológico, felinos com menos de duas lesões, e em bom estado geral, (n=9, 69,2%) revelaram ausência ou leve intensidade de leveduras (até 5 leveduras por campo), menor intensidade de macrófagos e neutrófilos, e maior intensidade de células epitelióides, linfócitos, plasmócitos e eosinófilos. Enquanto, (n=4, 30,8%) dos felinos que apresentavam a forma disseminada da esporotricose associada a um estado geral ruim, revelaram acentuada intensidade de leveduras em sua maioria fagocitadas por acentuado número de macrófagos e neutrófilos. Dos animais com bom estado geral, a maioria (n=6, 66,7%) apresentava maior intensidade de eosinófilos. Na histopatologia, o granuloma supurativo mal formado foi o tipo predominante (n=9, 69,2%) nas lesões de esporotricose felina, e (n=4, 30,8%) foram de granulomas bem formados. Granulomas mal formados apresentaram leve a moderada intensidade fúngica (55,6%) nos animais com bom estado geral e lesões localizadas, e acentuada intensidade fúngica (44,4%) nos gatos com a forma disseminada da doença e estado geral ruim. Granulomas bem formados (n=4, 30,7%) apresentaram leve a moderada intensidade de carga fúngica, sendo 75% dos animais com esse tipo de granuloma com apenas uma lesão e bom estadogeral. O tratamento de longo prazo com itraconazol, nesses gatos com esporotricose refratária, pode manter a infecção controlada e lesões localizadas estáveis de forma temporária, contudo a reativação do fungo pode ocorrer levando a uma resposta imunológica exuberante e ineficiente.
الموضوعات
Animals , Cats , Cat Diseases/pathology , Sporotrichosis/pathology , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Cat Diseases/microbiology , Sporotrichosis/veterinary , Granuloma/veterinaryالملخص
O procedimento cirúrgico eletivo realizado com maior frequência na rotina veterinária é a ovário-histerectomia (OVH), com isso há uma alta casuística de complicações pós-operatórias. Entre elas, pode-se citar piometra de coto, ligadura acidental de ureter, síndrome do ovário remanescente, formação de granulomas inflamatórios e aderências a órgãos. Os granulomas de coto ovariano são formados, geralmente por um fio de sutura utilizado inadequadamente, ou a um sítio de infecção. Tais granulomas podem levar à aderências, inclusive a órgãos próximos ao sítio cirúrgico. O presente relato refere-se a uma cadela, que apresentou granulomas ovarianos com aderências no pâncreas e em diversos órgãos após a ovário-histerectomia. Para a solução do caso, foi realizado uma celiotomia exploratória para avaliação da cavidade abdominal, retirada das aderências das estruturas e das formações granulomatosas, sendo necessária a realização de uma pancreatectomia parcial para a retirada completa do granuloma. Após a cirurgia, o paciente desenvolveu quadro de pancreatite, uma complicação muito comum em cirurgias pancreáticas. Ainda assim, o resultado foi considerado satisfatório, pois a pancreatite foi solucionada e os granulomas removidos, e até a última revisão pós-operatória, o paciente encontrava-se bem clinicamente. A OVH é uma das cirurgias mais realizadas na rotina médico veterinária, ainda assim é negligenciada em diversos quesitos. Portanto, há a necessidade dessa técnica cirúrgica e suas possíveis complicações serem realizadas de maneira correta e efetiva.(AU)
The most frequently elective surgical procedure performed in the veterinary routine is the ovary hysterectomy (OVH). As such, there is a high number of post-operative complications, which include stump pyometra, accidental ligation of the ureter, remnant ovary syndrome, formation of inflammatory granulomas, and organ adhesions. Ovarian stump granulomas are usually formed by suture which has been improperly used, or to infection. Such granulomas can lead to adhesions, also affecting organs close to the surgical site. This report refers to a female dog that presented ovarian granulomas with adhesions to the pancreas and to several organs after ovary-hysterectomy. In order to solve the case, an exploratory celiotomy was performed to assess the abdominal cavity, removing the adhesions of the structures and granulomatous formations, which required the performance of a partial pancreatectomy for the thorough removal of the granuloma. After surgery, the patient developed pancreatitis, a very common complication in pancreatic surgery. Even so, the result was considered satisfactory, as the pancreatitis was resolved and the granulomas removed and until the last post-operative review, the patient was clinically well. OVH is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in the veterinary medical routine, yet it is neglected in several aspects. Therefore, there is a need for the surgical technique and its possible complications to be performed correctly and effectively.(AU)
El procedimiento quirúrgico electivo que se realiza con mayor frecuencia en la rutina veterinaria es la ovario-histerectomía (OVH), con que existe un elevado número de complicaciones postoperatorias. Estos incluyen piometra del muñón, ligadura accidental del uréter, síndrome de ovario remanente, formación de granulomas inflamatorios y adherencias a órganos. Los granulomas del muñón ovárico se forman por lo general por una sutura mal utilizada o en un sitio de infección. Dichos granulomas pueden provocar adherencias, incluso a órganos cercanos al sitio quirúrgico. El presente informe se refiere a una perra, quien presentó granulomas ováricos con adherencias en el páncreas y en varios órganos tras ovario histerectomía. Para la solución del caso se realizó una celiotomía exploratoria para acceder la cavidad abdominal, removiendo las adherencias de las estructuras y formaciones granulomatosas, requiriendo la realización de una pancreatectomía parcial para la extirpación completa del granuloma. Después de la cirugía, la paciente desarrolló pancreatitis, una complicación muy común en la cirugía pancreática. Aun así, el resultado se consideró satisfactorio, ya que se resolvió la pancreatitis y se retiraron los granulomas, y hasta la última revisión postoperatoria la paciente se encontraba clínicamente bien. La OVH es una de las cirugías que se realizan con mayor frecuencia en la rutina médica veterinaria, pero se descuida en varios aspectos. Por tanto, existe la necesidad de que esta técnica quirúrgica y sus posibles complicaciones se realicen de forma correcta y eficaz.(AU)
الموضوعات
Animals , Female , Dogs , Ovary , Pancreatectomy , Postoperative Complications , Elective Surgical Procedures , Dogs/surgery , Granuloma , Hysterectomyالملخص
Resumen Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii es un bacilo gram positivo corineforme lipofílico, poco frecuente en la clínica humana. Forma parte de la microbiota cutánea de los seres humanos y, por esta razón, su interpretación clínica es compleja. La mastitis granulomatosa es una enfermedad inflamatoria de origen incierto con baja incidencia. Se presentan dos casos clínicos en los que se describe la asociación de C. kroppenstedtii con mastitis granulomatosa. El tejido mamario es rico en lípidos. El carácter lipofílico de este microorganismo podría explicar su presencia en dicho tejido.
Abstract Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii is a rare lipophilic coryneform gram-positive bacillus. It is part of the human skin microbiota and, for this reason, its clinical interpretation is complex. Granulomatous mastitis is an inflammatory disease of uncertain origin with a low incidence. The association of C. kroppenstedtii with granulomatous mastitis was described in two clinical case reports. The lipophilic characteristics of this microorganism explains why it can be found in lipid-rich breast tissue.
Resumo Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii é um bacilo gram-positivo corineforme lipofílico poco frecuente. Faz parte da microbiota do seres humanos, por isso sua interpretação clínica é complexa. A mastite granulomatosa é uma doença inflamatória de origem incerta com baixa incidência. Foram apresentados dois casos clínicos nos quais é descrita a associação de C. kroppenstedtii com mastite granulomatosa. O tecido mamário é rico em lipídios. O caráter lipofílico desse microrganismo pode explicar sua presença em tal tecido.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adult , Corynebacterium , Abscess , Granulomatous Mastitis/diagnosis , Pathology , Microbiota , Liquid Biopsy , Granuloma , Microbiologyالملخص
Resumen Las infecciones por amebas de vida libre causan compromiso cutáneo y neurológico. Estas afecciones presentan una baja frecuencia pero una alta letalidad, mayor al 98%. Gene ralmente el cuadro clínico es inespecífico y los exámenes de laboratorio no son de gran ayuda, por lo que representa un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico. En este informe presentamos el caso de un paciente de 21 años que fue hospitalizado por un síndrome convulsivo con tumoraciones cerebrales, además de una lesión cutánea en el muslo derecho. El análisis histopatológico, PCR y el cuadro clínico permitieron el diagnóstico de encefalitis amebiana granulomatosa. A pesar del tratamiento, el paciente tuvo un desenlace fatal.
Abstract Infections by free-living amoebas cause cutaneous and neurological compromise. These conditions have a low frequency, but a high lethality more than 98%. Generally, the clinical picture is nonspecific; the laboratory tests dont help, so it represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. In this report, we present the case of a 21-year-old patient, who was hospitalized for a convulsive syndrome with brain tumors, in addition to a cutaneous lesion on the right thigh. Histopathological analysis, PCR and the clinical picture allowed the diagnosis of granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Despite the treatment, the patient had a fatal outcome.
الموضوعات
Adult , Humans , Young Adult , Balamuthia mandrillaris , Amebiasis , Peru , Fatal Outcome , Amebiasis/diagnosis , Granulomaالملخص
Abstract Sweet syndrome is an inflammatory disease characterized by fever, neutrophilia, papules and erythematous plaques, and a skin neutrophilic infiltrate. Syphilis has been reported among the infectious causes of Sweet syndrome. Syphilis can present atypical manifestations; a rare presentation is nodular syphilis, characterized by nodules with granulomas and plasma cells at histopathology. This case report presents a 20-year-old woman patient, with plaques and nodules, and systemic symptoms. The histopathological exam revealed both non-tuberculoid granulomas and a dense infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the dermis. These findings, plus laboratory abnormalities, characteristic of both conditions, were conclusive for Sweet syndrome and nodular syphilis association.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Syphilis , Sweet Syndrome/complications , Sweet Syndrome/diagnosis , Skin , Fever , Granulomaالملخص
Abstract PTH-independent hypercalcemia due to granulomatous disease is well-documented and sarcoidosis is the most characteristic disease, although there are others. We describe a case of sarcoid-like granulomatous myositis. An 87-year-old man was referred with tetraparesis and hypercalcemia (albumin-corrected calcium of 13.4 mg/dl) following a trip to the Caribbean. The evaluation showed a suppressed PTH, 25-hydroxy vitamin D of 7.5 ng/ml, 18F-FDG PET/CT showed markedly increased uptake in intercostal, back, shoulder, but tock and thigh muscles and a deltoid biopsy confirmed extensive granulomatous myositis. He was prescribed glucocorticoids which resulted in normalized plasma calcium levels and complete recovery from tetraparesis. Sarcoid-like granulomatous myositis should be incorporated into the differential diagnosis of PTH-independent hypercalcemia, especially in the absence of clinical features of sarcoidosis and with special emphasis on the use of 18F-FDG PET/CT to ensure a correct approach.
Resumen La hipercalcemia PTH-independiente asociada a enfermedades granulomatosas está bien documentada y la sarcoidosis es la enfermedad más característica, a pesar de que existen otras. Des cribimos un caso de miositis granulomatosa simil-sarcoidea. Un hombre de 87 años consultó por tetraparesia e hipercalcemia (calcio corregido por albúmina 13.4 mg/dl) luego de un viaje al Caribe. La evaluación mostró una PTH suprimida, 25-hidroxivitamina D 7.5 ng/ml, 18F-FDG PET/CT mostró marcado aumento de captación a nivel de musculatura intercostal, dorsal, deltoidea, glúteos y muslos. Una biopsia deltoidea confirmó una miositis granulomatosa extensa. Se prescribieron glucocorticoides, resultando en normalización del calcio plasmático y completa recuperación de la tetraparesia. La miositis granulomatosa simil-sarcoidea debe ser incorporada den tro del diagnóstico diferencial de la hipercalcemia PTH-independiente, especialmente en ausencia de hallazgos clínicos de sarcoidosis y con especial énfasis en el uso de 18F-FDG PET/CT para su correcta aproximación.
الموضوعات
Humans , Male , Aged, 80 and over , Sarcoidosis/complications , Sarcoidosis/diagnosis , Hypercalcemia/diagnosis , Hypercalcemia/etiology , Myositis/complications , Myositis/diagnosis , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Granuloma/complications , Granuloma/diagnosisالملخص
Introduction: Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia is an uncommon condition of the oral mucosa with a chronic course, usually affecting the tongue. Case Report: Clinically it presents as a chronic ulcer, with raised and indurated borders, rarely presented as a tumor. Histologically it shows a diffuse mixed inflammatory infiltrate, rich in eosinophils. The etiology of this lesion is still unclear; however, chronic irritation from traumatic agents is considered a major initiating factor. In some cases, the presence of CD30+ mononuclear cells within the lesions suggest the possibility of a CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder. This article presents a case of a traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia manifested in a 56-year-old female with a solitary ulcerated tumor inside the right cheek. Conclusion: It was diagnosed based on clinical data and histopathological features. In a brief literature review, the entity has been characterized, analyzing its etiology and nature.
Introducción: El granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinofilia estromal es una afección infrecuente de la mucosa oral de curso crónico, que suele afectar a la lengua. Case Report: Clínicamente se presenta como una úlcera crónica, con bordes elevados e indurados, rara vez se presenta como un tumor. Histológicamente muestra un infiltrado inflamatorio mixto difuso, rico en eosinófilos. La etiología de esta lesión aún no está clara; sin embargo, la irritación crónica por agentes traumáticos se considera un factor de iniciación importante. En algunos casos, la presencia de células mononucleares CD30 + dentro de las lesiones sugiere la posibilidad de un trastorno linfoproliferativo CD30+. En este artículo se presenta el caso de un granuloma ulcerativo traumático con eosinofilia estromal que se manifiesta en una mujer de 56 años con un tumor ulcerado solitario en el interior de la mejilla derecha. Conclusión: Se diagnosticó con base en datos clínicos y características histopatológicas. En una breve revisión de la literatura se ha caracterizado la entidad, analizando su etiología y naturaleza.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Eosinophilic Granuloma/diagnosis , Oral Ulcer/etiology , Eosinophilia , Granuloma , Mouth Mucosaالملخص
Tracheal fungal infections in horses are rare. This case report describes surgical and clinical management of a filly with a Curvularia sp. infection within the trachea and skin that caused severe intraluminal granulomas and cutaneous nodules, respectively. The patient was successfully treated with itraconazole and surgical excision.(AU)
Infecções fúngicas traqueais em equinos são raras. Este relato de caso descreve condutas clínicas e cirúrgicas em uma égua com infecção por Curvularia sp. na traqueia e na pele, causando granulomas intraluminais severos e nódulos cutâneos, respectivamente. O animal foi tratado com sucesso com itraconazol e exérese cirúrgica.(AU)