الملخص
Fractions from the Hexane Extract (HE) of Eugenia uniflora L. leaves were subjected to various chromatographic systems. Germacrone sesquiterpene and bornyl acetate bicyclic ester were characterized by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) with APCI Mass detector comparing with their homonymous spectrum provided by databases and characteristic fragmentation pathways were proposed. The monoterpene pulegone and the pentacyclic triterpene compound, ursolic acid, were found through High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HPLC - HRMS) by atmospheric pressure ionization (API) and the detector used was mass of Electronic Impact (IE). Both ursolic acid and bornyl acetate are present in other species of the same genus, but not in the species studied.
Fracciones provenientes del Extracto Hexánico (EH) de hojas de Eugenia uniflora L. fueron sometidas a diversos sistemas cromatográficos. El sesquiterpeno germacrone y el éster bicíclico acetato de bornilo fueron caracterizados por Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Performance acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas (HPLC-MS) con detector Masa APCI comparando con su espectro homónimo aportado por bases de datos y fueron propuestas vías de fragmentación características. El monoterpeno pulegona y el compuesto triterpénico pentacíclico, ácido ursólico, fueron encontrados a través de Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Performance acoplada a Espectrometría de Masas de Alta Resolución (HPLC -HRMS) por ionización a presión atmosférica (API) y el detector usado fue masa de Impacto Electrónico (IE). Tanto el ácido ursólico como el acetato de bornilo están presentes en otras especies del mismo género, no así en la especie estudiada.
الموضوعات
Phytochemicals/chemistry , Eugenia/chemistry , Hexanes/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/chemistryالملخص
An extracellular lipase from Aureobasidium pullulans was obtained and purified with a specific activity of 17.7 U/mg of protein using ultrafiltration and a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column. Characterization of the lipase indicated that it is a novel finding from the species A. pullulans. The molecular weight of the lipase was 39.5 kDa, determined by sodium dodecyl sulfonate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The enzyme exhibited its optimum activity at 40 °C and pH of 7. It also showed a remarkable stability in some organic solutions (30%, v/v) including n-propanol, isopropanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hexane. The catalytic activity of the lipase was enhanced by Ca2+ and was slightly inhibited by Mn2+ and Zn2+ at a concentration of 10 mmol/L. The lipase was activated by the anionic surfactant SDS and the non-ionic surfactants Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100, but it was drastically inhibited by the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). Furthermore, the lipase was able to hydrolyze a wide variety of edible oils, such as peanut oil, corn oil, sunflower seed oil, sesame oil, and olive oil. Our study indicated that the lipase we obtained is a potential biocatalyst for industrial use.
الموضوعات
Ascomycota/enzymology , Calcium , Catalysis , Corn Oil/metabolism , Detergents/chemistry , Enzyme Stability , Fungal Proteins/chemistry , Glucans/chemistry , Hexanes/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Hydrolysis , Industrial Microbiology , Lipase/chemistry , Manganese/chemistry , Olive Oil/metabolism , Peanut Oil/metabolism , Sesame Oil/metabolism , Substrate Specificity , Sunflower Oil/metabolism , Surface-Active Agents , Temperature , Zinc/chemistryالملخص
ABSTRACT Phoradendron mucronatum and P. microphyllum are plants that found in tropical and subtropical areas, used in traditional medicine and popularly known as mistle-thrush. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical constituents of different leaf extracts from P. mucronatum and P. microphyllum and assess cytotoxic activity against strains from a human tumour cells. Extracts obtained with hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and ethyl acetate from the leaves were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT method (bromide (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)). The tested human tumour cells were NCI-H292 (human pulmonar mucoepidermoid carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HEp-2 (epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx). Analysis by GC/MS of the extracts from leaves of P. microphyllum and P. mucronatum detected 51 different compounds, such as alkaloids, diterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons. In the cytotoxic evaluation, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves P. microphyllum inhibited cell growth of NCI-H292 strains (72.97%) and HEp-2 (87.53%), respectively. The extracts of P. mucronatum species showed an inhibitory effect towards NCI-H292 (83.19%/hexane), MCF-7 (88.69%/dichloromethane) and HEp-2 (93.40%/hexane). The extracts showed cytotoxic activity against the tested strains, especially the P. mucronatum, which presented the highest percentages of inhibition of cell growth.
الموضوعات
Humans , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Viscaceae/chemistry , Phoradendron/chemistry , Tetrazolium Salts , Thiazoles , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Chloroform/chemistry , Reproducibility of Results , Toxicity Tests , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , MCF-7 Cells , Hexanes/chemistry , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Methylene Chloride/chemistry , Acetates/chemistryالملخص
Anticancer potential of Moringa oleifera L. extracts have been well established. However, there are no reports on the isolated molecules/fractions from these extracts which are responsible for the anticancer/cytotoxic activity. Thus, in the present study, we explored the same. The n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts of the M. oleifera leaves and 15 fractions (F1 to F15) of ethyl acetate extract were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity using Hep-2 cell lines and Dalton’s lymphoma ascites model in mice, respectively. Among the tested samples, the F1 fraction showed potential cytotoxic effect in Hep-2 cell lines with a CTC50 value of 12.5 ± 0.5 µg/ml. In vivo studies with the doses 5 and 10 mg/kg, p.o. demonstrated significant reduction in body weight and increased the mean survival time compared to the control group. These results were also comparable to the standard, 5-Fluorouracil, treated animals. We have also successfully isolated and characterized the anticancer fraction, F1 from the leaves of M. oleifera L.
الموضوعات
Acetates/chemistry , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Chlorocebus aethiops , Chemical Fractionation/methods , Chloroform/chemistry , Female , Hep G2 Cells , Hexanes/chemistry , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Methanol/chemistry , Moringa oleifera/chemistry , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Survival Analysis , Time Factors , Vero Cellsالملخص
The hexane extract of A. squamosa (ASHE) in 100 and 400 mg/kg body weight dose raised the insulin level when compared with Glimepiride (1 mg/kg) and also inhibited α-glucosidase activity when compared with Acarbose (10 mg/kg) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The ASHE significantly reduced peak blood glucose (Gp30) and area under curve (AUC) in diabetic rats in oral glucose (OGTT) and oral sucrose (OSTT) tolerance test, but there was more reduction of Gp30 value than AUC in OSTT. Thus, it can be suggested that the ASHE, has hypoglycemic role at 2 levels, i.e. it acts as secretagogue and also inhibits the intestinal enzymes, responsible for glucose metabolism.
الموضوعات
Animals , Annona/chemistry , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors , Hexanes/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Insulin/metabolism , Male , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Ratsالملخص
Berberine and palmatine are two of the main bioactive components in Huangbai, a major Chinese medicinal herb. The current methods to extract these compounds usually involving the usage of inorganic acid and base, are not only complex and time-consuming, but have a low selectivity. In this paper, it was reported that hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane were tested to extract berberine and palmatine from Huangbai powder. The results showed that dichloromethane extracted selectively and effectively berberine and palmatine from Huangbai powder among the examined solvents. In addition, dichloromethane can be recycled and reused, making it a potential candidate for large scale extraction of berberine and palmatine from Huangbai
الموضوعات
Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Berberine Alkaloids/analysis , Chemical Fractionation , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Hexanes/chemistry , Methylene Chloride/chemistry , Powders , Solvents/chemistryالملخص
In the present study we investigated the chemical composition of hexane fraction and essential oil of Stachytarpheta gesnerioides (Verbenaceae) by GC-MS, total phenol and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity were investigated in five extracts of leaves of S. gesnerioides. Aqueous and 100 percent ethanol extracts were prepared by dynamic maceration. Hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction. The essential oil (EO) and hexane fraction (HF) are mainly composed by guaiol. Moreover, the HF is also rich in the monoterpene alpha-pinene. The total phenol content ranged from 0.85 to 22.74 mg gallic acid equivalent /100mg dry extract at FolinCiocalteus reagent method. The total flavonoid concentration ranged from 0.68 to 13.65 mg rutin equivalent /100mg dry extract, detected using 8 percent aluminium chloride. The ethyl acetate extract (IC50=9.41 ug/ml) showed the highest antioxidant activity. The extracts were found to be effective to inhibit the microorganisms tested.
Se han investigado la composición química de la fracción hexánica (FH) y aceite esencial (AE) de Stachytarpheta gesnerioides (Verbenaceae) por GC-MS, el contenido de fenoles totales y flavonoides. La capacidad antioxidante y actividad antimicrobiana fueron investigadas en cinco extractos de hojas de S gesnerioides. Extractos acuosos y etanolico fueron preparados por la maceración dinámica y extracción continua en Soxhlet con hexano, acetato de etilo y metanol. Las fracciones AE y FH están compuestas principalmente por guaiol. La fracción FH es también rica en alfa-pineno. El contenido de fenoles totales varió desde 0,85 hasta 22,74 mg de ácido gálico/100 mg de extracto seco (Folin-Ciocalteu). La concentración total de flavonoides varió desde 0,68 hasta 13,65 mg en equivalentes de rutina/100 mg de extracto seco, que se detectó mediante reacción con cloruro de aluminio al 8 por ciento. El extracto de acetato de etilo (CI50=9,41 ug/ml) enseño la más grande actividad antioxidante. Los extractos se encontraron eficaces para inhibir los microorganismos ensayados.
الموضوعات
Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Verbenaceae/chemistry , Phenols/analysis , Flavonoids/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Hexanes/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Leavesالملخص
In this study we investigated the antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidaemic and antiglycation effects of some extracts of Prosthechea michuacana bulbs in normoglycemic and diabetic rats induced by streptozocin (STZ). Hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of P. michuacana were screened for hypoglycemic activity, and biochemical parameters as serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipid peroxidation, liver glycogen, skeletal muscle glycogen levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activity in diabetic rats. Additionally we determined Glucose 6 Phosphatase and glucokinase activities in liver, inhibition of insulin and protein glycation. Glucose levels in blood plasma were determined by using GOD-POD method. Administration of chloroform and methanol extracts showed no effect on STZ induced diabetic rats (SD). On the other hand, treatment with hexane extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, resulted in a reversal of diabetes and its complications. Both doses significantly brought down blood glucose concentration (35.75 and 47.78 percent in diabetic rats, 50.64 and 57.10 percent in nondiabetic rats), increased glycogenesis and decreased glyconeogenesis bringing the glucose metabolism toward normalcy. These doses also reversed the hyperlipidemia by reducing cholesterol (41.56 percent, 46.08 percent) and triglycerides (37.5 percent, 46.27 percent) and improved hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities. Its effect was compared with that of glibenclamide and tolbutamide, as reference antidiabetic drugs. The hexane extract decreased the hyperinsulinemia by 24 percent in SD and showed a significant change on AGEs formation in vitro with IC50 values of 48.3 ug/ml comparable to inhibitory effect of aminoguanidine with IC50 values of 27.2 ug/ml. It reduced HbA1C levels by 6.4 percent in chronic STZ-diabetic rats. It is concluded that hexane extract of Prosthechea michuacana bulbs possesses anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipemic...
En este estudio se determinaron los efectos antidiabéticos, antihiperlipidemico y glicación (AGEs) de algunos extractos de Prosthechea michuacana (PM) en ratas normoglucémicas y con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ). Se probó el efecto de los extractos de hexano, cloroformo, metanol de PM sobre la actividad hipoglucemiante, la carga de glucosa, los parámetros bioquímicos tales como triglicéridos, niveles de colesterol total, peroxidación lipídica, glucógeno del hígado, los niveles de glucógeno muscular, niveles de superoxide dismutase, catalasa, glutation reductasa and glutation peroxidasa en ratas normales y diabéticas. También se determinó la glucosa 6 Phosphatasa y las actividades de GK en el hígado, la inhibición de la insulina y la glicosilación de las proteínas. Los niveles de glucosa sanguínea se determinaron por el método de GOD-POD. La administración de los extractos de cloroformo y metanol no presentaron ningún efecto sobre la SD, en cambio el tratamiento con el extracto de hexano (PM) a dosis de 200 y 400 mg/kg, inhibió la diabetes y sus complicaciones. Ambas dosis redujeron significativamente los niveles de glucosa sanguínea (35.75 y 47.78 por ciento en las ratas diabéticas, 50.64 y 57.10 por ciento en las ratas diabéticas), el aumento de la glucogénesis y la disminución de la gluconeogénesis conduce el metabolismo de la glucosa hacia la normalidad. Estas dosis disminuyeron la hiperlipidemia reduciendo el colesterol (41.56 por ciento, 46.08 por ciento) y los triglicéridos (37.5 por ciento, 46.27 por ciento) así como también mejoran las actividades antioxidantes de las enzimas hepáticas. Su efecto se comparó con la glibenclamida y tolbutamida, fármacos usados como antidiabeticos. El extracto de hexano disminuyo la hiperinsulinemia en un 24 por ciento en SD. PM mostró un cambio significativo in vitro sobre la formación de los AGEs con valores de IC50 de 48.3 mg/ml comparable al efecto inhibidor de la aminoguanidina con valores de IC50 de...
الموضوعات
Male , Animals , Rats , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Orchidaceae/chemistry , Hexanes/chemistry , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Rats, Wistarالملخص
Background & objectives: Aqueous and organic solvent extracts of plants/plant parts were effective in killing the mosquito larvae. Comparative efficacy of the aqueous and hexane extracts of dried fruit of Solanum nigrum was tested against five laboratory colonized strains of mosquito species, namely Anopheles culicifacies species A, An. culicifacies species C, An. stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti to assess the possibility for use of these extracts for their control. Methods: Concentrations of aqueous extract of dried fruit in the range of 62.5 to 2000 ppm and hexane extract of dried fruit in the range of 0.781 to 150 ppm were used in bioassays. The mortality data were subjected to log probit regression analysis to detertmine the median lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) to kill 50 and 90 per cent of the treated larvae of the respective species. Results: All the five species registered 100 per cent mortality in larval bioassays at 1000 ppm with aqueous extract and at 100 ppm with hexane extract of dried fruit. In bioassays with aqueous extract An. culicifacies species A registered the lowest LC50 of 208.5 ppm (range-208.5-359 ppm for different mosquito species) while with hexane extract, An. stephensi registered the lowest LC50 of 6.25 ppm (6.25- 17.63 ppm for different mosquito species). The LC50 of aqueous extract was 13-39 fold higher than the values of hexane extract of dried fruit for different species. The calculated LC90 for hexane extract of dried fruit for different species was in the range of 43.38-95.28 ppm. Interpretation & conclusion: Hexane extract showed good mosquito larvicidal efficacy than that of the aqueous extract. The calculated LC 90 for the extract for different species was below 100 ppm and could be effective for comprehensive control of disease vectors.
الموضوعات
Animals , Culicidae/drug effects , Fruit/chemistry , Hexanes/chemistry , Insecticides/chemistry , Insecticides/pharmacology , Larva/drug effects , Mosquito Control/methods , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Solanum nigrum/anatomy & histology , Solanum nigrum/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Water/chemistryالملخص
Antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels were tested using bioautographic and microdilution techniques against three plant pathogenic fungi (Penicillium digitatum, Curvularia sp., and Colletotrichum sp.), two human pathogens (Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum canis), and two opportunistic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Two polymethoxylated flavonoids and a coumarin derivative, were isolated and identified from peel extracts, which presented antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon.
الموضوعات
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Citrus/chemistry , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Hexanes/pharmacology , Mitosporic Fungi/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Waxes/pharmacology , Hexanes/chemistry , Hexanes/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Waxes/chemistry , Waxes/isolation & purificationالملخص
Hexane extract of the seeds of Nigella sativa L. prevented pregnancy in Sprague-Dawley rats treated orally at 2 g/kg daily dose on days 1-10 post-coitum. Significant antifertility activity was also observed in its column fractions and subfractions. At contraceptive dose, the active hexane extract exhibited only mild uterotrophic activity comparable almost to 0.002 mg/kg dose of 17 varies; is directly proportional to-Ethinylestradiol, but was devoid of any estrogenicity in the immature rat bioassay.