الملخص
A esquistossomose é um grave problema de saúde pública, com alta mortalidade e morbidade em países endêmicos, causada pelo verme trematódeo do gênero Schistosoma. O praziquantel é a única droga disponível para tratamento da doença, é usada em larga escala para tratamento de populações de áreas endêmicas, porém não previne a reinfecção e tem efeito somente em vermes adultos. Drogas estudadas em câncer como inibidores de histona deacetilases (iHDACs) modificam o padrão epigenético da célula desencadeando a morte celular, e em Schistosoma mansoni já foi mostrado que a inibição de HDACs além de aumentar a acetilação de histonas alterou o fenótipo de miracídios e provocou morte em esquistossômulos e vermes adultos. O presente estudo investigou o efeito do iHDAC Trichostatin A (TSA) na regulação da transcrição gênica em esquistossômulos, detectando por meio de ensaios de microarray centenas de genes diferencialmente expressos, relacionados a replicação de DNA, metabolismo e complexos modificadores de histonas. A inibição de HDAC em vermes adultos levou a um aumento da acetilação nas marcas de histonas H3K9ac, H3K14ac e H4K5ac relacionadas à indução de transcrição. Com imunoprecipitação de cromatina seguida de PCR (ChIP-qPCR) detectou-se o aumento de deposição de H3K9ac e H3K14ac na região promotora de genes com expressão aumentada ou diminuída, porém a marca de repressão H3K27me3 não sofreu alteração na região promotora de nenhum gene analisado. Análises adicionais indicaram um conjunto de genes diferencialmente expressos que codificam proteínas histone readers, que fazem parte de complexos modificadores de histonas, como EED capaz de identificar a marca de repressão H3K27me3 e regular a atividade de EZH2, apontando um novo alvo terapêutico. O efeito sinérgico entre iHDAC e um iEZH2 foi testado e detectou-se o aumento da mortalidade de esquistossômulos. A estrutura de SmEZH2 foi modelada por homologia e usada para análises computacionais que sugeriram uma alta afinidade de ligação de SmEZH2 com o iEZH2, abrindo uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento de novas drogas específicas para tratamento da esquistossomose
Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem, with high mortality and morbidity in endemic countries, caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. Praziquantel is the only available drug for treatment of the disease; it is used extensively to treat populations in endemic areas, but does not prevent reinfection and is effective only in adult worms. Drugs studied in cancer as histone deacetylase inhibitors (iHDACs) modify the epigenetic status of the cell, triggering cell death, and it has been shown in Schistosoma mansoni that inhibition of HDACs increase histone acetylation, alter the phenotype of miracidia and cause death in schistosomules and adult worms. The present study investigated the effect of iHDAC Trichostatin A (TSA) on the regulation of gene transcription in schistosomules, detecting by means of microarray assays hundreds of differentially expressed genes related to DNA replication, metabolism and histone remodeling complexes. Inhibition of HDAC in adult worms led to an increase in histone acetylation marks H3K9ac, and H3K14ac H4K5ac related to transcriptional induction. With chromatin immunoprecipitation followed PCR (ChIP-qPCR) we detected an increased deposition of H3K9ac and H3K14ac at the promoter region of genes with increased or decreased expression, but the repressive mark H3K27me3 was not changed at all analyzed gene promoter regions. Additional analysis indicated a set of differentially expressed genes that encode histone reader proteins that are part of histone modifier complexes such as EED, which is able to identify the repression mark H3K27me3 and to regulate EZH2 activity, pointing to a new therapeutic target. The synergistic effect between iHDAC and one iEZH2 has been tested and found to cause an increase in schistosomules mortality. The SmEZH2 structure was modeled by homology and used for computational analyses, which suggested a high affinity binding of SmEZH2 with iEZH2, opening the opportunity for development of new specific drugs for treatment of schistosomiasis
الموضوعات
Epigenetic Repression/genetics , Gene Expression/genetics , Schistosoma mansoni , Computer Simulation/statistics & numerical data , Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors , Histones/analysis , Pharmacogenomic Variantsالملخص
In vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos is not only of great economic importance to the cattle industry, but is also an important model for studying embryo development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histone modification, H3R26me2 during pre-implantation development of IVP bovine embryos cultured with or without serum supplementation and how these in vitro treatments compared to in vivo embryos at the morula stage. After in vitro maturation and fertilization, bovine embryos were cultured with either 0 or 2.5% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Development was evaluated and embryos were collected and fixed at different stages during development (2-, 4-, 8-, 16-cell, morula and blastocyst). Fixed embryos were then used for immunofluorescence utilizing an antibody for H3R26me2. Images of stained embryos were analyzed as a percentage of total DNA. Embryos cultured with 2.5% FBS developed to blastocysts at a greater rate than 0%FBS groups (34.85±5.43% vs. 23.38±2.93%; P<0.05). Levels of H3R26me2 changed for both groups over development. In the 0%FBS group, the greatest amount of H3R26me2 staining was at the 4-cell (P<0.05), 16-cell (P<0.05) and morula (P<0.05) stages. In the 2.5%FBS group, only 4-cell stage embryos were significantly higher than all other stages (P<0.01). Morula stage in vivo embryos had similar levels as the 0%FBS group, and both were significantly higher than the 2.5%FBS group. These results suggest that the histone modification H3R26me2 is regulated during development of pre-implantation bovine embryos, and that culture conditions greatly alter this regulation...
A produção in vitro (PIV) de embriões de bovinos não é apenas de grande importância econômica para a pecuária, mas é também um importante modelo para estudar o desenvolvimento embrionário. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modificação de histona, H3R26me2 durante o desenvolvimento pré-implantacional em embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro, cultivados com ou sem suplementação de soro fetal bovino (SFB), bem como comparar essa modificação específica entre mórulas produzidas in vitro e in vivo. Após a maturação in vitro e fertilização, embriões foram cultivados com suplementação de 0 ou 2,5% SFB. O desenvolvimento embrionário foi avaliado e embriões foram coletados e fixados em diferentes fases durante o desenvolvimento (2, 4, 8 e 16 células, mórula e blastocisto). Os embriões fixados foram avaliados por imunofluorescência utilizando um anticorpo para H3R26me2. Imagens de embriões corados foram analisadas baseadas na porcentagem do DNA total. Embriões cultivados com 2,5% SFB tiveram uma taxa de desenvolvimento ao estágio de blastocisto maior que o grupo que não recebeu suplementação com SFB (34.85±5,43% vs 23.38±,93%; P<0,05). Níveis de H3R26me2 variaram para ambos os grupos ao longo do desenvolvimento. No grupo 0% SFB, a marcação para H3R26me2 foi mais intensa nos estágios de 4 células (P<0,05), 16 células (P<0,05) e mórula (P<0.05). No grupo 2.5% SFB, apenas os embriões de 4 células tiveram marcação significativamente maior que todas as outras fases (P<0,01). Mórulas produzidas in vivo apresentaram níveis de H3R26me2 semelhantes ao grupo 0% SFB, e ambos foram significativamente maiores que o grupo 2.5% SFB. Estes resultados sugerem que a modificação de histona H3R26me2 é regulada durante o desenvolvimento pré-implantacional de embriões bovinos, e que as condições de cultura alteram de maneira importante esta regulação...
الموضوعات
Animals , Cattle , Cattle/embryology , Embryonic Development , Histones/analysis , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Morula , In Vitro Techniques/veterinary , Embryo Culture Techniques/veterinaryالملخص
Although several linker histone variants have been studied in both animal and plant organisms, little is known about their distribution during processes that involve alterations in chromatin function, such as differentiation, dedifferentiation and hormone treatment. In this study, we identified linker histone variants by using specific anti-histone Hl antibodies. Each variant's ratio to total Hl in the three developmental zones of maize (Zea mays L.) root and in callus cultures derived from them was estimated in order to define possible alterations either during plant cell differentiation or during their dedifferentiation. We also evaluated linker histone variants' ratios in the developmental zones of maize roots treated with auxin in order to examine the effects of exogenous applied auxin to linker histone variant distribution. Finally, immunohistochemical detection was used to identify the root tissues containing each variant and correlate them with the physiological status of the plant cells. According to the results presented in this study, linker histone variants' ratios are altered in the developmental zones of maize root, while they are similar to the meristematic zone in samples from callus cultures and to the differentiation zone in samples from roots treated with auxin. We propose that the alterations in linker histone variants' ratios are correlated with plant cell differentiation and dedifferentiation.
الموضوعات
Histones/analysis , Indoleacetic Acids/pharmacology , Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology , Plant Roots/chemistry , Zea mays/chemistry , Cell Dedifferentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Histones/classification , Immunohistochemistry , Plant Roots/cytology , Plant Roots/drug effects , Tissue Culture Techniques , Zea mays/cytology , Zea mays/drug effectsالملخص
Another additional peculiarity in Leishmania will be discussed about of the amino acid divergence rate of three structural proteins: acidic ribosomal P1 and P2b proteins, and histone H3 by using multiple sequence alignment and dendrograms. These structural proteins present a high rate of divergence regarding to their homologous protein in Trypanosoma cruzi. At this regard, L. (V.) peruviana P1 and T. cruzi P1 showed 57.4 per cent of divergence rate. Likewise, L. (V.) braziliensis histone H3 and acidic ribosomal P2 protein exhibited 31.8 per cent and 41.7 per cent respectively of rate of divergence in comparison with their homologous in T. cruzi.
الموضوعات
Animals , Histones/analysis , Leishmania/chemistry , Protozoan Proteins/analysis , Ribosomal Proteins/analysis , Amino Acid Sequence , Amino Acids/analysis , Leishmania/genetics , Phylogenyالملخص
The critical electrolyte concentrations (CEC) of sperm chromatin from animal species known or suspected to contain histone H1 variants were compared by examining the affinity of their DNA-protein complexes for toluidine blue in the presence of Mg2+. Bullfrog, sea urchin, bee and bumblebee spermatozoa were studied. The CEC for Rana catesbeiana and two sea urchin species were similar to that of histone H5-containing chromatin from chicken erythrocytes, thus confirming the biochemical and structural similarities of these DNA-protein complexes. The CEC for bees and the bumblebee, Bombus atratus, showed no particular phylogenetic relationship. We concluded that the CEC of histone H1-containing sperm cell chromatin is a useful indicator of variability in DNA-protein complexes but is of little phylogenetic value.